Deck 5: Toddlerhood

Question 1

According to the World Health Organization,what percentage of children worldwide have diets that are deficient in protein?

A) 10%
B) 25%
C) 50%
D) 75%

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Your sister is very concerned about your toddler nephew.When they were at the pediatrician's office,the doctor measured your nephew's head circumference and his head is not growing as quickly as his body.What should you tell your sister?

A) She should find a good surgeon. The fontanels must have closed too soon.
B) You suggest that your nephew must have microcephaly. Incorrect. During toddlerhood, the body grows faster than the head.
C) This is to be expected, as the body grows faster than the head during toddlerhood. Correct. A neonate's head is one-fourth of its length; by age 2 the head is one-fifth of its length.
D) You should remind her that she also has a very small head.

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Iron,zinc,and vitamins A,B-12,C,and D are referred to as ____.

A) vitamins
B) micronutrients
C) macrovitamins
D) essential chemicals

Answer 3

B

Question 4

By the time infants in developing countries reach their first birthday,their height and weight is as low as the bottom ____ of infants of the same age in developed countries.

A) 2%
B) 5%
C) 10%
D) 15%

Question 5

Your friend Silva is concerned about her 18-month-old daughter's diet and is asking for your advice.Her daughter does not eat any fruits at all and the only vegetables she consumes are French fries.Silva's husband Daniel believes that because they live in a developed country they do not need to worry about nutritional deficiencies.What would you tell Silva and Daniel about their daughter's diet?

A) nutritional deficiencies exist in developed countries because toddlers' digestive systems cannot tolerate most orange and green vegetables; when their daughter turns 3 years old, Silva and Daniel should introduce more orange and green vegetables as well as fruit into her diet
B) Silva and Daniel should not worry about their daughter's diet at such a young age
C) nutritional deficiencies only exist in developed countries because toddlers do not get enough iodized salt; Silva and Daniel should make sure their daughter's French fries have iodized salt and she will be fine
D) nutritional deficiencies exist in developed countries when a healthy diet is not consumed; Silva and Daniel should try and maintain their daughter's intake of orange and green vegetables

Question 6

Your roommate's brother has a child who is 9 months old.He was watching a documentary concerning iodine deficiency.He was very concerned and was talking about what he could do to help his son.What did you tell your roommate to tell his brother?

A) There are injections that can retroactively help with iodine deficiency.
B) Provide the child with iodized salt. Correct. Adding iodine to a diet through iodized salt is simple and cheap, costing only a few cents per person per year.
C) Iodine deficiency is not that big of a deal and there is nothing that can be done. Incorrect. Adding iodine to a diet, such as providing iodized salt, is simple and cheap.
D) Many infants who have iodine deficiencies have very high IQ scores later in life.

Question 7

During toddlerhood,children do not need as much of this to maintain a constant body temperature.

A) warm clothes
B) mother's body
C) body hair
D) body fat

Question 8

Children who do not eat a balanced diet with enough protein are _________.

A) likely to develop the same as other children
B) more likely to have poorly functioning immune systems
C) always getting enough food
D) likely to have only temporary damage to their physical development

Question 9

In young children,a lack of iodine inhibits cognitive development,resulting in an estimated IQ deficiency of ____ points.

A) 0-5
B) 5-10
C) 10-15
D) 15-20

Question 10

What disease caused by a protein deficiency lowers the effectiveness of the immune system,making toddlers more vulnerable to disease and,over time,can lead to coma and death?

A) marasmus
B) cachexia
C) kwashiorkor
D) anemia

Question 11

Which of the following is a protein deficiency that primarily affects toddlers in developing nations and leads to a range of symptoms such as lethargy,irritability,and thinning of hair?

A) kwashiorkor
B) micronutrients
C) eczema
D) tuberculosis

Question 12

What is the solution to the dilemma of iodine deficiency in children?

A) adding iodine to meat, which is a very costly process
B) adding iodine to salt, which costs a few cents per person per year Correct. Adding iodine to a diet through iodized salt is simple and cheap, costing only a few cents per person per year.
C) adding iodine to the local drinking supply Incorrect. Adding iodine to a diet through iodized salt is simple and cheap, costing only a few cents per person per year.
D) injecting iodine into children subcutaneously every two months

Question 13

Approximately one-third of the world's population has a dietary deficiency of ____.

