Deck 1: What Is Health Psychology

Question 1

The idea that illness can be explained by low-level processes such as the functions of disordered cells and chemical imbalances is

A) dualism.
B) systems theory.
C) homeostasis.
D) reductionism.

Answer 1

reductionism.

Question 2

A health psychologist who designs a media campaign to get people to improve their diets focuses on

A) health promotion and maintenance.
B) prevention and treatment of illness.
C) etiology and correlations of health, illness, and dysfunction.
D) the health care system and the formulation of health policy.

Answer 2

health promotion and maintenance.

Question 3

According to your text,all conditions of health and illness are influenced by

A) one's personality type.
B) psychodynamics.
C) psychological and social factors.
D) None of these.

Answer 3

psychological and social factors.

Question 4

The field of health psychology has been greatly influenced by the psychosomatic movement.Which of the following assumptions of this movement has made a lasting contribution to health psychology?

A) Psychological conflict is sufficient to produce certain disorders.
B) Certain biological disorders can be related on a consistent basis to specific personality types.
C) Certain disorders are best treated medically; however, other disorders are best treated through psychotherapy.
D) Physical health is affected by both the psychological and social environment.

Question 5

Conversion hysteria

A) is now even more frequent than in Freud's time.
B) occurs when unconscious conflict is manifested in a symbolic physical symptom.
C) occurs when an individual develops several minor symptoms to avoid interpersonal conflict.
D) All of these.

Question 6

A health psychologist who works with people who are already ill focuses on

A) health promotion and maintenance.
B) prevention and treatment of illness.
C) etiology and correlations of health, illness, and dysfunction.
D) the health care system and the formulation of health policy.

Question 7

The fundamental assumption of the _______________ model is that health and illness are consequences of the interplay of biological,psychological,and social factors.

A) biomedical
B) psychoemotional
C) biopsychosocial
D) psychosocial

Question 8

According to the humoral theory of the ancient Greeks,disease is the result of

A) trephination.
B) evil spirits.
C) an imbalance of bodily fluids.
D) cellular disorders.

Question 9

The humoral theory was put to rest by

A) the medieval church.
B) the rising belief in demonology.
C) Freud's work on conversion hysteria.
D) a growing understanding of cellular pathology.

Question 10

_______________ linked specific personality patterns to specific illnesses.

A) Dunbar and Alexander
B) Galen
C) Hippocrates
D) Freud

Question 11

A single-factor model of illness assumes that

A) there is one ultimate cause of all illnesses.
B) health should be emphasized over illness.
C) illness can be explained in terms of biological disorder.
D) All of these.

Question 12

Etiology refers to

A) causes of illness.
B) a special kind of disease state.
C) healthy behavior.
D) stress effects.

Question 13

A health psychologist who studies the impact of hospitals and physicians on people's behavior focuses on

A) health promotion and maintenance.
B) prevention and treatment of illness.
C) etiology and correlations of health, illness, and dysfunction.
D) the health care system and the formulation of health policy.

Question 14

The notion that cancer can be cured simply by excising a tumor most closely resembles the

A) biomedical model.
B) biopsychosocial model.
C) psychosomatic model.
D) pathological model.

Question 15

A health psychologist who is interested in the behavioral and social factors that contribute to disease focuses on

A) health promotion and maintenance.
B) prevention and treatment of illness.
C) etiology and correlations of health, illness, and dysfunction.
D) the health care system and the formulation of health policy.

Question 16

The idea that one's biochemistry may be associated with certain personality characteristics can be traced to the

A) Stone Age.
B) ancient Greeks.
C) Middle Ages.
D) Renaissance.

Question 17

_______________ links patterns of personality to specific illnesses.

A) Psychoanalytic theory
B) Psychosomatic medicine
C) Freudian theory
D) The biomedical model

Question 18

The field within psychology devoted to understanding all psychological influences on health and illness across the life span is called

A) psychosomatic medicine.
B) health psychology.
C) medical psychology.
D) epidemiology.

Question 19

The _______________ model maintains that all illness can be explained on the basis of aberrant somatic processes.

A) biomedical
B) psychoemotional
C) biopsychosocial
D) psychosocial

Question 20

During prehistory most ancient cultures viewed the mind and the body as

A) ultimately unknowable.
B) somewhat interdependent.
C) separate and autonomous systems.
D) part of the same system.

Question 21

The advantage of theory in health psychology is:

A) that theories provide guidelines for how to do research.
B) to generate specific predictions.
C) to tie together loose ends.
D) All of these

Question 22

_______________ refers to the number of cases of a disease that exist at some given point in time._______________ refers to the number of deaths due to particular causes.

A) Morbidity; Mortality
B) Mortality; Morbidity
C) Epidemiology; Pathology
D) Etiology; Epidemiology

Question 23

AIDS is a chronic illness.This is because it

A) is psychosomatic in origin.
B) is difficult for patients to manage, but seldom contributes to disability or death.
C) can be cured only if the patient and the practitioner work together as a team.
D) is an illness in which psychological and social factors play an important role in both cause and management.

Question 24

Until the turn of the 20^th century,_______________ were the major causes of illness and death in the United States.

A) acute disorders
B) chronic illnesses
C) hereditary disorders
D) accidents and homicides

Question 25

Randomized clinical trials

A) are experiments.
B) are used to evaluate treatments.
C) can establish the presence of a cause-effect relationship.
D) All of these.

