Deck 6: Early Childhood

Question 1

Compared to the average 4-year-old in Sweden,how tall is the average 6-year-old in Bangladesh?

A) four times taller
B) three times taller
C) twice as tall
D) the same height

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Your brother is very impressed with his 4-year-old daughter's development,particularly in emotional regulation.He asks your opinion about his observations and you tell him that her advances in development are likely due to ____.

A) superior genetics
B) growth in her frontal lobe Correct. The advances are due to maturation of the neurological system.
C) superior parenting Incorrect. The advances are due to maturation of the neurological system.
D) the new preschool that she is now attending

Answer 2

B

Question 3

When Andrew turns 3 years old,one can expect him to weigh ____.

A) 20 pounds
B) 30 pounds Correct. The typical 3-year-old weighs about 30 pounds.
C) 40 pounds Incorrect. The typical 3-year-old weighs about 30 pounds.
D) 50 pounds

Answer 3

B

Question 4

During childhood,boys are slightly ____ than girls.

A) shorter and lighter
B) taller and heavier
C) fatter and smaller
D) more sympathetic and sensitive

Question 5

Children begin to lose their "baby teeth" around age ____.

A) 2
B) 4
C) 6
D) 8

Question 6

By age 3,the brain is about ____ of its adult weight,and by age 6 it is ____.

A) 50%; 70%
B) 60%; 80%
C) 70%; 90%
D) 80%; 100%

Question 7

_____ lobe grows faster than the rest of the cerebral cortex during early childhood.

A) The frontal
B) The parietal
C) The occipital
D) The temporal

Question 8

What percentage of North American children have at least one dental cavity by age five years?

A) 5%
B) 10%
C) 20%
D) 40%

Question 9

Wealthier parents have children who weigh more and are taller because ____.

A) they can pay maids to feed their children
B) they have access to more nutritional foods Correct. Wealthier people have more access to nutritional foods, so their children are taller and weigh more than poorer children of the same age.
C) they allow their children to eat at fast-food restaurants
D) wealthier parents are generally genetically much taller Incorrect. Genetics do not explain these differences. Wealthier people have more access to nutritional foods, which affect child growth.

Question 10

Layla is 3 years old.How many teeth would you expect her to have?

A) 10 Incorrect. By their third birthday, most children have a full set of 20 teeth.
B) 15
C) 20 Correct. By their third birthday, most children have a full set of 20 teeth.
D) 25

Question 11

The typical 6-year-old weighs about ____.

A) 25 pounds
B) 35 pounds
C) 45 pounds
D) 55 pounds

Question 12

How many teeth does the average 3-year-old have?

A) 12
B) 20
C) 32
D) 40

Question 13

Vladimir is 3 years old and preparing for his first dental visit.Beyond a routine cleaning,Vladimir may also be given ____.

A) Novocain for his incoming molars
B) a fluoride rinse and sealants Correct. In developed countries, it is increasingly common for children's dental care to include fluoride rinses and sealants.
C) water that is fortified with calcium Incorrect. Fluoride, not calcium, is added to most metropolitan water systems in developed nations, but it is not routinely issued at a dental visit.
D) teeth-whitening gum

Question 14

Mehrak lives in America and is 45 inches tall and weighs 45 pounds.She is in good health and her pediatrician says she is developing at a normal pace.Knowing her height and weight,it is safe to say that Mehrak is around ____.

A) 2 years old
B) 4 years old
C) 6 years old Correct. The typical American 6-year-old child is about 45 inches tall and weighs about 45 pounds.
D) 8 years old Incorrect. Children in developing nations tend to be a little smaller; therefore a child in Cambodia who was 8 years old could be 45 inches tall and 45 pounds in weight, but it is not likely in the U.S.

Question 15

From ages 3 to 6,the typical American child grows ____ inches per year and adds ____ pounds.

A) 1-3; 1-5
B) 2-3; 5-7
C) 6-9; 7-10
D) 9-12; 9-12

Question 16

The typical 6-year-old is about how tall?

A) 15 inches
B) 30 inches
C) 45 inches
D) 60 inches

Question 17

Your neighbor's daughter seems to eat candy quite a bit between meals.Her parents are worried about this and ask you.What would you tell her parents?

A) She is very likely to get cavities. Correct. Eating sweets is not only likely to cause cavities, but is also related to nutritional deficiencies.
B) Sugar and starches are good for growing children.
C) Candy helps soothe her and is linked to positive emotional development.
D) Most children today eat like this and it is not likely to be a problem. Incorrect. Eating sweets is not only likely to cause cavities, but is also related to nutritional deficiencies.