A) salt
B) iodine
C) iron
D) B-complex vitamins

Question 14

Protein deficiency not only limits the growth of children in developing countries,but also makes them vulnerable to ____.

A) anorexia and food addictions
B) disease and early death
C) low intelligence and behavior disorders
D) autism spectrum disorder and Asperger's syndrome

Question 15

Infants in developing and developed countries grow at about the same rate from birth to six months.Why are they similar?

A) Infants from developed and developing countries consume breast milk. Correct. Typically, at birth and for the first six months of life, rates of growth are similar in developed countries and developing countries, because during the early months infants in most cultures rely mainly on breast milk or infant formula and eat little solid food.
B) Infants from developed and developing countries start eating solid foods at birth.
C) Infants from developed and developing countries do very little to expend calories.
D) All infants have access to nutritious and well-balanced foods. Incorrect. Typically, at birth and for the first six months of life, rates of growth are similar in developed countries and developing countries, because during the early months infants in most cultures rely mainly on breast milk or infant formula and eat little solid food.

Question 16

For young children who lack iodine,what difficulties can be seen in their cognitive development?

A) They actually outperform developed countries due to their work ethic.
B) There are no differences in IQ. Incorrect. There can be IQ deficiencies of 10 to 15 points.
C) They show IQ deficiencies of 10 to 15 points. Correct. This is a substantial margin.
D) They show IQ gains of 5 to 10 points.

Question 17

In the United States,________ toddlers have the highest rates of iron deficiency prevalence rates.

A) African American
B) White
C) Latino
D) Asian

Question 18

Perhaps the most crucial micronutrient deficiency worldwide is ____.

A) vitamin C
B) fluoride
C) iodine
D) folic acid

Question 19

You and your roommate are watching a documentary on developing countries and your roommate notices that children in developing countries seem to be small for their ages.What would you tell him about this situation?

A) The differences are just in his imagination. Incorrect. About one-fourth of children worldwide have diets that are deficient in protein, nearly all of them in developing countries.
B) Most children in developing countries eat a diet that is deficient in protein. Correct. About one-fourth of children worldwide have diets that are deficient in protein, nearly all of them in developing countries.
C) Most children in developing countries work so hard that they do not grow as fast as children from developed countries.
D) Being on television makes everyone look thinner; the children's weights are actually fine

Question 20

Why do infants from developing countries lag behind in their growth compared to infants from developed countries?

A) They have reduced access to medical care. Incorrect. Starting around six months of age, children in developing countries begin eating solid food as a larger part of their diet and, thus, receive less protein and begin to lag in their growth.
B) Their mothers carry them more, which thwarts their growth.
C) Their fathers help the infants to walk as soon as they begin crawling.
D) They begin eating more solid food, but it is protein deficient. Correct. Starting around six months of age, children in developing countries begin eating solid food as a larger part of their diet and, thus, receive less protein than babies who continue to receive breast milk.

Question 21

When children first begin to walk,they spread their feet apart and take small,stiff-legged steps,shifting their weight from one leg to the other.These movements are where the ____ stage of development gets its name.

A) infancy Incorrect. Toddlers "toddle" when they walk.
B) toddlerhood Correct. Toddlers "toddle" when they walk.
C) adolescence
D) old age

Question 22

What technique of measuring brain responses requires that the individual lay still inside a machine that uses a magnetic field to record changes in blood flow and oxygen use?

A) EEG
B) fMRI
C) EKG
D) CBF

Question 23

According to the text,___________ is the number of synaptic connections among neurons.

A) synaptic pruning
B) synaptic density
C) synaptic space
D) synaptic network

Question 24

Sophia's grandmother is always saying that her 2-year-old granddaughter soaks up new information like a sponge.This statement is ______________.

A) just an old wives' tale
B) true due to synaptic pruning
C) true due to an increase in synaptic density
D) not true because Sophia does not even like water

Question 25

Zachary loves to play with his little sister,Dayla.Zachary kicks a ball hoping Dayla will kick it back,but she is too young.She just started walking without support.How old are Zachary and Dayla?

