Deck 11: Physical and Cognitive Developments in Young Adults

Question 1

Which of the following is the best example of fifth-stage thinking?

A)Josh evaluates the assumptions of those who favor and those who oppose the death penalty and finds both arguments unconvincing.
B)Trevor solves a complicated equation in abstract mathematics.
C)Carrie listens with great empathy and concern to her counseling client.
D)Kendra learns about several different religions,finds all of them internally consistent and appealing in some ways.

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Which of the following descriptions best characterizes the timing of indicators of adulthood in people's lives today?

A)People show some indicators of adult status at earlier ages today while other indicators of adulthood are more delayed.
B)People generally show indicators of adult status at earlier ages today than they did in earlier decades.
C)People show all indicators of adult status at later ages today than they did in earlier decades.
D)There are no differences in the timing of adulthood today compared to earlier decades.

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Doug,Diana,Tyrone,Nidia and Louis all have different viewpoints on the evolution versus creationism debate.Tyrone reasons in Position 3 early multiplicity).Which of the following statements would be most illustrative of Tyrone's viewpoint?

A)God created the world.I don't know anything about evolution.
B)I believe that God created the world but some of my best friends don't believe this.I wonder if anyone knows for sure.
C)Evolution is the right answer because it's scientific.
D)It doesn't matter which one you believe in.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Which of the following statements is most accurate with regard to the physical skills of young adult athletes?

A)Females reach peak performance earlier than their male counterparts.
B)Males reach peak performance earlier than their female counterparts.
C)Both males and females reach peak performance about the same time.
D)The timing of peak performance is dependent upon practice and not on biology.

Question 5

Which of these is the best definition of relativistic thought according to Perry?

A)Every person has a right to his or her own opinion and no one should feel that his or her opinion is better than any other.
B)People relate to each other because everyone is in search of absolute truth.
C)Relativistic thinking is a stage that supercedes the ability to see inherent contradictions.
D)Weighing evidence and deciding upon the most defensible alternative.

Question 6

Which of the following individuals would most likely be in the reorganizational stage according to Schaie's view of adult adjustment?

A)A 20-year-old carpenter's apprentice.
B)A 25-year-old single mother.
C)A 45-year-old businessman.
D)A 62-year-old truck driver.

Question 7

Donna runs a day care center.After many years of hard work,the business has grown and provides a steady income.Donna's daughter,Elaine,has asked Donna to give her a loan for a down payment on a business of her own.In order to provide this loan,Donna would have to cut expenses at the day care center,including reducing staff by at least two employees.Based on what you know about Donna,what is her stage of cognitive development according to Schaie's view of adult adjustment?

A)The fifth stage of cognitive development.
B)The acquisition stage
C)The achieving stage.
D)The executive stage.

Question 8

Perry's theory holds that the college experience fosters cognitive development because

A)students build on the skills learned in high school.
B)students are confronted with a diversity of beliefs and values which they must accommodate.
C)students learn from professors who embody intellectual authority.
D)students learn to value their own opinions.

Question 9

Arnett proposes that the stage of life from age 18 to approximately 25 be called

A)youth.
B)emerging adulthood.
C)early adulthood.
D)young adulthood.

Question 10

Donna runs a day care center.After many years of hard work,the business has grown and provides a steady income.Donna's daughter,Elaine,has asked Donna to give her a loan for a down payment on a business of her own.In order to provide this loan,Donna would have to cut expenses at the day care center,including reducing staff by at least two employees.Based on what you know about Elaine,what is her stage of cognitive development according to Schaie's view of adult adjustment?

A)The fifth stage of cognitive development.
B)The acquisition stage.
C)The achieving stage.
D)The executive stage.

Question 11

Agnes and Paul,both 19 years of age,got married right after their high school graduation in 1945.Their first child was born a year later,when they were 20.Agnes,like most other young women she knew,stayed home to raise her children and take care of the home.Paul found a good job at a nearby food processing plant.Given their generation,which of the following best defines this couple's stage of life at the age of 20?

A)Agnes and Paul were enmeshed adults because they were still relatively young and not completely autonomous.
B)Agnes and Paul were adults because they were married and had a child.
C)Agnes and Paul were not adults because they were not 21 years of age.
D)Agnes and Paul belong in the category called "youth," because they continued to explore possibilities.

Question 12

How do sociologists classify actions like entry into marriage and becoming a parent?

A)As social constructions.
B)As dualistic decisions.
C)As adult rituals.
D)As marker events.