Question 18

Why are the average heights and weights of children in early childhood in developing countries considerably lower than developed countries?

A) poor nutrition and diseases Correct. In developing countries, average heights and weights in early childhood are considerably lower, due to lower nutrition and higher likelihood of childhood diseases.
B) poor school lunches and poorly trained teachers
C) children in developing countries are obese Incorrect. Although many children in developed countries are obese, children in developing countries do not have access to good nutrition or medical care
D) genetically the heights of these children are at maximum

Question 19

Increase in brain size and weight during early childhood is due to ____.

A) cerebral spinal fluid
B) the increase in blood volume
C) the number of neurons
D) dendritic connections and myelination

Question 20

____ in developing countries causes a considerably lower average for height and weight during early childhood.

A) Higher nutrition and a lower likelihood of childhood diseases
B) Lower parental care and the lack of folic acid Incorrect. In developing countries, average heights and weights in early childhood are considerably lower, due to lower nutrition and higher likelihood of childhood diseases.
C) Lower nutrition and higher likelihood of childhood diseases Correct. Due to these reasons, as seen in Bangladesh, a 6-year-old child is comparable in physical size to that of an average 4-year-old in Sweden.
D) Higher parental care and an abundance of folic acid

Question 21

The ____ is a bundle of nerve fibers connecting the right and left hemispheres of the cerebral cortex.

A) corpus callosum
B) reticular formation
C) hippocampus
D) amygdala

Question 22

Your 5-year-old daughter has really not eaten very much during the past couple of days.You are a bit worried,but after thinking about your developmental course,you remember that 5-year-old children ____.

A) rarely eat until their 6th birthday
B) sometimes do not really eat very much; she will probably be eating quite a bit tomorrow Correct. Appetites vary a lot from day to day in early childhood, so there is no need to worry.
C) experience serious changes in their taste buds during this time and might avoid eating Incorrect. No changes in taste occur during this time.
D) are likely sneaking in snacks between meals; you will need to watch her carefully

Question 23

What is the percentage of children in developing countries who are malnourished?

A) 80%
B) 60%
C) 40%
D) 20%

Question 24

_____ is the inability to remember anything prior to age 2.

A) Infantile amnesia
B) Childhood disease
C) Toddler amnesia
D) Baby amnesia

Question 25

According to the World Health Organization,it is estimated that ____ of children in developing countries lack sufficient food or essential nutrients.

A) 40%
B) 60%
C) 80%
D) 100%

Question 26

____ is involved in the transfer of information from short-term memory to long-term memory.

A) The hippocampus
B) The reticular formation
C) The temporal lobe
D) The cerebellum

Question 27

As the rate of physical growth ____ in early childhood,food consumption ____.

A) increases; grows as well
B) remains the same; is constant
C) slows down; diminishes as well
D) increases; slows down

Question 28

Which of the following elements is responsible for the growth of strong bones and teeth?

A) calcium
B) zinc
C) fluoride
D) potassium

Question 29

Your 5-year-old son has not been eating a balanced diet lately even though you provide well-balanced meals for him.To get him to eat his vegetables,you tell him that if he eats all of his vegetables you will let him have his dessert.Although many parents in American culture bribe their children in this manner,what is the likely result?

A) Children learn to eat a balanced diet.
B) Children come to associate vegetables with dessert and begin eating quite a bit more vegetables. Incorrect. Children do not start eating more vegetables as a result
C) Bribing children to eat their vegetables actually contributes to childhood obesity. Correct. The assumption that young children like only high fat and sugar foods also leads parents to bribe their children to eat healthier foods, which leads the children to view healthy foods as a trial and unhealthy foods as a reward-a practice that contributes to childhood obesity.
D) Children refuse to eat vegetables unless they get sweet treats before eating vegetables.

Question 30

____ is the most common nutritional deficiency for children in the United States.

A) Fluoride
B) Folic acid
C) Calcium
D) Iron

Question 31

Which of the following is a part of the brain that is involved in attention and is responsible for an increased attention span during early childhood?

A) orbital cortex
B) reticular formation
C) limbic system
D) cerebellum

Question 32

Four-year-old Heinz is getting much better at jumping,running,climbing,and throwing a ball.It is clear that his ___ is developing.