A) at least 9 months and 15 months
B) about 10 months and at least 24 months
C) about 9 months and at least 18 months
D) at least 24 months and 36 months

Question 26

During toddlerhood,where is the peak production of new synapses?

A) temporal lobes
B) occipital lobes
C) frontal lobes
D) parietal lobes

Question 27

An infant who climbs up a set of stairs is displaying an example of ____.

A) gross motor movement Correct. Walking, running, climbing, and jumping are all examples of gross motor development.
B) fine motor movement Incorrect. Walking, running, climbing, and jumping are all examples of gross motor development.
C) ambidextrous motor movement
D) outward motor movement

Question 28

During toddlerhood,new synapses in the frontal cortex are produced at a rate of ____ per second.

A) 2 thousand
B) 2 million
C) 2 billion
D) 2 trillion

Question 29

What have researchers found in measuring brain activity in toddlers?

A) sharp decrease in cortical activity from 18 to 24 months
B) steady decline in cortical activity after 12 months
C) steady increase in cortical activity after 12 months Incorrect. EEG research on toddlers has found a sharp increase in overall cortical activity from 18 to 24 months, reflecting important advances in cognitive and language development.
D) sharp increase in cortical activity from 18 to 24 months Correct. This reflects important advances in cognitive and language development.

Question 30

An electroencephalograph (EEG)measures the electrical activity of the ____.

A) brain
B) heart
C) pancreas
D) liver

Question 31

Dr.Syndai wants to assess real-time activity of lower brain structures and not just the cerebral cortex.Her patient is a girl in middle childhood who is old enough to understand that she must remain still for the test.Which of the following devices would Dr.Syndai use?

A) ECG
B) EEG Incorrect. Unlike the EEG, an FMRI can detect activity in any part of the brain, not just the cerebral cortex.
C) fMRI Correct. Unlike the EEG, an FMRI can detect activity in any part of the brain, not just the cerebral cortex.
D) CT

Question 32

Comparing the human brain at age two to the human brain at birth,it is clear that ____.

A) there are 50% more neurons Incorrect. The brain has only about one-half as many neurons at age two as it did at birth.
B) there are 50% fewer neurons Correct. The brain has only about one-half as many neurons at age two as it did at birth.
C) the number of neurons has not changed
D) there is no way to determine that change in the brain has occurred

Question 33

How many neurons does the brain contain when the toddler is 2 years old?

A) twice as many as at birth
B) four times as many as at birth
C) half as many as at birth
D) the same total number of neurons

Question 34

The ____ is the part of the brain that is the location of our most distinctively human qualities,such as reasoning,planning,and creativity.

A) frontal lobe
B) parietal lobe
C) occipital lobe
D) temporal lobe

Question 35

The process of synaptic pruning occurs most often __________.

A) during early childhood into adolescence
B) during mid-late adolescence and into adulthood
C) after steep increases in synaptic density during toddlerhood and early adolescence
D) during toddlerhood and in late adulthood

Question 36

Early brain development is distinguished by the steep increase in ____.

A) synaptic density
B) neuronal density
C) neuropathways
D) neuronal lipids

Question 37

About how many synapses will be removed in the frontal cortex from early childhood to adolescence?

A) 1/3
B) 1/4
C) 1/8
D) 1/20

Question 38

A(n)____ is to electrical activity as a(n)____ is to magnetic field.

A) PET; ECG
B) ECG; PET
C) EEG; fMRI Correct. The EEG (electroencephalogram)measures the electrical activity of the cerebral cortex, whereas fMRI (functional magnetic resonance imaging)requires a person to lie still inside a machine that uses a magnetic field to record changes in blood flow and oxygen use in the brain in response to different kinds of stimulation.
D) fMRI; EEG Incorrect. The EEG (electroencephalogram)measures the electrical activity of the cerebral cortex, whereas fMRI (functional magnetic resonance imaging)requires a person to lie still inside a machine that uses a magnetic field to record changes in blood flow and oxygen use in the brain in response to different kinds of stimulation.

Question 39

Every time a synapse fires,it emits a tiny burst of electricity.What technology measures this phenomenon?

