Deck 29: global Climate Change Climate Refugees

Question 1

Long-term patterns or trends of meteorological conditions in a given area refer to its _________.

A)weather
B)variability
C)forecast
D)climate
E)albedo

Answer 1

climate

Question 2

________ is/are anything that alters the balance of incoming solar radiation relative to the amount of heat that escapes out into space.

A)a climate forcer
B)albedo
C)radiation forcers
D)Milankovitch cycles
E)climate enforcers

Answer 2

a climate forcer

Question 3

Which of the following is NOT evidence for the recent changes in global climate?

A)a single weather event like a hurricane
B)prairies giving way to deserts in Africa and the American West
C)coral reefs dying off
D)earlier springs and later winters
E)more and longer heat waves

Answer 3

a single weather event like a hurricane

Question 4

A shift of only a few degrees Fahrenheit in the average global temperature will likely result in more frequent and extreme heat waves.Which of the following best describes this phenomenon?

A)habitat destruction
B)weather change
C)climate change
D)ozone formation

Question 5

The actual temperature on any given day is the _________,while the range of expected values,based on location and time of year,is the __________.

A)climate; weather
B)albedo; radiative forcer
C)weather; climate
D)prediction; weather
E)forecast; reality

Question 6

Species have responded to global climate change in various ways.Which of the following is an example of how species have responded?

A)shifting ranges
B)earlier blooming
C)migrating to higher altitudes
D)hatching earlier
E)all of these answers

Question 7

Since climatologists started keeping records in 1850,the warmest decade globally was ______________.

A)1850 to 1860
B)1950 to 1960
C)1980 to 1990
D)1990 to 2000
E)2000 to 2010

Question 8

Which of the following is NOT a greenhouse gas?

A)carbon dioxide
B)methane
C)nitrous oxide
D)halocarbons
E)sulfur oxides

Question 9

Refer to Infographic 1.What change is depicted in the infographic? What changes to weather are expected when the curve shifts to the right?

Question 10

Describe the difference between weather and climate.Provide an example for each.

Question 11

In terms of temperature,what recent global trends have been observed?

Question 12

Which of the following phenomena would indicate the presence of climate change?

A)prairies turning into deserts
B)coral reefs dying
C)colder and longer winters
D)an increase in the size of glaciers
E)all of these answers

Question 13

Which of the following does NOT directly contribute to sea level rise?

A)melting of land-based ice
B)melting of icebergs
C)thermal expansion of water
D)melting of glaciers
E)all of these answers

Question 14

Which of the following are expanding their range and distribution due to climate change?

A)mosquitoes
B)squid
C)trees
D)octopi
E)All of these are expanding their range and distribution.

Question 15

Global climate change has had numerous effects on the Earth.Which of the following has been a result of global climate change?

A)increase in insect pest populations
B)rise in infectious tropical diseases
C)uncoupling of species connections
D)increase in coastal flooding
E)all of these answers

Question 16

Global warming is an aspect of _____________.

A)climate
B)weather
C)extreme weather
D)a particular location's air temperature
E)All of these answers are correct.

Question 17

Which of the following is NOT an aspect of climate?

A)long-term patterns or trends
B)useful for predicting weather
C)timing of seasonal shifts
D)winter lows and summer highs hover close to expected norms
E)a few warmer days here and there

Question 18

Which of the following is FALSE about climate change evidence?

A)The rate of ice and permafrost melting is accelerating.
B)There is less precipitation in coastal areas.
C)Marine species are moving deeper into the ocean.
D)Some areas of Antarctica are cooling and gaining snow.
E)All of these statements are true.

Question 19

The meteorological conditions in a given place on a given day refer to its _________.

A)climate
B)weather
C)habitat
D)ecosystem

Question 20

Which of the following is the most potent greenhouse gas?

A)halocarbons like CFCs
B)nitrous oxide
C)methane
D)carbon dioxide
E)They are all equally potent.

Question 21

Which isotope can we analyze from ice cores to give us data about the past climate?

A)¹⁶O
B)¹⁴N
C)¹⁸O
D)CO₂
E)¹⁴C

Question 22

A variety of factors can warm or cool the planet.Which of the following is a positive forcer (warming effect)?