A) hippocampus
B) reticular formation
C) temporal lobe Incorrect. The temporal lobe is more so implicated with auditory processing, for the auditory cortex is located here.
D) cerebellum Correct. The cerebellum is primarily responsible for balance and motor movement.

Question 33

What is the brain system that is involved in attention?

A) cerebellum
B) hippocampus
C) reticular formation
D) corpus callosum

Question 34

As a result of children in the United States drinking more soft drinks,they are drinking ____.

A) less milk, which is contributing to calcium deficiencies
B) more fruit juice, which is very healthy
C) kinderbeer, which contributes to alcoholism later in life
D) less fruit juice, which leads to vitamin deficiencies

Question 35

On average,a 4- or 5-year-old child has an attention span of ____.

A) 1-2 minutes
B) 5-10 minutes
C) 10-15 minutes
D) 15-30 minutes

Question 36

Which of the following is a structure at the base of the brain that is involved in balance and motor movement?

A) cerebellum
B) reticular formation
C) hippocampus
D) corpus callosum

Question 37

What proportion of 3-year-old American children receive less than the recommended amount of calcium?

A) 1/3
B) 1/4
C) 2/3
D) 1/2

Question 38

You and your roommate are discussing your early childhoods.She is getting very frustrated because she cannot remember anything that happened to her before about age 2.She remembers stories that her parents told her about when she was younger,but she does not actually remember those memories herself.What would you tell her? The inability to remember anything prior to age 2 is common and is referred to as ____.

A) brain damage
B) false memories
C) childhood forgetfulness Incorrect. The inability to remember anything prior to age 2 is known as infantile amnesia.
D) infantile amnesia Correct. The inability to remember anything prior to age 2 is known as infantile amnesia.

Question 39

Your neighbor has a 5-year-old son.He has been taking him to story time at the library,but his son is having a very difficult time sitting still even for ten minutes.What would you tell him about his son's brain development? He should be able to sit through the entire story time once what brain structure develops more fully?

A) reticular formation Correct. The reticular formation is a part of the brain involved in attention.
B) hippocampus Incorrect. This system is involved in memory.
C) corpus callosum
D) cerebellum

Question 40

Yvette was diagnosed with Lyme disease and is having difficulty with balance,walking a straight line,and simple motor movements.Which of the following areas of her brain would you suspect is being affected by the disease and causing the above mentioned symptoms?

A) the cerebellum Correct. Lyme disease is known for its effect on the cerebellum, which in turn impedes motor movement and balance.
B) the reticular formation
C) the hippocampus
D) the corpus callosum Incorrect. The cerebellum is a structure at the base of the brain involved in balance and motor movements.

Question 41

The mortality rate for children under age 5 has been greatly reduced in developing nations as a result of which of the following factors?

A) increased parental education and increased level of income
B) increased iron consumption and decreased childhood vaccinations
C) increased parental income and increased level of education
D) increased food production and increased childhood vaccinations

Question 42

Iron deficiency is also known as ____.

A) kwashiorkor
B) anemia
C) osteoporosis
D) marasmus

Question 43

Pneumonia,malaria,and measles are common causes of death for children in ____.

A) developing nations Correct. The most common cause of death for children in developing nations is illness and disease.
B) developed nations Incorrect. In developed countries, the most common cause of injury and death in early childhood is accidents.
C) collective cultures
D) individualistic cultures

Question 44

Kicking a soccer ball is an example of ____.

A) gross motor skills Correct. Larger motions, such as moving one's legs, are gross motor skills.
B) fine motor skills Incorrect. Fine motor skills consist of fine movement, such as using one's fingers.
C) ambidextrous motor skills
D) elementary motor skills

Question 45

In developing countries,what is the most common cause of death in early childhood?

A) parental abuse
B) motor vehicle accidents
C) illness and disease
D) accidental burning

Question 46

Gunther is 5 years old and is in a hospital emergency room.Based upon statistics,which of the following is the most likely cause?

A) a playground accident
B) a fall Incorrect. In developed countries, the most common cause of injury and death in early childhood is motor vehicle accidents.
C) a motor vehicle accident Correct. In developed countries, the most common cause of injury and death in early childhood is motor vehicle accidents.
D) a bicycle accident

Question 47

Gross motor skills are to ____ as fine motor skills are to ____.

A) throwing; writing Correct. Making sweeping motions with one arm is a gross motor skill, whereas using your fingers to write is a fine motor skill.
B) writing; throwing Incorrect. This is the opposite of what is correct.
C) running; jumping
D) jumping; running

Question 48

What deficiency is experienced by the majority of children under age 5 in developing countries and leads to fatigue,irritability,and difficulty sustaining attention?

