Deck 19: Forests Returning Trees to Haiti

Question 1

A temperate forest __________________.

A)is characterized by evergreen species
B)covers vast tracks of land in the higher latitudes and altitudes
C)is found in tropical latitudes
D)contains deciduous trees that lose their leaves in the winter
E)is characterized by low temperatures and precipitation levels

Answer 1

contains deciduous trees that lose their leaves in the winter

Question 2

Which forest type is NOT paired with its correct description?

A)boreal forest - short growing season
B)temperate forest - distinct seasons
C)boreal forest - thick soils from plant decomposition
D)tropical forest - wet and dry seasons
E)tropical forest - thin,acidic,low-nutrient soils

Answer 2

boreal forest - thick soils from plant decomposition

Question 3

Refer to Infographic 2.Which of the following would NOT be an effect of a tree falling down in the local forest?

A)Increased sunlight could cause saplings to quickly grow,trying to take its place.
B)More niches would be opened up.
C)Decomposers and scavengers would make a home in the fallen tree.
D)Wildflowers would not bloom.
E)Shade-adapted species might be detrimentally affected.

Answer 3

Wildflowers would not bloom.

Question 4

The emergent layer of the forest is the ___________.

A)lowest level of the forest,where herbaceous plants and fungi emerge out of the soil
B)region where a tree taller than the canopy is rising above the canopy layer
C)upper layer of the forest where the crowns of most of the tallest trees meet
D)area where the smaller trees live under the canopy and try to emerge into the sunlight
E)layer most often used for timber harvest

Question 5

Which of the following statements about forests is NOT true?

A)Temperature and the amount of sunlight an area receives determine which type of forest is present in that area.
B)Forests cover about one-third of the planet's landmass.
C)In terms of biodiversity,forests are home to over one-half of Earth's terrestrial life.
D)Forests are dominated by trees.
E)The types of forests vary across the globe.

Question 6

The soils of tropical forests are typically thin and low in plant nutrients.Yet tropical forests are some of the most productive and diverse ecosystems on the planet.How can you explain this paradox?

Question 7

The type of forest is determined by which main factor(s)?

A)temperature
B)precipitation
C)type of soil
D)temperature and precipitation
E)precipitation and type of soil

Question 8

Which forest type has the most fertile soil?

A)deciduous
B)boreal
C)coniferous
D)tropical
E)temperate

Question 9

The three-dimensional structure of the forest refers to the fact that forests __________________.

A)can cover thousands of acres
B)can contain a variety of tree species
C)can have multiple layers
D)can be restored in a relatively short time span
E)exist in several types,such as tropical,deciduous,and boreal

Question 10

What percentage of Haiti's original forests remain compared with those that existed prior to European settlement?

A)2
B)6
C)10
D)25
E)50

Question 11

The layer of a forest cross section that generally would contain seedlings is the ___________.

A)forest floor
B)understory
C)canopy
D)emergent layer

Question 12

The correct order of forest layers from the bottom to top of a forest is __________________.

A)forest floor,canopy,understory,emergent layer
B)emergent layer,forest floor,understory,canopy
C)forest floor,understory,emergent layer,canopy
D)forest floor,understory,canopy,emergent layer
E)understory,forest floor,emergent layer,canopy

Question 13

The forest biome that you would expect to find in a cool location with mild precipitation and a short growing season would be __________________.

A)deciduous
B)boreal
C)coniferous
D)tropical

Question 14

Many species of trees found in the canopy and emergent layer of forests have seeds and saplings that are shade adapted.Why do you think this is?

A)The seeds need a low temperature to germinate and grow.
B)The seeds and saplings will be in the shade for much of their early life because the parent trees in the upper layers of the forest will block a portion of sunlight.
C)There is a higher level of humidity in the shade,which the saplings need to survive.
D)In order for animals to find and eat the seeds,a necessary step in the trees' germination cycle,they must be on the forest floor.
E)Canopy and emergent-layer trees do not produce shade-adapted saplings.

Question 15

Forests around the world are home to more than ______ of Earth's terrestrial life.

A)20%
B)30%
C)40%
D)50%
E)60%

Question 16

Trees and shrubs that are adapted to shade would be found in which layer of a forest?

A)forest floor
B)understory
C)canopy
D)emergent layer

Question 17

Forest biomes currently cover how much of the planet's landmass?

A)20%
B)30%
C)40%
D)50%
E)70%

Question 18

The term for trees that lose their leaves on an annual basis is __________________.

A)emergent
B)temperate
C)deciduous
D)boreal
E)coniferous

Question 19

What would you expect to happen to the distribution of boreal forests as average global temperatures increase with climate change?

Question 20

If a particular species of vine required sunlight and a moderate level of temperature and humidity to survive,which forest layer would it most likely be found in?

