Deck 8: Gender and Peer Relationships: Middle Childhood Through Early Adolescence

Question 1

Which of the following is more typical of boys' sex-segregated groups than of girls' sex segregated groups?

A)Boys negotiate more in their groups.
B)Boys engage in more rough-and-tumble play in their groups.
C)Boys switch leadership roles more often than girls when they play in groups.
D)Boys groups tend to be smaller than girls groups.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

By middle childhood,boys' choices of companions tend to be based on shared interests,whereas girls' choices of companions tend to be based more on

A)looks.
B)social class.
C)personality.
D)parents' choices.

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Social skills training programs are interventions in which children are taught specific,discrete behaviors that can facilitate effective social interactions,like making eye contact and asking appropriate questions.Assessments of these interventions indicate that they have modest success in improving peer acceptance.Which of these is the best description of a major shortcoming of these intervention programs?

A)Socially unskilled children are already perceived in biased ways by peers,and that perception is not being addressed by the intervention.
B)Social skills are not the problem.Children who experience low peer acceptance usually already have adequate social skills.
C)These programs are introduced too late.Social skills training must be done much earlier than the middle childhood or adolescent years to have any real effect.
D)Socially unskilled children are not capable of learning these basic skills,because their problems stem from a difficult temperament.

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Beliefs about sex differences sometimes are supported by research and sometimes are not.Which of the following gender stereotypes is not supported by research?

A)Males tend to be more physically aggressive than females.
B)Sex differences are usually small,with lots of overlap between the sexes.
C)Males tend to exhibit more dominance seeking than females.
D)Females tend to be more sociable and prosocial than males.

Question 5

When data are analyzed together from a large number of different studies on the same question,like "are there sex differences in nurturing tendencies," the report is called a

A)collaborative discourse.
B)social dosage effect.
C)meta-analysis.
D)sociometric analysis.

Question 6

Research indicates that sex role development usually proceeds normally in single parent families as well as in the more traditional dual parent families.These findings are not consistent with predictions from what type of theory about how sex differences develop?

A)Cognitive theories.
B)Psychoanalytic Freudian)theories.
C)Social learning theories.
D)Biological theories .

Question 7

Biological females with two X chromosomes are sometimes born with congenital adrenal hyperplasia CAH),which causes their external genitalia to appear more like those of a male.They may be misidentified at birth and raised as males.If the correct identification is not made before age 3,physicians often advise parents to continue raising the child as a boy,because the child's gender identity may be difficult to change after age 3.The experiences of CAH girls and other gender atypical children have helped demonstrate that

A)social assignment is a powerful influence on gender identity.
B)genes are the most powerful influence on gender identity.
C)biology has no influence on gender identity.
D)boys are more highly valued than girls.

Question 8

Males are less likely to survive than females,both before and after birth.One important reason is that

A)males have more dominant,defective alleles than females.
B)males are more vulnerable to disorders caused by X-linked recessive alleles than females.
C)males have two Y chromosomes.
D)most societies value males less than females and provide males with less protection.

Question 9

With regard to differences between males and females in math skills,which of the following is correct?

A)Males on the average do somewhat better than females in all areas of math skill testing.
B)These differences have changed historically,and there is now little difference before Grade 12.
C)Boys are on the average better than girls on math computations in elementary school and early adolescence.
D)Girls are on the average better than boys on math problem solving after puberty.

Question 10

In the Primary Mental Health Project begun in 1958 in Monroe County,New York,1^st graders were evaluated in a variety of ways in order to determine which early risk factor might predict later maladjustment.Of all the assessments done on those first graders,which one was the best predictor of mental health problems later?

A)Teachers' assessments of classroom conduct.
B)Personality tests.
C)School attendance records.
D)Nomination by peers for negative roles in a class play.

Question 11

As a toddler,Joey loved to "dance" with his mother and his sisters,twirling around the house to music.By age 5,Joey refused to dance anymore,saying that dancing was for girls.His mother felt that he really wanted to dance but that he just wouldn't.How would a psychoanalytic Freudian theorist explain Joey's attitude toward dancing?