A) iron
B) calcium
C) phosphorus
D) beta-carotene

Question 49

Which of the following are the most common types of malnutrition for children in developing nations?

A) lack of protein and lack of iron
B) lack of calcium and lack of iron
C) lack of potassium and lack of zinc
D) lack of folic acid and lack of fat

Question 50

In the United States,each year ____ of children under age 10 become injured badly enough to need medical attention.

A) 1/4
B) 1/2
C) 1/3
D) 2/3

Question 51

In developed countries,what is the most common cause of injury and death in early childhood?

A) falling down stairs
B) parental abuse
C) electric shock
D) motor vehicle accidents

Question 52

Malnutrition is believed to be indirectly responsible for about half of early childhood deaths.Why? Because lack of sufficient food ____.

A) slows the development of myelination
B) increases the likelihood of failure to thrive Incorrect. Failure to thrive occurs in addition to adequate food sources
C) reduces the effectiveness of the immune system Correct. Malnutrition is believed to be indirectly responsible for about half of early childhood deaths, because lack of sufficient food reduces the effectiveness of the body's immune system.
D) increases competition for calories and children lose out

Question 53

Fatigue,irritability,and difficulty sustaining attention are all symptoms of ____.

A) kwashiorkor
B) anemia
C) osteoporosis
D) marasmus

Question 54

Four-year-old Kitimbu has been tired,irritable,and inattentive for the last few months.Because his diet lacks _____,he is likely suffering from ______.

A) calcium; kwashiorkor
B) iron; anemia
C) calcium; osteoporosis
D) iron; marasmus

Question 55

____ is the preference for using either the right or left hand in gross or fine motor activities.

A) Dominancy
B) Digital choice
C) Handedness
D) Ambidextrous

Question 56

Using a pencil to draw a smiley face on a sheet of paper is an example of a ____.

A) gross motor skill Incorrect. A large sweeping circle would be gross motor skill.
B) fine motor skill Correct. The fine details of a smiley face require fine motor skills.
C) ambidextrous motor skill
D) elementary motor skill

Question 57

Your older brother's college roommate is an artist.He was very much hoping that his 5-year-old daughter would grow up to be artistic as well.At this point,she can draw some shapes pretty well,like circles and triangles,but that is about it.He is a bit worried.What would you tell him?

A) She is not likely to ever be very skilled in drawing.
B) She probably will be a gifted athlete. Incorrect. There is no relationship between early motor skills and later advances in these skills.
C) She is developing in a very typical manner for fine motor skills. Correct. By age 6, most children can draw shapes such as a circle or triangle.
D) She is lagging far behind other children her age in drawing.

Question 58

A friend is worried about his son,who is very active and is constantly injuring himself.What would you tell him to help him worry less? This behavior is very typical because his son's ____.

A) motor development is advanced enough to do quite a bit, but his cognitive development is not able to anticipate situations that might be dangerous Correct. Children in early childhood have high activity levels and their motor development is advanced enough for them to be able to run, jump, and climb, but their cognitive development is not yet advanced enough for them to anticipate situations that might be dangerous.
B) motor development is not yet very advanced and he is going to be involved in many accidents Incorrect. Motor development has advanced enough at this point; his son's lack of cognitive development does not allow him to foresee situations that might lead to injury.
C) visual processing is lagging behind his motor development and he simply cannot see very well
D) attention skills are not yet fully developed and his son is likely to not pay attention to his father's warnings to be careful

Question 59

Rates of early childhood injury and death due to accidents are ____.

A) lower in developing countries than in developed countries
B) higher in developing countries than in developed countries
C) higher in collective cultures than in individualistic cultures
D) lower in collective cultures than in individualistic cultures

Question 60

Which of the following best describes gross motor development in early childhood?

A) Gross motor development in early childhood extends abilities that first appear in toddlerhood. Correct. In many ways, gross motor development in early childhood extends abilities that first appeared in toddlerhood.
B) Gross motor development in early childhood regresses to an earlier state.
C) Gross motor development in early childhood is unpredictable. Incorrect. Gross motor development is predictable during early childhood.
D) Gross motor development in early childhood is dependent upon fine motor development.

Question 61

Identical twins have a _____ genetic similarity and are more likely than ordinary siblings to ____.