A)emergent layer
B)canopy
C)understory
D)forest floor

Question 21

How does the layering or stratification of forests contribute to overall animal biodiversity?

Question 22

One important functions of a forest is nutrient cycling.What nutrients does a forest normally recycle?

Question 23

Production of charcoal results in __________________.

A)the release of carbon dioxide and soot into the atmosphere,causing air pollution
B)severe deforestation as trees are chopped down to produce charcoal
C)a sustainable source of energy for countries like Haiti
D)All of these answer choices are correct.
E)the release of carbon dioxide and soot into the atmosphere,causing air pollution and severe deforestation as trees are chopped down to produce charcoal

Question 24

You have been given the task of convincing a country to maintain its forests instead of converting them into large farms.What information would you present in your argument for keeping the forests?

Question 25

Refer to the map in Infographic 4.The data on the net change in forested area between 2005 and 2010 suggest that,in general,_________________ exists between a country's rate of deforestation and its overall economic status.

A)a positive relationship
B)a negative relationship
C)no relationship
D)a random relationship

Question 26

Water that flows downhill over the land surface,usually after a rainfall event,is called _______________.

A)surface water
B)ground water
C)runoff
D)riparian
E)aquifer

Question 27

What could be one reason why people in developing countries may not agree with conserving forested land?

A)They are unaware of the services intact forests provide.
B)They can easily replace the ecosystem services provided by forests through development of public utilities infrastructure.
C)It is not as profitable in the short term.
D)They do not understand the benefits that can be gained by preserving forests.
E)All of these answers are correct.

Question 28

Why are forests called carbon sinks?

A)Carbon drains out of forest biomes through groundwater running below the surface.
B)Forest biomes store more carbon than they release.
C)Carbon in forest biomes becomes trapped and is never released,even after logging occurs.
D)High amounts of water in forest biomes capture carbon and hold it there.
E)Forests pull carbon out of organic plant materials and transform it into atmospheric carbon.

Question 29

Robert Constanza and his colleagues estimated the total value of the ecosystem services provided by forests to be ______________ in 2007 U.S.dollars.

A)$100 million
B)$4.8 million
C)$3.8 billion
D)$1 trillion
E)$3.8 trillion

Question 30

Wood products account for approximately _______________billion in global trade every year.

A)$500,000
B)$1
C)$10
D)$50
E)$100

Question 31

Which statement is correct?

A)Fire suppression prevents destruction of forests in the long run.
B)Deforestation causes little change in the water supply of an area.
C)Subsistence farming can help prevent mass scale deforestation.
D)Roads going through forested areas have little effect on deforestation because people use them solely for transportation.

Question 32

Refer to Infographic 2.What microclimate exists in the emergent tree layer,and how would this affect the species dwelling there?

Question 33

What is one way climate change is impacting forests?

A)increasing the build-up of deadwood,thus increasing the chance of deadly fires
B)decreasing the instance of fire,especially in drought-stricken areas
C)increasing the need for timber products,which would increase logging
D)increasing pest population attacks on trees from seasonally to all year round
E)decreasing the conversion of forestland to cropland for agriculture to export

Question 34

Which of the following are services provided by forests?

A)watershed purification
B)sink for carbon dioxide
C)recycling of nutrients
D)reduction of soil erosion
E)All of these answer choices are correct.

Question 35

The net loss of trees in a region is known as __________________.

A)deforestation
B)industrialization
C)clear-cutting
D)fire suppression
E)charcoal

Question 36

Which of the following is NOT an ecosystem service of a forest?

A)goods
B)soil maintenance and protection
C)contribution to the increase of atmospheric carbon dioxide
D)recreation
E)ecotourism

Question 37

Which of the following is a sociocultural benefit of forests?

A)Forest stands are considered sacred by indigenous people,connecting them to their past.
B)Soil and roots of forest trees slow rainwater flow to allow more water to soak into the ground.
C)Forest layers provide habitat and food for animals,fungi,and microbes.
D)Wood products,including lumber,firewood,charcoal,and some medicines,come from forests.
E)Forests provide genetic diversity,which could improve our crops or provide new medicines.

Question 38

How does "slash and burn" agriculture (clear-cutting a forested area and burning the trees on site)affect the carbon cycle and influence climate change?

Question 39

Forests remove ____________ from the atmosphere and release _____________ back into the atmosphere.

A)oxygen; carbon dioxide
B)carbon dioxide; oxygen
C)nitrogen gas; oxygen
D)nitrogen gas; carbon dioxide
E)carbon dioxide; nitrogen gas

Question 40

Why does forest conservation in countries that are more developed not make a significant difference in worldwide conservation efforts?

