Deck 12: Psychological Issues in Advancing and Terminal Illness

Question 1

model

A) fails to offer a general theory of reactions to a wide variety of stressors over time.
B) fails to offer a physiological mechanism for the stress-illness relationship.
C) places too much emphasis on individual differences in response to stress.
D) fails to consider the role of psychological appraisal in stress.

Answer 1

fails to consider the role of psychological appraisal in stress.

Question 2

,the _______________ phase of the general adaptation syndrome is responsible for the physiological damage related to stress.

A) alarm
B) resistance
C) exhaustion
D) All of these.

Answer 2

exhaustion

Question 3

studies of the general adaptation syndrome investigated ______________ responses to stress.

A) psychological
B) gastrointestinal
C) adrenomedullary
D) adrenocortical

Answer 3

adrenocortical

Question 4

Stress can be defined as a negative emotional experience accompanied by

A) biochemical and physiological changes.
B) cognitive changes.
C) behavioral changes.
D) All of these.

Question 5

A high waist-to-hip ratio is an indication of a

A) high pendicular load.
B) low pendicular load.
C) high allostatic load.
D) low allostatic load

Question 6

The adrenal cortex produces _______________ in response to stress.

A) epinephrine and norepinephrine
B) glucocorticoids
C) endogenous opioids
D) ACTH

Question 7

Particularly for women in disadvantaged groups,____________ can endanger human pregnancy.

A) high levels of social support
B) high levels of stress
C) high levels of self-esteem
D) low levels of stress

Question 8

Most definitions of stress focus on

A) stressful events.
B) physiological changes.
C) emotional changes.
D) the relationship between the person and the environment.

Question 9

Activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA)axis results in the secretion of

A) catecholamines.
B) norepinephrine.
C) cortisol.
D) All of these.

Question 10

The fight-or-flight response

A) is never adaptive.
B) involves arousal of the parasympathetic nervous system and the endocrine system.
C) involves arousal of the sympathetic nervous system and the endocrine system.
D) is subject to large individual differences.

Question 11

Which of the following could be considered a stressor?

A) noise
B) crowding
C) commuting to work
D) All of these.

Question 12

Which of the following situations would be LEAST stressful?

A) Jill has filed for divorce after 25 years of marriage.
B) Joe arrives at his first class of the day to find that the professor will administer a pop quiz.
C) Linda, a full-time college student, learns that she will have to find a second part-time job due to cuts in financial aid packages.
D) Karl, a file clerk, has been working intensively for three weeks on a new job responsibility.

Question 13

The process of primary appraisal involves the evaluation of one's

A) current emotional state.
B) meaning of the event.
C) coping ability.
D) resources.

Question 14

The process of secondary appraisal involves the evaluation of one's

A) current emotional state.
B) perception of the event.
C) coping ability and resources.
D) All of these.

Question 15

According to Lazarus's model,the subjective experience of stress is a result of

A) the general adaptation syndrome.
B) primary appraisal.
C) secondary appraisal.
D) the balance between primary and secondary appraisal.

Question 16

The tend-and-befriend response to stress

A) is especially characteristic of females.
B) is related to the release of the stress hormone, oxytocin.
C) may be necessary in the protection of offspring.
D) All of these.

Question 17

The primary biological factor in the tend-and-befriend mechanism is

A) HPA activation.
B) oxytocin.
C) cortisol.
D) GSA.

Question 18

Research suggests that individual differences in reactivity to stress are related to individual differences in

A) acute and chronic illness.
B) psychological responses to stressors.
C) primary and secondary appraisal.
D) All of these.

Question 19

Studies of vulnerable populations,e.g.,children,older adults,exposed to a chronic stressor indicate they

A) eventually habituate to high levels of the stressor.
B) exhibit performance decrements and helplessness.
C) exhibit few cognitive decrements but do show signs of helplessness
D) eventually learn to change their task strategies and attention focus to accommodate the noise in their environments

Question 20

The correct sequence of phases of the general adaptation syndrome is

A) alarm, resistance, exhaustion.
B) exhaustion, resistance, alarm.
C) resistance, alarm, exhaustion.
D) resistance, exhaustion, alarm.