A) electrocardiogram
B) electroencephalogram
C) echocardiogram
D) electromyogram

Question 40

Synaptic density reaches its peak during which stage of development?

A) toddlerhood Correct. The peak of synaptic density comes right at the end of toddlerhood, around the third birthday.
B) childhood Incorrect. The peak of synaptic density comes right at the end of toddlerhood, around the third birthday.
C) infancy
D) early adulthood

Question 41

Many parents in developed countries remove sharp objects and other potentially harmful items when their toddlers become mobile.What is this called?

A) baby safety
B) baby proofing
C) object protection
D) compulsive behavior

Question 42

Your brother was hoping that his daughter would grow up to be a gifted soccer player.She is still not making much progress in learning to walk and she is 14 months old.What would you tell your brother?

A) He should probably give up on the notion that she will ever play soccer. Incorrect. Children who walk at 9 months are no more likely than children who walk at 17 months to become athletes someday, they simply have different biological time lines for learning to walk.
B) That there is considerable variation when children begin walking and it has nothing to do with later development of athletic ability. Correct. Children who walk at 9 months are no more likely than children who walk at 17 months to become athletes some day, they simply have different biological time lines for learning to walk.
C) Not to worry, children do not start walking until they are 18 months old.
D) The age when a toddler begins walking is negatively correlated with intelligence, so she is most likely gifted.

Question 43

What is one fine motor skill that toddlers can do during their third year of life?

A) climb a rope Incorrect. Toddlers in their third year of life can begin to brush their teeth, with a little assistance.
B) brush their teeth Correct. Toddlers in their third year of life can begin to brush their teeth, with a little assistance.
C) button their shirts
D) tie their shoes

Question 44

In regards to gross motor development,toddlers in traditional cultures are allowed ____.

A) slightly more mobility
B) slightly less mobility
C) much more mobility
D) much less mobility

Question 45

What percentage of American toddlers were toilet trained by 18 months,according to a study completed in 1957?

A) 2%
B) 42%
C) 62%
D) 92%

Question 46

You come from a family that is very athletic.You and several other family members had athletic scholarships in college and an uncle who played professional baseball.You have tried to get your 18-month-old interested in kicking a small soccer ball.Although he wants to play with you and approaches the ball,he has not been able to kick it.After taking a developmental course,you find that ____.

A) your son is very far behind in motor development Incorrect. Toddlers do not learn to kick a ball until around 24 months of age.
B) he is actually too young to be expected to kick a ball Correct. Toddlers do not learn to kick a ball until around 24 months of age.
C) if you work with him and make it fun, he will be able to kick the ball
D) your son is likely disabled

Question 47

During the first year of toddlerhood,one would expect a toddler to be able to ____.

A) hold a cup and scribble with a crayon Correct. During the first year of toddlerhood, toddlers learn to hold a cup, scribble with a pencil or crayon, build a tower of 3 to 4 blocks, and turn the pages of a book.
B) use a fork and knife with coordination Incorrect. During the first year of toddlerhood, toddlers learn to hold a cup, scribble with a pencil or crayon, build a tower of 3 to 4 blocks, and turn the pages of a book.
C) stand on one foot, run, and kick a ball
D) be potty-trained and able to brush their teeth

Question 48

On average,children begin to walk without the support of others around what age?

A) 9 months
B) 11 months
C) 13 months
D) 15 months

Question 49

At what age do children show a definite handedness preference during self-feeding?

A) 24 months
B) 18 months
C) 12 months
D) 6 months

Question 50

Mikael is a toddler who can stand on one leg,run with stiff legs,and kick a ball.Mikael is at least ____.

A) 6 months old
B) 12 months old
C) 18 months old Incorrect. Toddlers do not learn to kick a ball until around 24 months of age.
D) 24 months old Correct. Toddlers do not learn to kick a ball until around 24 months of age.

Question 51

Today,most American pediatricians believe that it is best to be patient with toddlers and their progress toward toilet training.When do they recommend toilet training now?

A) when the toddler is 20 months old Incorrect. Today, most American pediatricians believe it is best to be patient with toddlers' progress toward toilet training, and to time it according to when the toddler seems ready.
B) when the toddler seems ready Correct. One sign of readiness is that the child directly asks to use the toilet or to wear underwear instead of a diaper.
C) anytime before kindergarten
D) when the cost of diapers gets too expensive

Question 52

In regards to fine motor development,an infant who is 1 year old can ____,and a toddler who is 3 years old can ____.