A)Nations that are more developed still demand wood,driving deforestation elsewhere.
B)Multinational corporations simply move their businesses to less-developed nations where deforestation regulations do not exist.
C)Deforestation in countries that are more developed offsets gains in less-developed countries.
D)Both because nations that are more developed still demand wood and because multinational corporations move their businesses to less-developed nations with fewer deforestation regulations.
E)All of these answer choices are correct.

Question 41

The Forest Stewardship Council certifies lumber and other timber processes through a method that ___________________.

A)punishes companies that do not follow sustainable harvesting techniques
B)evaluates the forest itself and timber-harvesting techniques in terms of wildlife,water,and soil quality
C)funds sustainable forestry operations in developing nations
D)prices ecosystem services and incorporates them into taxes
E)focuses on the jobs and economics behind the forestry industry

Question 42

Harvesting as much as is sustainably possible but not more for the greatest economic benefit is called the ___________ yield.

A)minimum sustainable
B)maximum sustainable
C)normal sustainable
D)unsustainable
E)multiple-use sustained

Question 43

The first director of the U.S.Forest Service was ___________.

A)Teddy Roosevelt
B)Aldo Leopold
C)Rachel Carson
D)Wallace Stegner
E)Gifford Pinchot

Question 44

The three main causes of forest destruction are harvesting of wood,conversion of forests into agricultural land,and _______________.

A)pest infestation
B)fires
C)roads
D)urbanization
E)air pollution

Question 45

Which of the following are major causes of global deforestation?

A)logging
B)cattle ranching
C)pest infestation
D)charcoal production
E)All of these answer choices are correct.

Question 46

Which statement is INCORRECT?

A)Clear-cutting can be appropriate when it removes genetically inferior trees.
B)Shelterwood harvesting works by cutting the high-value trees and leaving the others to reseed the plot.
C)Strip harvesting maintains a small level of biodiversity after a cut is made.
D)Shelterwood harvesting may have the highest levels of biodiversity postharvest compared with the other methods of harvest.

Question 47

You are put in charge of a timber harvest for a section of forest that runs along a river.Which of the following techniques will minimize the effects on the environment?

A)leaving a width of trees that run along the side of the river untouched
B)cutting a limited number of selected trees
C)leaving the best trees behind to reseed the forest
D)allowing ample time for the forest to recover before harvesting again
E)All of these answer choices are correct.

Question 48

Which act of Congress mandates that national forests be managed in a way that balances a variety of uses?

A)Clean Air Act
B)Clean Water Act
C)Multiple-Use Sustained-Yield Act
D)Comprehensive Environmental Response,Compensation and Liability (Superfund)Act

Question 49

What is the Multiple-Use Sustained-Yield Act?

A)an act created in 1960 that mandated the management of national forests in a way that balances a variety of uses
B)the key act that drove the establishment of the National Forest Service in 1905
C)the act that went against Gifford Pinchot's concept of inexhaustible forest resources
D)the act that was created to support sustainable business development so that economic benefits from forests could be ranked with more value than recreational benefits from forests
E)the act that supported maximizing the yields of specific forestry products

Question 50

__________________ is low-impact travel to natural areas that contributes to environmental protection and respects the local people.

A)Ecosystem service
B)Ecotourism
C)A green job
D)Recreation
E)Ecosystem tourism

Question 51

Which of the following species can replenish the nutrients in soil?

A)mango trees
B)oak trees
C)mahogany trees
D)moringa trees

Question 52

The majority of deforestation is currently taking place _______________.

A)in countries that are more developed
B)in countries that are less developed
C)at the same rate in both developed and developing countries
D)at rates that vary worldwide,with no pattern
E)The data to determine this are insufficient.

Question 53

Timber harvests are managed by several different techniques.Choose the technique that has the smallest overall effect on biodiversity.

A)clear-cutting
B)strip harvesting
C)select harvesting
D)shelterwood harvesting
E)All of these answers are correct.

Question 54

Which order of timber harvesting methods goes from least conservation of biodiversity to most conservation of biodiversity?

A)clear-cutting,selective harvesting,strip harvesting
B)strip harvesting,shelterwood harvesting,clear-cutting
C)selective harvesting,strip harvesting,shelterwood harvesting
D)clear-cutting,strip harvesting,shelterwood harvesting
E)All harvesting methods increase biodiversity equally.

Question 55

The amount of global deforestation has slowed significantly since the 1990s.One of the major reasons why there is still a net loss of forested land each year is harvesting of forests for wood and wood products.What are some of the ways that a country could reduce its dependence on wood and wood products?

Question 56

Deforestation in less-developed countries can best be described as ___________________.

A)a vicious cycle that results in even further environmental degradation,poverty,and other social issues
B)a problem caused by lack of education among poor people
C)the result of developed nations' dependence on charcoal
D)the only cost-effective way developing nations can meet their energy needs
E)an unsolvable problem

Question 57

Haiti's ____________ trade grew to account for 20% of the rural economy and 80% of the country's energy supply.