Question 13

Donna runs a day care center.After many years of hard work,the business has grown and provides a steady income.Donna's daughter,Elaine,has asked Donna to give her a loan for a down payment on a business of her own.In order to provide this loan,Donna would have to cut expenses at the day care center,including reducing staff by at least two employees.What is the primary characteristic that points to a particular stage of cognitive functioning in Donna's case?

A)She must consider how her decision will affect many people.
B)She is working to earn an income and acquire more assets.
C)She considers what has given her life meaning and purpose.
D)She focuses on her personal needs and goals.

Question 14

Despite the disagreements among theorists about the existence of a fifth stage of cognitive development,nearly all agree that

A)solving real-life problems is easier if a person uses formal operational thinking skills.
B)thinking about adult real-life problems tends to become increasingly relativistic.
C)as people enter adulthood,they apply concrete operational skills to the concrete problems of daily life.
D)memory ability declines as people enter the fifth stage.

Question 15

Studies of brain activity during the early adult years suggest an increased capacity for

A)moral behavior.
B)perceptual acuity.
C)sexual activity.
D)behavioral and emotional control.

Question 16

Doug,Diana,Tyrone,Nidia and Louis all have different viewpoints on the evolution versus creationism debate.Nidia is at Position 4 late multiplicity).Which of the following statements would be most illustrative of Nidia's viewpoint?

A)Life was created through evolution.There is no other possible answer.
B)I believe that God created the world,but others don't agree with me.
C)I believe you should choose to make a commitment to what you believe in.
D)It doesn't matter which idea you believe in because nobody knows anything for sure.

Question 17

Doug,Diana,Tyrone,Nidia and Louis all have different viewpoints on the evolution versus creationism debate.Diana is operating at Position 2 multiplicity pre-legitimate).Which of the following statements would be most illustrative of Diana's viewpoint?

A)It doesn't matter which one you believe in.
B)I believe that God created the world,there is simply no other possibility.
C)I don't believe that God created the world because it's not possible.
D)I really get confused about this when I try to make sense of it.

Question 18

Arnett's research suggests that young adults today believe that adulthood is primarily defined

A)by the timing of achievements,such as marriage and parenthood.
B)on the basis of reaching a certain age.
C)on the basis of achieving certain roles,such as marriage and parenthood.
D)on the basis of more subjective judgments of psychological independence.

Question 19

Doug,Diana,Tyrone,Nidia and Louis all have different viewpoints on the evolution versus creationism debate.According to Perry's scheme,Doug's thinking is dualistic Position 1).Which of the following statements would be most illustrative of Doug's viewpoint?

A)God created the world.There is no other possibility.
B)I believe that God created the world,but others don't agree with me.
C)I believe parts of both ideas can be true.
D)It doesn't matter which one you believe in.

Question 20

Donna runs a day care center.After many years of hard work,the business has grown and provides a steady income.Donna's daughter,Elaine,has asked Donna to give her a loan for a down payment on a business of her own.In order to provide this loan,Donna would have to cut expenses at the day care center,including reducing staff by at least two employees.What is the primary characteristic that points to a particular stage of cognitive functioning in Elaine's case?

A)She tries to decide on how to make a living for herself.
B)She focuses her concerns on other people in her life for whom she is responsible.
C)She has developed logical thinking abilities.
D)She conserves her own financial resources by borrowing from her mother.

Question 21

Doug,Diana,Tyrone,Nidia and Louis all have different viewpoints on the evolution versus creationism debate.Louis displays contextual relativism in his thinking Position 5).Which of the following statements would be most illustrative of Louis's viewpoint?

A)It doesn't matter which idea you believe in because nobody knows anything for sure.
B)Although we can never know for certain,I understand the way that scientists look at the problem.
C)Both creationism and evolution are right.
D)I believe what my teachers taught me.

Question 22

Which of the following individuals embodies the kind of thinking that occurs at Perry's highest level,Position 9?

A)Carson,who is anxious to please his teachers by adopting their intellectual positions.
B)Gina,who does not apply herself rigorously because she doesn't think her teacher is fair.
C)Luis,who is beginning to accept the values and behaviors of people of different groups.
D)Jamar,who affirms his religious beliefs by becoming a minister,even though he still has doubts.

Question 23

Jane is a newly minted therapist who works with couples and families.Her decision was motivated by her sister Melinda's experience of spousal abuse.When Jane meets with her supervisor to review cases,he points out that when her female clients cry or describe intense conflicts with their husbands,Jane takes their side.She believes her supervisor is blind to the signs of abuse.According to Kitchener's theory,on what assumption is Jane operating?