Question 21

Stressful Life Events (SLE)inventory?

A) It is not correlated with illness and health behaviors.
B) It fails to consider individual differences in the experience and reporting of events.
C) It only counts unresolved stressful events.
D) It fails to consider that the number of illnesses experienced over a period of time is more important than the severity and the duration of these illnesses.

Question 22

The occurrence of daily hassles

A) bears no relationship to physical health.
B) reduces psychological well-being over the short term.
C) markedly enhances reports of physical symptoms.
D) are poorer predictors of physical health than major life events.

Question 23

Terry is involved in a long-term but ultimately unsatisfying relationship with Lee.This is an example of

A) a stressor.
B) a life event.
C) daily hassles.
D) chronic strain.

Question 24

Risky families

A) are high in conflict or abuse and low in warmth and nurturance.
B) have financial problems.
C) are ones who experience major, chronic, recurrent stress as opposed to more modest family stress.
D) have no long term impact on the family members.

Question 25

Mike has been having difficulty meeting the demands of the two executives who oversee his work area and communicate conflicting expectations.One executive is concerned about production and constantly urges Mike to meet performance quotas.The other is concerned about quality assurance and would like Mike to slow down and focus on the quality of his work.This is an example of

A) role ambiguity.
B) role conflict.
C) work pressure.
D) All of these.

Question 26

Karoshi refers to

A) sudden nocturnal death.
B) death from overwork.
C) stress-related mental illness.
D) None of these.

Question 27

A relationship between discrimination and poor health has been found for

A) working women.
B) African American men, women, and adolescents.
C) Native American adults and children.
D) All of these.

Question 28

The _______________ paradigm takes people into the laboratory,exposes them to short-term stressful events,and then observes the impact of that stress on their physiological,neuroendocrine,and psychological responses.

A) acute stress
B) induced disease
C) SRRS
D) hassles

Question 29

Individuals who are prone to react to stress with _______________ report more daily hassles than are those who do not react in this manner.

A) optimism
B) Type A behavior
C) anxiety
D) depression

Question 30

In their study of German World Cup matches,Wilpert-Lampen concluded men with cardiovascular disorders are _________ times more likely to suffer an emergency on a game day.

A) 10
B) 5
C) 3
D) 2

Question 31

,an event is potentially stressful if it

A) is negative.
B) threatens one's self-concept.
C) is long-term.
D) requires adaptation.

Question 32

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)has been associated with

A) temporary changes in the brain, involving the amygdala.
B) decreased cortisol, norepinephrine, and epinephrine.
C) biochemical and hormonal alterations that last over a long period.
D) All of these.

Question 33

In one study,air controllers who ____________________ were more likely to become ill or to experience an accidental injury than were their colleagues.

A) were single
B) were married
C) were 50 or older
D) had few social contacts

Question 34

Hassles are minor life events that

A) have a cumulative effect on health and illness.
B) are not confounded with mental and physical illness.
C) have an objective, but not subjective, component.
D) All of these.

Question 35

Chronic strain appears to

A) influence the relationship between specific stressors and physical effects.
B) habituate people to negative life events.
C) be unrelated to negative life events.
D) be unrelated to illness.

Question 36

Professor Woster brings his participants into the laboratory,attaches electrodes and sensors to them,and has them play a computer game.One group of participants hears six loud bursts of noise at random intervals.The second group hears the same bursts of noise also at random intervals but just before each burst occurs a bluebird flies across the computer screen.Professor Woster is using the ____________ paradigm to study the effect of noise on physiological responses.

A) disease induction
B) stressful life events
C) acute stress
D) daily stress

Question 37

Stressful Life Events (SRE)inventory?