Question 26

A major disadvantage of correlational research is that

A) when two things are correlated, one does not cause the other.
B) only two variables can be examined.
C) the direction of causation is ambiguous.
D) There are no serious disadvantages with correlational research.

Question 27

Acute disorders are

A) short-term medical illnesses that are usually amenable to cure.
B) typically diseases that are co-managed by patients and their practitioners.
C) the major causes of death and illness in the United States.
D) serious disorders such as heart disease, cancer, and diabetes.

Question 28

Correlational studies have advantages over experiments because they allow one to

A) determine the direction of causality.
B) study variables that may not be manipulated.
C) rule out the influence of co-occurring variables.
D) All of these.

Question 29

Dr.Garcia has recently completed a study of personality and physical health.He administered a questionnaire to college students that included a standardized optimism scale and a symptom checklist.He found that participants with higher levels of optimism reported fewer physical symptoms.This is an example of

A) an experiment.
B) correlational research.
C) prospective research.
D) retrospective research

Question 30

Health psychologists interested in issues related to quality of life are likely to be most interested in which of the following?

A) prevalence of acute illnesses in the population
B) mortality statistics
C) morbidity statistics
D) None of these.

Question 31

According to the biopsychosocial model,

A) an interdisciplinary team approach may lead to the best diagnoses.
B) treatment must focus on biological, psychological, and social factors.
C) patients play an important role in their diagnosis and treatment.
D) All of these.

Question 32

Systems theory assumes a principle of hierarchical organization.This implies that

A) changes in any one level will affect all other levels of the system.
B) only changes in the highest level will affect all levels of the system.
C) changes in one level will affect only lower levels of the system.
D) changes in intermediate levels have the most profound impacts.

Question 33

In industrialized countries,_______________ are the major contributors to disability and death.

A) acute disorders
B) chronic illnesses
C) hereditary disorders
D) accidents and homicides

Question 34

_______________ is the study of the frequency,distribution,and causes of infectious and noninfectious diseases in a population,based on an investigation of the physical and social environment.

A) Health psychology
B) Etiology
C) Morbidity
D) Epidemiology

Question 35

According to the biopsychosocial model,health and illness are determined by

A) microlevel processes.
B) macrolevel processes.
C) an interaction of microlevel and macrolevel processes.
D) None of these.

Question 36

As of 2008,_______________ million Americans had no health insurance.

A) 15.3
B) 26.7
C) 46.3
D) 54.9

Question 37

The _______________ emphasizes illness over health.

A) biopsychosocial model
B) psychosomatic model
C) reductionistic model
D) biomedical model

Question 38

The idea that health is the absence of disease most closely resembles the

A) biomedical model.
B) biopsychosocial model.
C) psychosomatic model.
D) pathological model.

Question 39

The _______________ maintains that health and illness are caused by multiple factors and produce multiple effects.

A) biopsychosocial model
B) psychosomatic model
C) reductionistic model
D) biomedical model

Question 40

Random assignment to conditions is an important characteristic of

A) experiments.
B) correlational research.
C) longitudinal research.
D) All of these.

Question 41

Explain the principles that characterize the psychosomatic movement.In what ways has the psychosomatic movement influenced the practice of health psychology?

Question 42

People with graduate degrees in health psychology typically are employed

A) in academic settings, where they conduct research programs in health psychology.
B) in industrial or occupational health settings.
C) as clinicians who work with medical patients.
D) All of these.

Question 43

Explain the role of theory in health psychology.What advantages does theory bring to the field?

Question 44

Morbidity may be expressed in two ways: as the number of new cases or as the total number of existing cases of an illness.

Question 45

In conversion hysteria,the patient converts psychological conflict into a symptom which then relieves the patient of anxiety.

Question 46

The _______________ approach can remedy some of the problems with correlational research.

A) prospective
B) cross-sectional
C) single subject
D) case study

Question 47

Compare and contrast the biopsychosocial and biomedical models.Include in your explanation the advantages of the biopsychosocial model over the biomedical model.

Question 48

Some prehistoric cultures practiced a procedure that involved drilling a small hole in the skull to allow evil spirits to leave the body.

Question 49

The biomedical model emphasizes health over illness.

Question 50

A prospective approach where the same people are observed over a long period of time is

A) correlational research.
B) longitudinal research.
C) cross-sectional research.
D) quasi-experimental research.

Question 51

The biopsychosocial model emphasizes the importance of an effective patient-practitioner relationship.

Question 52

Explain how prospective and retrospective research remedies the problems of correlational research.

Question 53

Although health psychologists have been employed in health settings for many years,they have difficulty establishing their credibility with physicians and other health care professionals.

Question 54

_______________ assess(es)the extent to which a group of individuals or a relationship between two variables changes over time.

A) Experiments
B) Prospective research
C) Retrospective research
D) Correlational research

Question 55

The 1948 World Health Organization's definition of health is analogous to a state of wellness.

Question 56

Dr.Yee has taken the medical histories of 30 women who have the symptoms of a chronic illness.She is identifying factors in these histories that these patients share that have contributed to the development of their current illness.This is an example of

A) an experiment.
B) prospective research.
C) retrospective research.
D) None of these.

Question 57

Very early cultures took a dualistic approach to the mind and the body.

Question 58

The most important factor giving rise to health psychology has been the expansion of health care services.

Question 59

One advantage of correlational studies is the ability to study health-related variables in situations where the variable cannot be manipulated experimentally.

Question 60

Explain how changing patterns of illness have contributed to the rise of health psychology.