A)cloud albedo effect
B)aerosols
C)stratospheric ozone
D)black soot on snow
E)deforestation

Question 23

What method of measuring atmospheric CO₂ levels gives data related to what past atmosphere CO₂ levels were?

A)local air measurement
B)water sampling
C)measurements taken from gas bubbles trapped in the ice
D)temperature correlation
E)all of these answers

Question 24

Which of the following is TRUE regarding the greenhouse effect?

A)Increased levels of human-produced carbon dioxide have enhanced the greenhouse effect.
B)The greenhouse effect did not exist before humans.
C)Greenhouse gases work by magnifying incoming solar radiation onto Earth's surface,just like in a greenhouse.
D)Volcanoes are the largest source of greenhouse gases.
E)All of these answers are true.

Question 25

The biggest contributor to global warming is ______________.

A)methane released from rice paddies
B)carbon dioxide released from burning fossil fuels
C)CFCs released from landfill waste disposal
D)nitrous oxide released from volcanic eruptions

Question 26

Refer to Infographic 4.The relationship between temperature and carbon dioxide is complex.Explain the relationship between these two variables (1)as Earth comes out of a glacial period (ice age)and increases in carbon dioxide lag temperature increases by hundreds of years,and (2)in reference to the recent warming over the past hundred years when increased carbon dioxide release is preceding the warming.

Question 27

Which of the following is an anthropogenic climate forcer?

A)volcanic eruptions
B)fossil fuel combustion
C)sunspot cycles
D)orbital eccentricity
E)none of these answers

Question 28

Which of the following factors has low albedo and contributes to warming?

A)glaciers
B)meadows
C)fresh snow
D)asphalt
E)aerosols

Question 29

Which of the following sources are NOT used to reconstruct past climate?

A)ice cores
B)sediment cores
C)tree rings
D)coral reef growth layers
E)All of these sources are used.

Question 30

List several techniques used by climate scientists to gather indirect data on climate (temperature,carbon dioxide levels,and so on)from the distant past.

Question 31

Refer to Infographic 3.Describe how the greenhouse effect works.What is different with the enhanced greenhouse effect,and what are the main causes of it?

Question 32

Data show temperature and CO₂ levels are related to one another.What does this look like?

A)As temperatures rise,CO₂ levels also rise.
B)As temperatures rise,CO₂ levels drop.
C)As temperatures drop,CO₂ levels rise.
D)As temperatures rise,there is no effect on CO₂ levels.
E)We do not have enough data to say what kind of relationship there is between temperature and CO₂ levels.

Question 33

Without greenhouse gases,the average temperature on Earth would be ___________.

A)much warmer than current temperatures
B)only a little warmer than current temperatures
C)the same as current temperatures
D)much cooler than current temperatures
E)We cannot tell what the temperature would be like without greenhouse gases.

Question 34

Which of the following is FALSE related to using tree rings to reveal clues about the climate?

A)Each annual tree ring provides clues about how wet and warm a year was.
B)Only living trees can be used to examine tree rings.
C)Scientists can use tree rings to examine climate more than 12,000 years ago.
D)Tree growth is tied to temperature and water availability.
E)All of these are true statements.

Question 35

Which is FALSE regarding positive feedback loops?

A)They are changes caused by an initial event that then accentuates that original event.
B)An example is melting sea ice in the Arctic.
C)They can cause rapid changes.
D)They always indicate a "positive" or beneficial event.
E)None of these answers is false.

Question 36

How is a positive feedback loop different from a negative feedback loop? Provide an example of each.

Question 37

_______ is the ability of a surface to reflect away solar radiation.

A)Albedo
B)Positive feedback
C)Radiative force
D)Greenhouse effect

Question 38

What method of measuring atmospheric CO₂ levels gives a more accurate result?

A)local air measurement
B)water sampling
C)measurements taken from gas bubbles trapped in the ice
D)temperature correlation

Question 39

Analyzing current and historic data bout CO₂ tells us current CO₂ levels _____________.