A) tie their shoes; draw a circle with a crayon
B) draw a circle with a crayon; tie their shoes Incorrect. During the first year of toddlerhood, toddlers learn to hold a cup, while they can draw a semi-straight line during the second year of toddlerhood.
C) draw a semi-straight line; hold a cup
D) hold a cup; draw a semi-straight line Correct. During the first year of toddlerhood, toddlers learn to hold a cup, while they can draw a semi-straight line during the second year of toddlerhood.

Question 53

Which of the following is a proper sequencing of gross motor development during toddlerhood?

A) running with stiff legs, standing on one leg, kicking a ball, walking without support
B) walking without support, standing on one leg, running with stiff legs, kicking a ball Correct. Children begin to walk without support at about 11 months. By 15 months, most toddlers can stand on one leg. By 18 months, most can run, although at first they run with the same stiff-legged, wide-stance posture as they use for walking. By 24 months, they can kick a ball.
C) standing on one leg, walking without support, kicking a ball, running with stiff legs Incorrect. Children begin to walk without support at about 11 months. By 15 months, most toddlers can stand on one leg. By 18 months, most can run, although at first they run with the same stiff-legged, wide-stance posture as they use for walking. By 24 months, they can kick a ball.
D) kicking a ball, standing on one leg, walking without support, running with stiff legs

Question 54

A study from 1957 of American children reported that 92% were toilet trained by the time they were ____.

A) 3 months old
B) 6 months old
C) 12 months old
D) 18 months old

Question 55

One would not expect a toddler to brush their own teeth,with a little assistance,until what age?

A) second year of life Incorrect. Toddlers in their third year of life can begin to brush their teeth, with a little assistance.
B) third year of life Correct. Toddlers between 24 and 36 months can brush their teeth, with a little assistance.
C) fourth year of life
D) fifth year of life

Question 56

Toddlers in traditional cultures are still held and carried for about half their waking hours.What effect does this have on the development of their motor skills? Toddlers in traditional cultures ____.

A) are considerably behind toddlers in developed countries Incorrect. Even though toddlers in traditional cultures are held and carried for about half their waking hours, they are equal to toddlers in developed countries in the development of their gross motor skills.
B) are only slightly delayed compared to toddlers in developed countries
C) are equal to toddlers in developed countries Correct. Even though toddlers in traditional cultures are held and carried for about half their waking hours, they are equal to toddlers in developed countries in the development of their gross motor skills.
D) are actually more advanced than toddlers in developed countries because they experience fewer injuries associated with walking earlier

Question 57

When can the average toddler first kick a ball or throw a small object?

A) 6 months
B) 12 months
C) 18 months
D) 24 months

Question 58

What percentage of toddlers are currently toilet trained in the United States by their third birthday?

A) 20%
B) 40%
C) 60%
D) 80%

Question 59

Toddlers become better at using what perceptual system to adjust their walking and running in response to changes in surfaces?

A) auditory system
B) visual system
C) tactile system
D) vestibular system

Question 60

At 12 months,an infant will be able to ____.

A) hold a container while placing rocks into it Correct. At 12 months, toddlers can hold an object in one hand while performing an action on it with the other.
B) kick a ball while running Incorrect. At 12 months, toddlers can hold an object in one hand while performing an action on it with the other.
C) write their name with a crayon
D) brush their teeth

Question 61

Your friend is frustrated because she has tried to toilet train her 24-month-old son for the past week,but progress is slow and taking longer than she would like.Which of the following statements is a proper response to your friend?

A) "I'm surprised he's not potty trained yet. You might want to see a pediatrician."
B) "Be patient, it is not going to happen overnight. Some children take months or even years to become potty trained." Correct. Also, the earlier toilet training begins, the longer it takes to complete it.
C) "Most toddlers learn how to use the potty in two weeks, so you're almost there."
D) "You really should not toilet train until the child stays dry throughout the night. So I do not think he is ready just yet." Incorrect. Typically, toilet training is a process that continues over several weeks, months, or even years.

