Deck 5: Health-Compromising Behaviors

Question 1

_______________________ refers to chronically searching the environment for potential threat.

A) Rumination
B) Due diligence
C) Vigilant coping
D) Type-A behavior

Answer 1

Vigilant coping

Question 2

According to research cited in your text,the relationship between greater physiological and psychological reactivity in conflictive situations,i.e.,cynical hostility,and heart disease MAY NOT be due to

A) the inflammatory processes represented by the level of C-reactive protein in the bloodstream.
B) changes in blood coagulation and fibrinolytic activity.
C) increased lipids in the bloodstream due to sympathetic activation.
D) vasorestriction in peripheral areas of the heart.

Answer 2

the inflammatory processes represented by the level of C-reactive protein in the bloodstream.

Question 3

The number one killer in the United States,accounting for 20 percent of all deaths,is

A) diabetes.
B) coronary heart disease.
C) hypertension.
D) cancer.

Answer 3

coronary heart disease.

Question 4

The personality quality "agency" is associated with ______________,whereas "communion" is associated with ______________.

A) good physical and mental health outcomes; reduced psychological stress
B) good physical and mental health outcomes; few relations to physical and mental health outcomes
C) few relations to physical and mental health outcomes; good physical and mental health outcomes
D) reduced psychological stress; good physical and mental health outcomes

Question 5

Which of the following is NOT one of the risk factors for coronary heart disease?

A) hypertension
B) high serum cholesterol
C) cigarette smoking
D) alcohol consumption

Question 6

_______________________ remains an underdiagnosed and untreated contributor to CHD morbidity and mortality.

A) High cholesterol.
B) Hostility.
C) Genetics.
D) Depression.

Question 7

Depression may be a risk factor for CHD due to its relationship with

A) C-reactive protein.
B) the metabolic syndrome.
C) Both choices are correct.
D) Neither choice is correct.

Question 8

Which of the following has NOT been found to be associated with delay before seeking treatment for myocardial infarction?

A) interpretation of symptoms as mild disorders
B) being young and white
C) history of angina or diabetes
D) experiencing an attack during the daytime

Question 9

Women

A) show greater increases in cardiovascular neuroendocrine and some metabolic responses in response to stress than do men.
B) experience an increased risk of cardiovascular disease after menopause.
C) develop CHD on the average about 15 years earlier than do men.
D) seem to be protected at young ages against CHD due to their lower levels of HDL cholesterol.

Question 10

The combination of obesity centered around the waist,high levels of triglycerides,low levels of HDL cholesterol,and difficulty metabolizing blood sugar are symptomatic of

A) inflammation due to C-reactive protein.
B) metabolic syndrome.
C) angina pectoris.
D) cardiac arrest.

Question 11

_______________ of women will die from a first heart attack,as opposed to _______________ of men.

A) 30 percent; 50 percent
B) 25 percent; 75 percent
C) 40 percent; 40 percent
D) 50 percent; 30 percent

Question 12

Beta-blockers are used in cardiac rehabilitation

A) to activate the parasympathetic nervous system.
B) to resist the effects of sympathetic nervous system stimulation.
C) to control the pain of angina pectoris.
D) when behavioral stress management interventions fail.

Question 13

Hostility has been traced to

A) an oppositional orientation toward others.
B) child-rearing patterns characterized by interference and punitiveness.
C) family environments that are nonsupportive and high in conflict.
D) All of these.

Question 14

Higher levels of hostility have been found among

A) men.
B) non-whites.
C) people low in socioeconomic status (SES).
D) All of these.

Question 15

Cynical hostility is characterized by

A) suspiciousness.
B) little resentment.
C) infrequent angry episodes.
D) trust in others.

Question 16

Cardiac rehabilitation programs involve

A) exercise.
B) smoking cessation.
C) reduced alcohol consumption.
D) All of these.

Question 17

Which of the following job factors has been found to be related to increased risk of CHD?

A) high work demands and low control
B) a discrepancy between one's education level and one's occupation
C) low job security
D) All of these.

Question 18

______________ are the most common drug treatment for reducing the incidence of death,heart attack,and stroke.

A) Statins
B) Diuretics
C) Beta-blockers
D) Vitamins

Question 19

People who are both hostile and _______________ show the greatest association between cardiovascular responses and CHD.

A) suspicious
B) angry
C) defensive
D) Type A

Question 20

Individuals who are high in hostility

A) have chronically higher blood pressure.
B) show more pronounced heart rate reactivity to laboratory stressors.
C) show more pronounced physiological reactions in response to interpersonal stressors.
D) All of these.

Question 21

Alexithymia

A) involves difficulty in understanding others and expressing oneself.
B) involves difficulty in identifying and describing emotion.
C) involves difficulty in recognizing individual faces.
D) results from the accumulating effects of small strokes and often mimics the effects of Alzheimer's disease.

Question 22

Cardiac invalidism occurs when

A) patients and their spouses underestimate the patient's physical abilities.
B) spouses underestimate the extent of disability.
C) patients malinger in order to reap secondary gains associated with the sick role.
D) patients feel that they are unable to control the stressors in their daily lives.

Question 23

The risk factors for stroke

A) are independent of those for heart disease.
B) decrease with age.
C) are not subject to modification by lifestyle changes.
D) include cigarette smoking.

Question 24

,wives' perceptions of their husbands' cardiac and physical efficiency were highest when they had

A) been provided information about their husband's medical and psychological condition.
B) observed their husband's performance on a treadmill task.
C) personally experienced the treadmill task themselves.
D) All of these.