A)Joey was forced to stop dancing by the taunting of his male friends.
B)Joey is intrinsically motivated to engage in behaviors that he believes are consistent with his gender.
C)Joey now identifies with his father,and prefers to do only what he sees his father do.
D)Joey secretly hates his mother and wishes to punish her.

Question 12

In adolescence and early adulthood,males and females begin to spend more time in mixed-gender groups.Studies of who has more influence on the outcome of problem solving in mixed-gender groups indicate that

A)females have an advantage because they have learned to negotiate in their single-gender groups.
B)males have an advantage because they have learned to negotiate in their single-gender groups.
C)females have a disadvantage because males do less turn-taking and are more domineering.
D)males have a disadvantage because females are more skilled at expressing agreement.

Question 13

Which of the following does not represent a rule that governs borderwork,interactions between the sexes in elementary school aged children?

A)Contact is okay if it is accidental.
B)Contact is okay if it is required by an adult.
C)Contact is okay if children are accompanied by someone of their own gender.
D)Contact is okay if you share the same interest in an activity.

Question 14

Recent research indicates that children who spend more time in same-gender groups show greater increases in gender-related behaviors over time than children who spend less time in same-gender groups.This process is referred to as the

A)social competence process.
B)degrouping effect.
C)social impact process.
D)social dosage effect.

Question 15

When elementary school children are free to choose whomever they wish to play with,the most consistent finding is that they will choose

A)same sex playmates.
B)opposite sex playmates.
C)either same sex or opposite sex playmates equally often.
D)whatever playmates they believe their teachers or parents wish for them to play with.

Question 16

One way to assess children's status among their peers is to ask each child in a classroom to choose which other children he or she would most like to sit next to or to do various things with,and which other children he or she would least like to do these things with.This technique is called

A)meta-analysis.
B)social dosage technique.
C)resilience assessment.
D)sociometry.

Question 17

Research indicates that mothers talk more to girls,that parents talk more about emotions to girls,that parents put more pressure on boys to suppress crying,and that teachers are more disapproving of girls than of boys when they are highly active.Which of the following theories argues that these modeling and rewarding processes are the most important influences on sex differences in behavior?

A)Information processing theories.
B)Psychoanalytic Freudian)theories.
C)Social learning theories.
D)Behavioral genetics theories.

Question 18

As a toddler,Joey loved to "dance" with his mother and his sisters,twirling around the house to music.By age 5,Joey refused to dance anymore,saying that dancing was for girls.His mother felt that he really wanted to dance but that he just wouldn't.How would a cognitivetheorist explain Joey's attitude toward dancing?

A)Joey was forced to stop dancing by the taunting of his male friends.
B)Joey is intrinsically motivated to engage in behaviors that he believes are consistent with his gender.
C)Joey now identifies with his father,and will only do things he sees his father do.
D)Joey secretly hates his mother and wishes to punish her.

Question 19

Tiffany is 3 years old.She knows that she is a girl,and she expects to be a girl tomorrow,but she does not understand that her gender is permanent.She believes that cutting her hair short could change her gender.Tiffany has ___________ but not ____________.

A)gender constancy / gender stability
B)gender stability / gender constancy
C)gender constancy / gender identity
D)gender identity / gender stability

Question 20

The term degrouping refers to

A)a strategy for solving math problems that boys often learn but girls do not.
B)a trend in middle adolescence for cliques to become less important to peer interactions.
C)a therapeutic intervention which requires children or adolescents to mix with members of a different crowd from their usual one.
D)the rejection of a crowd member for violating the norms of the group.

Question 21

In a study of children from elementary school to young adulthood Mahoney,2000),participation in extracurricular activities for at least a year was associated with high rates of graduation and low rates of criminal activity if the student's

A)parents supported extracurricular activity.
B)peer group also participated in the extracurricular activity.
C)teachers made adjustments in their expectations.
D)community was upper middle class.

Question 22

Which of the following is a well-documented gender difference in brain structure?

