Deck 4: Emotional Development in the Early Years

Question 1

The still-face paradigm has been used primarily to study

A)emotion regulation in infants.
B)mother-infant attachment.
C)the effects of disciplinary style on self-control.
D)temperament.

Answer 1

A

Question 2

At 10 months old,Suzie is very active,responds intensely to stimulation,avoids new stimulation,and tends to be irritable and fussy.Suzie's mother,Anne,wants to be a good caregiver,but Suzie's fussiness and intensity have made her feel like a failure.Anne sometimes finds herself withdrawing from Suzie and not responding when Suzie cries,because she feels like it will do no good.What advice should Anne's counselor give her?

A)Anne has been too responsive to the baby's crying.She needs to refuse to go to the baby when it cries to teach Suzie to be more independent.
B)Anne is not responsible for her baby's fussiness.Some babies are needier and more negative than others.In the long run,continuing to be responsive to crying will help Suzie to better regulate her emotions.
C)It really doesn't matter what Anne does.Of course Suzie needs to be fed,diapered,and so on,but Anne's responsiveness will not affect whether Suzie cries a lot or a little.
D)Anne's counselor should stay out of it.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Which of the following is a true statement about the stability of infant attachments?

A)Secure attachments are more likely to change than insecure attachments.
B)If attachments fail to form by the end of infancy they will never successfully form.
C)Changes in family stressors that lead to changes in caregiving quality can lead to shifts in attachment quality.
D)Caregiver interventions cannot change infant attachment quality.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Infants form multiple attachments,to both mother and father and perhaps to a sibling,grandparent,and so on.Which of the following statements is most consistent with available data on the impact of these attachments?

A)The primary attachment usually with the mother)is the only one that is predictive of later development.
B)The good effects of a secure attachment with one parent are canceled by the bad effects of an insecure attachment with the other parent.
C)More than one secure attachment adds value,serving as a further protective factor.
D)No data are available.

Question 5

The Phineas Gage matrix describes a syndrome due to frontal lobe damage that diminishes an individual's emotional intensity.From this syndrome we have learned that with decreased emotional intensity comes

A)greater tendency to plan and make rational decisions.
B)better perspective taking ability.
C)lesser tendency to plan and make rational decisions.
D)greater happiness.

Question 6

Bea is the mother of 4-month-old Alex.She has been depressed since Alex's birth and is frequently withdrawn.Brain research indicates that,in comparison to other infants his age,Alex will have

A)brain activation patterns resembling those of fearful and inhibited children.
B)nothing unusual about his brain activation patterns.
C)brain activation patterns indicating overall reduced activity.
D)more rapid brain development.

Question 7

In a classic study of the development of separation distress,Schaffer and Emerson 1964)found

A)that separation anxiety develops much earlier than stranger anxiety.
B)that stranger anxiety and separation distress normally develop in the first 2 months after birth.
C)that by 8 months babies usually develop a strong preference for one caregiver.
D)that there is no evidence of separation distress in normal babies.

Question 8

According to Bowlby's attachment theory,which of the following purposes)have attachment systems evolved to serve,for both the younger and the older infant?

A)Growth of number skills.
B)Assuring survival and security.
C)Assuring language development.
D)Growth of a wide range of emotions.

Question 9

Beginning in the first hours after birth,caregivers interaction with infants in ways that enhance positive affect and attention,such as

A)smiling,affectionate touching,and high-pitched vocalizations.
B)keeping a still face to sooth the baby.
C)responding promptly to the baby's cries.
D)Playing peek-a-boo with the baby.

Question 10

When Tamara responds to the crying of her 4-month-old baby,Jessie,she tries to figure out what has caused the baby's distress hunger,wet diaper,etc.)while making soothing sounds and holding the baby.Tamara's actions are ____________ Jessie's developing emotion regulation abilities.

A)blocking
B)irrelevant to
C)scaffolding
D)disorganizing

Question 11

Izard and others have found that at birth or soon after,infants' facial expressions display which of the following emotions?

A)Shame.
B)Anger.
C)Pride.
D)Contentment.

Question 12

Some babies produce contradictory behaviors in the strange situation test,both showing some signs of approaching the mother when stressed but then avoiding the mother when she approaches.These babies often engage in bizarre behaviors as well,like rising to greet the parent and then falling prone.Such unusual behavior has been found to be associated with what kind of caregiving on the part of the mother?

A)Warm,responsive,sensitive caregiving.
B)Abusive caregiving.
C)Inconsistent caregiving,sometimes sensitive and sometimes not.
D)Low warmth,rejecting caregiving.

Question 13

Bea is the mother of 4-month-old Alex.She has been depressed since Alex's birth and is frequently withdrawn.Because of Bea's depression,we can expect that,in comparison to other 4-month-olds,Alex experiences will display

A)less self-regulation.
B)more active face-to-face interactions.
C)less crying and disctress.
D)more fearfulness and turning away.

Question 14

In Bowlby's attachment theory,which of the following represents a primary outcome of the formation of attachments in infancy?

A)A working model of self,of others,and of relationships.
B)Basic trust in others,but not a sense of self or of relationships.
C)A sense of the power structure of a family.
D)A belief in God.

Question 15

In Ainsworth et al.'s 1978)study of attachment formation,some mothers were less responsive to their babies' signals than others.One group of mothers seemed to be reluctant to hold their babies,showed less warmth and affection than other mothers,and were more rejecting and angry.When their babies were tested in the strange situation test,the children tended to fit which category of attachment?

A)Securely attached.
B)Anxious ambivalent.
C)Avoidant.
D)Disorganized/disoriented.