A)charcoal
B)fossil fuels
C)lumber
D)fuel wood
E)solar energy

Question 58

Total global deforestation is approximately ____________ million hectares per year.

A)2.3
B)7.6
C)10.2
D)20.8
E)50.1

Question 59

Many people in poor countries,like Haiti,will do whatever is necessary to help support their families.Forests in poor countries are often cut down to harvest for charcoal,use for farming,or harvest for lumber.What could we do to limit the destruction of forests in these countries?

A)encourage our government to provide them with financial support
B)purchase items made in those countries
C)help to sponsor their schools
D)educate the citizens about forests
E)All of these answer choices are correct.

Question 60

The United States was one of a few countries that had a net increase in forested areas between the years 2005 and 2010.What are some of the reasons why the United States saw an increase,and how could this increase have had a negative impact on other countries?

Question 61

The dependence on charcoal as an energy source in Haiti is referred to as a vicious cycle with regard to environmental degradation.Why?

Question 62

Science Literacy Refer to Infographic 5 to answer the following four questions.
Which timber-harvesting technique would result in lower water quality of nearby streams?

A)clear-cutting
B)strip harvesting
C)selective harvesting
D)shelterwood harvesting

Question 63

Where would the forests you work in be located?

A)high latitudes
B)mid latitudes
C)low latitudes

Question 64

match each term in the left-hand column to the statement that it best exemplifies.

Question 65

The key to the regeneration of Haiti's forests is _______________________.

A)finding alternative sources of energy
B)finding alternative sources of food,building materials,and income
C)changing the species used for charcoal production
D)both finding alternative sources of energy and finding alternative sources of food,building materials,and income
E)All of these answer choices are correct.

Question 66

While you are telling your employees about the ecosystem services of forests,someone asks how else forests have economic value besides goods like lumber.You tell them forests ___________.

A)help purify water and maintain storm water runoff levels
B)provide a place for spiritual renewal,artistic inspiration,and stress reduction
C)are a major sink for carbon dioxide and help regulate the climate
D)provide ecotourism opportunities and jobs

Question 67

Which of the following are current approaches to forest restoration?

A)recycling lumber from salvage
B)using fast-growing plant species,such as flax for paper,instead of tree species
C)Green Belt movements
D)emphasizing alternative forest products,such as nuts and shade-grown coffee
E)All of these answer choices are correct.

Question 68

Globally,what proportion of harvested forests is certified as "sustainable" by the Forest Stewardship Council?

A)4%
B)16%
C)22%
D)38%
E)56%

Question 69

You receive a report that a forest fire has started in one of your harvesting areas.Your response is ___________.

A)put it out; it will burn up your profits
B)monitor it and let it burn; it will reduce the flammable material in the understory

Question 70

Science Literacy Refer to Infographic 5 to answer the following four questions.
Which harvesting technique would result in more frequent profits and higher biodiversity than clear cut?

A)clear-cutting
B)strip harvesting
C)selective harvesting
D)shelterwood harvesting

Question 71

Why would you take trees only from the canopy layer?

A)Trees in the emergent layer are too high to harvest.
B)Harvesting some of the canopy trees will open the lower layers to more sunlight.
C)More animals live in the emergent layer.
D)The canopy trees are more valuable than trees in other layers.

Question 72

Science Literacy Refer to Infographic 5 to answer the following four questions.
What is the order of harvesting techniques from highest biodiversity immediately after the harvest to lowest biodiversity immediately after the harvest?

A)clear-cut,selective,strip,shelterwood
B)shelterwood,strip,selective,clear-cut
C)clear-cut,strip,selective,shelterwood
D)shelterwood,selective,strip,clear-cut
E)selective,strip,shelterwood,clear-cut

Question 73

Why might forest management be considered a "wicked problem"?

Question 74

As a sustainable forest manager,you use the harvesting method with the least environmental impact where the best trees are left behind to reseed the plot.This is ___________.

A)clear-cutting
B)selective harvesting
C)shelterwood harvesting
D)strip harvesting

Question 75

Science Literacy Refer to Infographic 5 to answer the following four questions.
Which statement is TRUE of selective harvest?

A)Fifty years after harvest,new growth is from the best trees.
B)There are high profits at the initial harvest,then no profits until the forest regrows.
C)The forest can be harvested again in less than 50 years.
D)The best trees are not harvested so that they can reseed the plot.

Question 76

If your company harvests oak,hickory,and maple trees,which forest type do you work in?

A)tropical
B)boreal
C)temperate

Question 77

What is the difference between the mandate of maximum sustainable yield (MSY)and the Forest Service's new approach,Forest Ecosystem Management (FEM)?

Question 78

Many developing countries are removing their forests at an alarming rate.What can be done to slow the rate at which developing countries are harvesting their forests?