Question 25

Cognitive-behavioral techniques

A) may substitute for drug treatments, even in cases of severe hypertension.
B) are associated with lower rates of nonadherence than are drug treatments.
C) are typically combined with drug treatment of hypertension.
D) designed to control the expression of anger have been moderately successful in the treatment of hypertension.

Question 26

The prevalence of hypertension among lower-income African Americans may be traced to

A) parental histories of hypertension.
B) racial differences in neuropeptide and cardiovascular response to stressors.
C) exposure to chronic environmental stressors.
D) All of these.

Question 27

Patients with right-brain damage due to stroke typically suffer

A) communication disorders such as aphasia.
B) impaired performance on cognitive tasks that require the use of short-term memory.
C) difficulty in processing visual feedback.
D) extreme anxiety and depression.

Question 28

Predictors of depression in stroke patients include

A) overprotection by a caregiver.
B) site and severity of stroke.
C) lack of meaning in life.
D) All of these.

Question 29

Stress has been implicated in

A) problems in glucose metabolism.
B) the aggravation of Type II diabetes once diagnosed.
C) adverse effects on adherence to diabetic treatment regimens and diet.
D) All of these.

Question 30

The role of stress in the development and exacerbation of hypertension

A) is the same for people at risk for hypertension and those who are not at risk.
B) does not change as hypertension progresses.
C) may be different for people at risk for hypertension.
D) has not been studied enough to determine what the role is.

Question 31

Sudden death from heart attack is most likely to occur

A) at home.
B) at work.
C) on vacation.
D) while the patient is asleep.

Question 32

The correlation between beliefs about level of blood pressure and actual blood pressure is

A) high.
B) moderate.
C) low.

Question 33

Males are at greater risk for hypertension B.

A) across the life span.
B) before 50 years of age.
C) after 50 years of age.
D) None of these.

Question 34

Drug treatments for hypertension

A) are more effective than dietary modification and exercise.
B) significantly reduce the incidence of coronary artery disease, morbidity, or mortality.
C) show some success in reducing blood pressure without negative side effects.
D) may effectively reduce the complications of hypertension while increasing the risk for coronary heart disease caused by enhanced sympathetic nervous system activity.

Question 35

"John Henryism" is a personality predisposition

A) that helps African American men cope with racism.
B) that defines men's, but not women's, effective coping strategies when active coping is likely to be unsuccessful.
C) that is used to cope actively with psychosocial stressors.
D) found only in white men.

Question 36

Type II (noninsulin-dependent)diabetes

A) develops relatively late in life (after age 40), but is becoming more common in children and adolescents.
B) is the third most common chronic illness in America.
C) occurs when insulin is disregulated.
D) All of these.

Question 37

According to studies of recovery from coronary heart disease,social support

A) was most effective when it was provided by the spouse rather than a confidante.
B) became increasingly effective over time as the patient's recovery progressed.
C) can become a problem for some patients if not give in a careful way.
D) None of these.

Question 38

Diastolic pressure is related to

A) resistance of the blood vessels to blood flow.
B) the amount of force developed during contraction of the heart.
C) the volume of blood leaving the heart.
D) the arteries' elasticity.

Question 39

,the family environment that fosters _______________ may then contribute to hypertension.

A) negative affectivity
B) chronic anger
C) excessive competitiveness
D) cynical distrust

Question 40

CPR is

A) cardiopulmonary relief.
B) cardiac prevention resources.
C) cardiopretension resuscitation.
D) cardiopulmonary resuscitation.

Question 41

Explain the relationship of lifestyle factors to coronary heart disease and cardiac rehabilitation.

Question 42

The mortality rate is around 30 percent during the first month after a stroke.

Question 43

Across the life span,women seem to be protected against coronary heart disease relative to men.

Question 44

Aspirin has been found to significantly reduce the risk for fatal heart attack.

Question 45

Explain the role of stress management in recovery from myocardial infarction.

Question 46

Mild hypertension is defined by a diastolic pressure consistently between 105 and 119.

Question 47

Your co-worker is concerned about the two hard-driving managers who head the department.She says "They react with hostility to everyone and everything.Both are walking time bombs who are likely to have heart attacks before they're 50." Respond to your co-worker's prediction,citing the research on personality,emotion,and CHD in your text.

Question 48

Explain why adherence to diabetic treatment programs is so difficult for most people to achieve.

Question 49

In terms of emotional response,patients with left-brain damage from a stroke seem indifferent to their situation.

Question 50

Identifying patients with metabolic syndrome rarely helps predict heart attacks.

Question 51

Vigilant Coping is a risk factor for heart disease.

Question 52

Poor adherence to diabetic regimens by people with Type II diabetes most often is due to

A) transient situational factors.
B) demographic factors.
C) personality factors.
D) All of these.

Question 53

The goals of cardiac rehabilitation is to produce relief from symptoms,reduce the severity of the disease,limit further progression of the disease,and promote psychological and social adjustment.

Question 54

People who are high in cynical hostility generally have a high level of social support.

Question 55

Whereas stress adversely affects adherence to treatment and diet,stress has not been found to directly affect Type II diabetes.

Question 56

Which of the following would BEST predict compliance with a diabetic treatment regimen?

A) the number of persons in the diabetic's social support network
B) training the diabetic to discriminate when his or her blood glucose level needed to be modified
C) any intervention that focuses on improving a sense of self-efficacy and the ability to independently regulate one's behavior
D) stress management and relaxation training

Question 57

Diabetes is a risk factor for coronary heart disease.

Question 58

What ethnic differences have been found in the incidence of hypertension? What racial and psychosocial factors may be implicated in these ethnic differences?

Question 59

Research suggests that expressing anger is more reliably associated with cardiovascular reactivity than the state of anger.

Question 60

Depression often is a complication of diabetes.