A) Some of the items on the list are too specific.
B) Individual differences in the experience of events are not taken into account.
C) It treats both positive and negative events in a similar fashion.
D) It does not assess whether events have been resolved or not.

Question 38

Workers who suffer from work overload _______________ compared with workers who do not experience overload.

A) feel more stressed
B) practice poorer health habits
C) sustain more health risks
D) All of these.

Question 39

The relationship between scores on the Stressful Life Events (SLE)inventory and illness is

A) negligible.
B) modest.
C) robust.
D) unpredictable.

Question 40

Which of the following would be considered a stressful life event?

A) lack of career fulfillment
B) a significant change in job responsibilities
C) questioning one's identity and goals
D) All of these.

Question 41

Research on multiple roles and stress among working parents indicates that men and women report being distressed by similar types of events.

Question 42

Recent studies have suggested that psychobiological reactivity to stress is an important factor in determining the likelihood that stress will contribute to disease

Question 43

The perception of work overload shows a stronger relationship to physical health complaints and psychological distress than do objective measurements of workload.

Question 44

Who of the following is MOST likely to experience illness due to the stress associated with their job?

A) Susie, a single mother of a five-year old boy, who works long hours in a low-paying position.
B) Mary Lou, a married mother of two young children, who works in a low-paying service job 40 hours per week.
C) Sally, a single mother of a five-year old daughter, who is a lawyer with flexible hours.
D) Miranda, a married mother with two young children, who is a lawyer with flexible hours.

Question 45

African-American men are more likely to die from a heart attack than are white men.

Question 46

Some working parents cope well with their multiple roles,whereas others do not.Explain the factors that are associated with positive and negative outcomes in juggling family and work roles.

Question 47

During the alarm phase of the general adaptation syndrome,the organism makes efforts to cope with the threat.

Question 48

Explain how the sympathetic-adrenomedullary (SAM)and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA)axis are implicated in the physiological response to stress.

Question 49

The effects of unemployment

A) are unaffected by social support.
B) include psychological and physical symptoms.
C) include psychological but not physical symptoms.
D) include physical but not psychological symptoms.

Question 50

Chronic strain is strongly related to depression.

Question 51

The Stressful Life Events (SLE)inventory currently is the most commonly used paper-and-pencil measure of stress.

Question 52

Researchers investigating the effects of multiple roles on women conclude that

A) outside employment can be beneficial for women's well-being.
B) having control and flexibility over the work environment reduces the likelihood of stress.
C) having adequate child care reduces the likelihood of stress.
D) All of these.

Question 53

The earliest contribution to stress research was Hans Selye's fight-or-flight response.

Question 54

Research suggests that habituation may not occur after exposure to long-term stressors and that the immune system may be compromised by long-term stress.

Question 55

A group of friends is discussing the different ways in which life can "get at you." Pat says it's the milestones in life that are most stressful,illustrating this point by describing several traumatic divorces and untimely deaths from which family members have yet to recover.On the other hand,Lee asserts that it's the little,constant annoyances in life that are most harmful to psychological and physical health,citing the annoyance experienced while commuting to work every day or coping with an intrusive landlord.Evaluate both of these arguments,citing research from the text.

Question 56

Who of the following is LEAST likely to experience illness due to the stress associated with their job?

A) Susie, a single mother of a five-year old boy, who works long hours in a low-paying position.
B) Mary Lou, a married mother of two young children, who works in a low-paying service job 40 hours per week.
C) Sally, a single mother of a five-year old daughter, who is a lawyer with flexible hours.
D) Miranda, a married mother with two young children, who is a lawyer with flexible hours.

Question 57

Describe Lazarus's model of the role of psychological appraisal in the experience of stress.Explain how this model addresses the cognitive and emotional responses to stress.

Question 58

Allostatic load is the long-term costs of chronic or repeated stress.

Question 59

Answer the text's question "What makes events stressful?"

Question 60

For men,_______________ moderates the stress-illness relationship.

A) employment
B) marriage
C) satisfaction with the parent role
D) All of these.