A)Male brains are more lateralized than female brains.
B)Female brains are more lateralized than male brains.
C)Language functions are governed by the right hemisphere in male brains and by the left hemisphere in female brains.
D)Female brains are more myelinated than.

Question 23

Children tend to segregate into single gender play and friendship groups.Explain how such sex segregation might influence the development of sex differences during childhood.Provide clear examples of how this might work.,

Question 24

Which of the following is true of aggressive children?

A)They rarely have conduct problems as adults.
B)The may be well-liked if they have strengths in areas like sociability and cognitive ability.
C)They may underestimate their own popularity.
D)They are usually socially withdrawn and anxious.

Question 25

Which of the following traits best characterizes popular children across a wide variety of cultures?

A)Self-effacing and shy.
B)Cautious and self-restrained.
C)Sociable and helpful.
D)Aggressive and sociable.

Question 26

In an assessment of peer relationships,Fred was rarely selected by classmates as someone to play with or to do a class project with.But Fred was also rarely selected as someone whom classmates would refuse to play with.Fred is an example of

A)a neglected child.
B)a rejected child.
C)a controversial child.
D)an average child.

Question 27

A child's social preference score is based on ____________,and their social impact scores are based on ____________.

A)positive nominations / positive plus negative nominations
B)positive nominations / negative nominations
C)neutral nominations / positive nominations
D)peer evaluations / teacher evaluations

Question 28

Counselors need to recognize that girls' antisocial behavior in late childhood

A)is likely to include non-confrontational relational aggressive behaviors.
B)has not been linked to later anxiety and depression.
C)is unlikely to have long-term negative consequences.
D)are a result of particular challenges faced by girls.

Question 29

Counselors working with young children should know that children as young as

A)3 years old
B)6 years old
C)9 years old
D)12 years old

Question 30

Studies of peer groups indicate that children's conformity to peers can best be described as resulting from

A)direct pressure from peers.
B)children selecting groups of peers who are similar to themselves.
C)both peer influence and selection of similar peers.
D)parental attempts to direct peer interactions.

Question 31

In an assessment of peer relationships,Fred was rarely selected by classmates as someone to play with or to do a class project with.But Fred was also rarely selected as someone whom classmates would refuse to play with.Children like Fred seem to be

A)actively disliked by other children.
B)more aggressive than other children.
C)choosing not to participate very actively in peer activities.
D)at high risk for later mental health problems.

Question 32

Counselors working with school-age children and adolescents need to recognize that gender identity continues to develop in these years.Among the important findings from recent research is that girls tend to feel

A)more content with their gender than boys.
B)more pressure to conform to gender stereotypes than boys.
C)less content with their gender than boys.
D)the same degree of pressure to conform to gender stereotypes as boys.

Question 33

Counseling young boys requires sensitivity to society's "boy code" and may require special strategies for putting boys at ease in the counseling context.What is the boy code? What strategies might be especially helpful for overcoming this code? Page 320)

Question 34

Suzanna is considered weird by her third grade classmates.She seems to have few social skills.On a sociometric analysis,Suzanna received no positive nominations from her classmates,and a large number of negative nominations.Explain what this sociometric assessment is and what it means.Outline what might be an effective therapeutic approach to Suzanna's difficulties.,

Question 35

In middle childhood and early adolescence,cliques serve the purpose of

A)helping to establish one's identity and meet needs for acceptance.
B)providing social comparison and autonomy.
C)meeting achievement and socialization needs.
D)providing influence and allowing selection.

Question 36

One gender-related characteristic of peer evaluations is that

A)boys are more likely than girls to be rejected for behaving in gender-inconsistent ways.
B)girls are more likely than boys to be rejected for behaving in gender-inconsistent ways.
C)whether or not children behave in gender-inconsistent ways seems to have no effect on peer evaluations.
D)gender-inconsistent behavior leads to equally strong rejection for both boys and for girls.

Question 37

Describe at least two theories of how parenting might influence the development of sex differences in childhood.Discuss the evidence for and against these theories.,