Question 16

At 10 months old,Suzie is very active,responds intensely to stimulation,avoids new stimulation,and tends to be irritable and fussy.Her temperament would be called

A)difficult.
B)easy.
C)slow-to-warm up.
D)resilient.

Question 17

A parent whose own working model of attachment is "preoccupied/entangled" is likely to have an infant with which of the following kinds of attachment?

A)Secure.
B)Anxious ambivalent.
C)Avoidant.
D)Disorganized/disoriented.

Question 18

High levels of the hormone oxytocin plays an important role in early social bonding by

A)lowering infant dopamine levels.
B)promoting physical closeness and reducing maternal stress.
C)increasing infant stress responsivity.
D)regulating infant's uneven hormonal and behavioral states.

Question 19

Developmental researchers use the term "goodness of fit" to refer to

A)the match between the mother's and baby's blood type.
B)the similarity of the genotype of the mother and the genotype of the father.
C)the match between the caregiver's responses to a child and the child's temperament.
D)the tendency of the caregiver to coordinate eye contact and vocalization with a baby.

Question 20

If a mother and baby are cooing and smiling at each other,and then the mother withdraws and becomes unresponsive,the typical infant will first engage in ____________,and then in ____________.

A)self-directed coping behaviors / other-directed coping behaviors
B)crying / sleeping
C)sleeping / crying
D)other-directed coping behaviors / self-directed coping behaviors

Question 21

The term rhythmicity,in regard to infants,refers to

A)their ability to coordinate their actions,like looking and smiling,with those of a caregiver.
B)their tendency to sway in synchrony with music.
C)the production of cooing sounds in synchrony with music.
D)their biological regularity,as in how regularly they sleep or eat.

Question 22

Explain the cultural contributions to the development of attachments.What role does culture play in this process? ,

Question 23

Counselors who work with young children to enhance their mental health should take an active role in

A)providing support and information for parents.
B)creating therapeutic experiences for the child that teach self-monitoring.
C)providing the child with group exposure to other children of the same age.
D)becoming an attachment figure for the young child.
Chapter 4 Essay Questions
See answer key for potential essay answers)

Question 24

Day care researchers have identified a dose-response relationship between the amount of time spent in day care and the age of entry into day care and which later outcome?

A)depression at school age
B)academic achievement in elementary school
C)aggression and neediness at school age
D)sociability with peers at school age

Question 25

Which of the following is true about breastfeeding as compared to bottle-feeding?

A)Breastfeeding guarantees that the infant will be securely attached to the mother.
B)Breast milk contains beneficial disease antibodies and growth hormones not contained in formulas.
C)Breastfeeding has no real advantages because modern formulas have all of the ingredients of breast milk.
D)Breastfeeding is associated with less secure attachments.

Question 26

If attachment quality can change over time as caretaking quality changes,explain the significance of infant's attachments to their caregivers.,

Question 27

Discuss at least three reasons why attachment theory and research has special significance for helping professionals.,

Question 28

The quality of a children's attachments has been found to affect

A)children's social anxiety,but not their response to stress.
B)whether children achieve major motor milestones.
C)children's temperamental responses.
D)how children respond to new social situations.

Question 29

Discuss the possible role of maternal depression in the development of emotion regulation in infants.,

Question 30

Juan is afraid of snakes,like many other people.Which of the following is likely to best describe how his brain responds when he first sees a snake?

A)Sensory input from the snake is processed only by the cortex.
B)The sensory input from the snake is first processed by the cortex,which makes a rational interpretation of the danger,then the information is passed on to the limbic system to produce a fear reaction.
C)Sensory input from the snake is processed only by the lower structures of the limbic system.
D)The lower limbic structures like the amygdala can process the sensory input from the snake and trigger a physical reaction to the feared stimulus before the input is processed at a more rational level by the cortex.

Question 31

Which of the following is not true with regard to the definition of reactive attachment disorder?

A)These children have experienced grossly inadequate care in the early years.
B)These children behave indifferently,like avoidantly attached youngsters.
C)These children often show indiscriminant friendliness toward strangers instead of more typical caution.
D)These children may develop later attachments,given their exposure to nurturant caregivers,but the process is more difficult and not assured in every case.

Question 32

Phillipa's husband,Manuel,is worried about her plan to return to full-time employment when their baby is 6 months old.He is afraid that there will be a negative effect on the baby's attachment to her mother.Phillipa suggests that she and Manuel discuss the pros and cons of day care with a counselor.What would a well-informed counselor advise this couple?

A)If Phillipa continues to provide sensitive,responsive care when she is with the baby,and if the day care is good quality,then the baby should still form a secure attachment to Phillipa.
B)No matter how good the mothers' care or the day care is,leaving the baby in day care each day will put the baby at high risk for forming an insecure attachment to her mother.
C)As long as the day care quality is good,even if Phillipa is too tired and busy to be responsive and sensitive,the baby should form a secure attachment to her mother.
D)There is no reliable information available to counselors that would help them to advise this couple.

Question 33

A counselor works with Mrs.Jacobs,who has a 1-month-old daughter.Mrs.Jacobs finds her daughter intense,demanding and hard to soothe.Most likely,this is because

A)her baby has formed an insecure attachment with her mother.
B)her baby has a significant medical problem
C)her baby has been spoiled by too much attention.
D)her baby has a more difficult temperament.

Question 34

Basic emotions such as _____________ can be observed in young infants,but self-conscious emotions such as ____________ only emerge in childhood.

A)surprise and fear / embarrassment and pride
B)fear and shame /anger and empathy
C)contentment and pride / anger and shame
D)empathy and anger / surprise and fear