A) 50%; differ in handedness
B) 100%; differ in handedness Correct. Identical (monozygotic)twins share a 100% genetic similarity but surprisingly are more likely to differ in handedness. This may be due to their positioning in vitro.
C) 50%; be similar in handedness
D) 100%; be similar in handedness Incorrect. Identical (monozygotic)twins share a 100% genetic similarity but surprisingly are more likely to differ in handedness. This may be due to their positioning in vitro.

Question 62

According to Piaget,it is not until _____ that we truly become representational thinkers.

A) early infancy
B) early toddlerhood Incorrect. It is not until early childhood that language becomes strong enough to where individuals become truly representational in their thinking.
C) early childhood Correct. It is not until early childhood that language becomes strong enough to where individuals become truly representational in their thinking.
D) early teens

Question 63

In many cultures,left-handedness is ____.

A) only appropriate for males
B) acceptable for childhood but not adulthood
C) regarded with acceptance and equality Incorrect. In modern America, left-handedness is more acceptable; however, historically, left-handedness is viewed as taboo and inferior.
D) regarded with fear and contempt Correct. Many cultures regard left-handedness with fear and contempt.

Question 64

When is the preference for using a particular hand first developed?

A) during early childhood
B) in infancy
C) prenatally
D) during middle childhood

Question 65

What are two explanations for the inability to remember anything before age 2?

Question 66

Being right-handed is more common in Western countries such as the U.S.and Canada.Is this also the case in other parts of the world? Explain.

Question 67

If you were a 3-year-old living in a developing country,such as Africa,what would be the most likely cause of death as a toddler? Is this different from the leading cause of death for toddlers in the U.S.? Explain.

Question 68

Similar to the percentage of right-handed adults,what percentage of fetuses use their right hand when sucking their thumb?

A) 30%
B) 50%
C) 70%
D) 90%

Question 69

What term did Piaget use to describe cognitive procedures that followed certain logical rules?

A) operations
B) constructions
C) scaffolds
D) stages

Question 70

Describe a nutritional problem that is more likely to be experienced in a developing country than a developed country.Include the consequences and explain what,if anything,can be done to avoid this problem.

Question 71

According to Piaget,children from the ages of 2 to 7 are in the ____ stage of cognitive development.

A) sensorimotor
B) preoperational
C) concrete operations
D) formal operations

Question 72

The preoperational stage of cognitive development occurs between the ages of ____.

A) birth and 2
B) 2 and 7
C) 7 and 11
D) 11 and adulthood

Question 73

In regards to handedness,adopted children show a greater resemblance to ____.

A) their biological parents
B) their adoptive parents
C) their biological siblings
D) their adoptive siblings

Question 74

Are there sex differences in height and weight between the ages of 3 and 6 years? Explain.

Question 75

Your cousin Aman is a new father to identical twin daughters.He mentions that even at four weeks old he can already tell that one identical twin is left-handed while the other identical twin is right-handed.He mentions,though,that no one in his family or his wife's family is left-handed,so he is not sure how his one twin became left-handed.You explain to him that one twin might be left-handed and the other right-handed because ___ may influence handedness.

A) genetics
B) mimicry
C) observational learning
D) the fetus' experience in utero

Question 76

_____ is the principle that the amount of a physical substance remains the same even if its physical appearance changes.

A) Animism
B) Egocentrism
C) Reversibility
D) Conservation

Question 77

What marks the beginning of representational thought? When children begin to ____.

A) remember where they left play objects
B) recognize their family members
C) internalize the images of their sensorimotor activities Correct. Gradually toward the end of the sensorimotor period, in the second half of the second year, children begin to internalize the images of their sensorimotor activities, marking the beginning of representational thought.
D) externalize their true wishes and desires Incorrect. Gradually toward the end of the sensorimotor period, in the second half of the second year, children begin to internalize the images of their sensorimotor activities, marking the beginning of representational thought.

Question 78

What stage emphasizes that children are yet unable to perform mental operations?

A) sensorimotor
B) preoperational
C) concrete operational
D) formal operational

Question 79

Sabine is a 6-year-old girl from Great Britain.She has two siblings: Shiloh,her 3-year-old sister,and Shamus,her 5-year-old brother.Describe one fine motor skill and one gross motor skill that Sabine is better at than her younger sister.Describe one skill that her brother is better at than his older sister.Explain.

Question 80

Describe two changes in the brain that explain why Jamil,a 6-year-old,can listen attentively during library story hour and participate in the craft activity that follows it,but his 3-year-old sister,Anna,is more interested in walking around and exploring various sections of the library.