A)Determination of abuse is difficult to ascertain and must be tested in each situation.
B)Determination of abuse should only be reached after consultation with expert supervisors.
C)Determination of abuse can be made if one has some personal experience.
D)Determination of abuse should be made depending upon the context.

Question 24

Discuss how and why interpersonal therapy IPT)may be useful in helping young adults who are suffering from depression.Consider what role development is assigned in the generation of depression in this therapeutic approach,what role context plays,and what the IPT therapist's view of enduring cognitive structures in the young adult's depression may be.Page 434)
e.g.,chronic fatigue,poor concentration,sad mood,etc.)that make engaging in positive social interactions an enormous effort.For young people,depression can start a vicious negative social cycle.Their physical and emotional depressive symptoms can limit their opportunities for social interaction,thereby reinforcing their feelings of loneliness and rejection.
Chapter 12 Essay Questions

Question 25

Counselors should know that the period between the ages of 15 and 24 is

A)a time when good mental health is at its peak,with the lowest rates of depression or other major mental health problems.
B)a time when depression rates are at their peak,with the highest prevalence of any time in the life span.
C)a time that is not significantly different from any other time of adulthood with regard to depression,but when clients may face many transitions.
D)a time when most learning processes slow down significantly.
Chapter 11 Essay Questions
See answer key or potential essay answers)

Question 26

Which of the following is not one of the dimensions that Kitchener used to differentiate the stages of reflective judgment?

A)The age of the individual.
B)The level of certainty about the knowledge that the individual manifests.
C)The kinds of processes the individual uses to acquire knowledge.
D)The kinds of evidence the individual uses to justify conclusions.

Question 27

Based upon research on Perry's theory,helping professionals should provide ____________ for dualists and ____________ for multiplists.

A)challenge / experiential learning
B)absolute truth / support
C)support / challenge
D)support / absolute truth

Question 28

A counselor helping a young adult client with procrastination must recognize that this problem can have many sources.In young adulthood,one common developmental source is

A)relativistic thinking.
B)actuarial prediction.
C)poor self-management skills.
D)the personal fable.

Question 29

Jane is a newly minted therapist who works with couples and families.Her decision was motivated by her sister Melinda's experience of spousal abuse.When Jane meets with her supervisor to review cases,he points out that when her female clients cry or describe intense conflicts with their husbands,Jane takes their side.She believes her supervisor is blind to the signs of abuse.What critical thinking pitfall do Jane's reactions show?

A)Over-reliance on the vividness effect.
B)Over-reliance on the idiosyncrasy effect.
C)Over-reliance on probabilistic thinking.
D)Over-reliance on the placebo effect.

Question 30

Using Perry's theory,describe what processes help individuals move from dualistic to authentically relativistic thinking.,

Question 31

Theorists like Sinnott describe a fifth cognitive stage often called post-formal thought,whereas theorists like Schaie argue that there isn't a new stage of thought in adulthood but rather new kinds of problems to solve.Describe the differences between these perspectives in detail.,

Question 32

Which of the following has the greatest potential to interfere with mature critical thinking and reflective judgment?

A)Lack of intelligence.
B)Lack of social support.
C)Relativistic thought.
D)Lack of metacognitive ability.

Question 33

Problem drinking and drug use is part of the lifestyle of many young adults.In a longitudinal study of 33,000 people,what was the typical course of these behaviors?

A)They begin to decline when adults reach their mid-thirties.
B)They begin to decline when adults reach their mid-twenties.
C)They tend to stay about the same throughout middle adulthood.
D)They have no serious effects on behavioral or cognitive functioning.

Question 34

One traditional role of counselors is to help people make decisions.Young adult clients who are still dualistic thinkers may have which of the following problems in this process?

A)They may believe there are too many solutions to consider.
B)They may believe that problems have no solution.
C)They may become anxious if there seems to be uncertainty about the best solution.
D)They may come to a foreclosed decision before exploring options.

Question 35

List three pitfalls counselors need to avoid in their decision-making.Give examples of each.,

Question 36

Globalization has begun to affect the young adult period in developing nations by

A)increasing the length of time individuals spend in self-exploration before taking on adult responsibilities.
B)decreasing the number of families who can education their children.
C)limiting the occupational and lifestyle options available.
D)decreasing young adults' exposure to a diversity of beliefs and values.