Question 62

Describe two milestones of gross motor development in toddlerhood.

Question 63

Based on what we know of human history and practices today in traditional culture,most infants are breast-fed until ____ year(s)of age.

A) 1
B) 1-2
C) 2-3
D) 3-4

Question 64

Children are likely to wear what garment at night for a period after learning toilet training?

A) regular underwear and pajamas
B) diapers
C) plastic underwear
D) training pants

Question 65

Your sister breast-fed for 14 months and is now interested in weaning her daughter.It is obvious that your niece does not want to stop breast-feeding.She toddles around your sister holding her arms up and crying.Nothing seems to soothe her.Remembering your developmental course and what traditional cultures do,you suggest that your sister ____.

A) rub tomato paste on her nipples before breastfeeding Correct. In Turkey, mothers sometimes rub tomato paste on their nipples, which the children do not like, and this technique aids in weaning.
B) simply ignore your niece Incorrect. In Turkey, mothers sometimes rub tomato paste on their nipples, which the children do not like, and this technique aids in weaning.
C) shut your niece in her room between meals
D) give her a pacifier

Question 66

What is a sign that your toddler is ready to be toilet trained?

A) She shows her dolly how to go "potty."
B) She can hold her urine but has no control over bowel movements.
C) She asks for a dry diaper.
D) She is able to anticipate when she needs to use the toilet.

Question 67

At age 5,about one-fourth of toddlers may occasionally ____.

A) refuse to wear a diaper
B) have delays in fine motor movement
C) wet their bed at night
D) have delays in gross motor movement

Question 68

What percentage of five year olds has an occasional accident in toilet training,usually at night?

A) 10%
B) 25%
C) 50%
D) 80%

Question 69

Based on what we currently know of human history and what we know of traditional cultures,what has been the typical human custom regarding breast-feeding? Infants were weaned ____.

A) before 12 months
B) by 18 months
C) by 24 months
D) between 24 and 36 months

Question 70

____ is the term that describes when the mother decides the time has come for the child to stop breast-feeding.

A) Colicking
B) Weaning
C) Lactating
D) Latching

Question 71

Most toddlers show signs of readiness to begin the process of toilet training between what ages?

A) 6-18 months
B) 12-24 months
C) 18-30 months
D) 24-48 months

Question 72

Who is likely to toilet train toddlers in traditional countries?

A) parents
B) grandparents
C) older siblings
D) no one

Question 73

Give an example of how toddlers are weaned in traditional cultures if the gradual approach does not work.

Question 74

Which of the following are signs that a toddler might be ready to begin toilet training?

A) increased regular sleep-wake cycles, staying dry during naps, and increased motions to remove a diaper
B) staying awake during nap time, increased motions to remove a diaper, and increased temper tantrums at bedtime
C) increased motions to remove a diaper, increased crying when a diaper put on, and increased regular feeding patterns
D) staying dry for a few hours during the day, having regular bowel movements, and increased anticipation of urine or bowel movement

Question 75

Describe a fine motor skill that a three-year-old can do that a one-year old would not yet be able to do.

Question 76

What is synaptic pruning and is it normal?

Question 77

It is a greater challenge to wean a toddler from breast milk than to wean an infant because ____.

A) breast-feeding a toddler is more socially acceptable in many cultures
B) the toddler is more socially aware and has a greater capacity to exercise intentional behavior Correct. The toddler can also speak up, in a way the infant cannot, to make demands and protest prohibitions.
C) the toddler has developed teeth and might resist unconsciously with negative behaviors
D) the toddler has greater emotional instability an infant Incorrect. The toddler is much more socially aware than the infant, and much more capable of exercising intentional behavior. The toddler can also speak up, in a way the infant cannot, to make demands and protest prohibitions.

Question 78

In Kenya,Makena,who is 2 years old,is learning to control her elimination.Who is probably guiding her in this process?

A) her mother
B) her father
C) her aunt
D) her older sister

Question 79

For most cultures,initially weaning from breast milk is ____.

A) sudden and abrupt
B) gentle and gradual
C) harsh and punitive
D) nonexistent and or absent

Question 80

What does Arnett mean by "controlled elimination"?