A)are lower than they have been in the past 2.7 million years
B)are only slightly higher than they have been in the past 2.7 million years
C)are the same as they have been for the past 100 years
D)are higher than they have been in the past 2.7 million years
E)We need more data to make any conclusions about the current CO₂ levels.

Question 40

What causes the level of atmospheric CO₂ to rise and fall throughout the year?

A)plant growth and dormancy due to seasons
B)temperature fluctuation
C)movement of ocean air streams
D)industry booms
E)relative distance of Earth to the Sun

Question 41

Which organism is the first species whose extinction was directly related to climate change?

A)American alligator
B)Bramble Cay melomys
C)cuttlefish
D)pika
E)honeycreepers

Question 42

Climate change affect which of the following?

A)the environment
B)human health
C)economics
D)societies
E)All of these answers are correct.

Question 43

Changes in global climate are predicted to have a negative impact on forests.Forests provide which of the following ecosystem services?

A)soil stabilization
B)water purification
C)sink for carbon
D)oxygen production
E)All of these answers are correct.

Question 44

Refer to Infographic 6.What is the scientific consensus regarding the cause of the recently observed changes in global climate?

Question 45

Accepting climate change as inevitable and adjusting as best as possible is referred to as __________.

A)adaptation
B)prescription
C)mitigation
D)stabilization

Question 46

Climate change affects ocean ecosystems by _____________.

A)absorbing CO₂ and lowering the pH of the water,causing it to become more acidic
B)releasing excess CO₂ into the atmosphere,increasing the air temperature over the oceans
C)cooling the ocean waters,allowing ocean organisms to adapt easily
D)lowering the pH,which causes organisms to create thicker,stronger shells
E)cooling ocean waters,which reduces coral bleaching

Question 47

How will climate change affect agriculture?

A)With more CO₂ in the air,crops will become more productive.
B)Heat stress can improve crop growth.
C)Many weed species will die out in a warmer climate.
D)Pest outbreaks will decrease.
E)Storms could flood crops,washing away soil and nutrients.

Question 48

Describe how Milankovitch cycles help explain past climate change.Explain why the current warming cannot be attributed to these cycles.

Question 49

Refer to Infographic 5A.Explain why the Arctic is particularly vulnerable to climate change.

Question 50

What animals can be affected by climate change?

A)sea turtles
B)alligators
C)ringtail possums
D)polar bears
E)All of these animals can be affected.

Question 51

Climate models can use programs to make future climate projections by plugging in values for ____________.

A)temperature
B)CO₂ levels
C)global air circulation patterns
D)precipitation
E)all of these variables

Question 52

How will human health be affected by climate change?

A)More precipitation will reduce water stress in regions.
B)Insect-borne diseases will increase in both range and incidence.
C)More crops will be available to feed people.
D)Fewer allergies will be seen since plants will grow poorly.
E)Fisheries will adapt and there will be more seafood to eat.

Question 53

Potential effects of climate change likely include all of the following EXCEPT _______.

A)an increase in the proportion of land area in severe drought
B)heat extremes in some areas
C)colder winters in some regions
D)increased fire risk in boreal North America
E)All of these answers are possible.

Question 54

Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding climate models?

A)Climate models are not testable.
B)Climate models project future climate conditions.
C)Climate models take into account many variables,including global air circulation patterns and carbon dioxide levels.
D)Climate models that exclude anthropogenic factors are most accurate.

Question 55

Further changes in global climate will have a significant effect on world forests.Global climate changes will impact both mean annual ______ and ______,which will cause shifts in tree populations.

A)temperature; precipitation
B)logging; precipitation
C)oxygen availability; temperature
D)nitrogen levels; carbon dioxide levels
E)temperature; available sunlight

Question 56

Explain how clouds can participate in both positive and negative feedback loops.

Question 57

The upper limit on the number of people that will be forced to leave their homes because of climate change is 1 in every ___ people on Earth.

A)20
B)50
C)100
D)1,000
E)5,000

Question 58

The cause of the vast majority of climate change can be attributed to ____________.

A)volcanoes
B)the burning of fossil fuels
C)cattle farming
D)crop production
E)forest fires

Question 59

Describe how the recent changes in global climate are expected to impact biodiversity.

Question 60

Efforts intended to minimize the extent or impact of climate change are referred to as ___________.

A)adaptation
B)facilitation
C)mitigation
D)stabilization

Question 61

What is a mitigating approach to climate change you can tell Jessica about?

A)erecting coastal barriers to deal with current sea-level rise
B)providing migration corridors for wildlife
C)using sustainable energy sources
D)planting crops to match the current climate

Question 62

Match each term in the left-hand column to the statement that it best exemplifies.

Question 63

Describe the difference between mitigation and adaptation as it applies to climate change.Provide an example of each.

Question 64

What could you tell Jessica about the Earth's natural cycles (Milankovitch cycles)?

A)The cycles have no impact on the climate of the Earth.
B)The cycles are very long-term and would not have a notable change over a few decades.
C)The cycles are speeding up and producing climate change.
D)The Earth's position relative to the Sun is in a warming phase.

Question 65

Describe adaptation strategies for any three of the following potential impacts of climate change: health,crop productivity,coastal erosion and flooding,biodiversity losses,drought,and fire risk.

Question 66

What is TRUE of the cold winter in your area?

A)The cold winter is a result of climate patterns and not weather.
B)The cold winter is part of the natural warming cycle of the Earth.
C)Climate change can cause extreme cold weather in some areas.
D)The cold winter has nothing to do with the overall climate in your area.

Question 67

How would applying the precautionary principle now to carbon dioxide emissions help to avoid,or at least lessen,some of the more serious outcomes of a changing global climate?

Question 68

Science Literacy Use the following graphs to answer the next questions.
How does the trend of marine species change for depth from 1982 to 2015?

A)Species moved to more northern latitudes.
B)Species moved to more shallow depths.
C)Species moved to more southern latitudes.
D)Species moved to more deeper depths.

Question 69

Science Literacy Use the following graphs to answer the next questions.
Why would marine species change latitude over time?

A)Northern latitudes would be warmer,so more species would migrate there to avoid climate changes in the ocean.
B)Southern latitudes would be warmer,so more species would migrate there to avoid climate changes in the ocean.
C)Northern latitudes would be cooler,so more species would migrate there to avoid climate changes in the ocean.
D)Southern latitudes would be cooler,so more species would migrate there to avoid climate changes in the ocean.

Question 70

Which of the following facilitate mitigation efforts on a national or global scale?

A)command and control regulations
B)tax breaks
C)carbon taxes
D)cap-and-trade policies
E)All of these answers are correct.

Question 71

Science Literacy Use the following graphs to answer the next questions.
How much deeper were marine species found in 2010 compared to 1982?

A)45 feet
B)7 feet
C)30 feet
D)10 feet

Question 72

Climate models show that when we consider both anthropogenic and natural forcers together,the result is ____________.

A)observed temperatures match with the predictions of the model
B)observed temperatures are higher than the predictions of the model
C)observed temperatures are lower than the predictions of the model
D)we do not have enough data to predict how anthropogenic forcers are affecting temperatures

Question 73

You tell Jessica evidence for climate change can be seen in ____________.

A)rising average temperatures each year
B)rising sea levels
C)changes in species habitat and relationships
D)all of these

Question 74

Which of the following is NOT an example of adaptation to climate change?

A)shoring up coastlines against rising sea levels
B)preparing for heat waves,cold spells,and outbreaks of infectious diseases
C)taking steps to ensure a sufficient water supply in areas where freshwater supplies may dry up
D)consuming more fossil fuels
E)All of these answers are examples.

Question 75

Science Literacy Use the following graphs to answer the next questions.
Which of the following correctly describes the trends seen for marine species in terms of both latitude and depth?

A)Species moved deeper in the ocean and into more northern latitudes over time.
B)Species moved deeper in the ocean and into more southern latitudes over time.
C)Species moved into more shallow areas in the ocean and into more northern latitudes over time.
D)Species moved into more shallow areas in the ocean and into more southern latitudes over time.

Question 76

Science Literacy Use the following graphs to answer the next questions.
What was the average distance moved in latitude for marine species in 2015?

A)45 feet
B)25 miles
C)10 feet
D)20 miles