Deck 6: Police Officers II: on the Job

Question 1

According to the text, gay and lesbian police officers challenge

A)recruiting practices.
B)stereotypes involving the macho nature of police work.
C)heterosexual power in the hierarchy
D)the fact of the macho nature of police work.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

The conduct that involves not testifying against other officers accused of misconduct is known as

A)patrol silence.
B)police accountability
C)rat breaking
D)code of silence.

Answer 2

D

Question 3

A result of public hostility and group solidarity is

A)secrecy.
B)operational silence.
C)subculture.
D)blind conduct.

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Another shock to police officers involves their experiences within the criminal justice system.Police officers get to see how the system works as they are a(n)

A)insider.
B)prime player.
C)role partner.
D)part of prosecution.

Question 5

Unwanted sexual advances, offensive sexually-related behavior, or discrimination in assignments or promotion is the conduct known as

A)preferential treatment.
B)employee harassment.
C)hostile work environment.
D)sexual harassment.

Question 6

Officers hired in one decade often have ideas and lifestyles different from those of officers hired in another decade.This phenomenon, which can generate conflicts within police departments, is known as the

A)cohort effect.
B)generation effect.
C)rookie effect.
D)fraternal effect.

Question 7

Community policing is a major effort to

A)improve efficiency.
B)more effectively use community taxes.
C)use community informants to help solve crime.
D)improve police attitudes towards the public.

Question 8

The close bond the officer achieve in working together, experiencing public hostility, and other uncertainties fosters a strong sense of

A)work silence.
B)group solidarity.
C)operation cohesion.
D)close knit work.

Question 9

In many departments, a certain level of tension and conflict exists between racial, ethnic, and gender groups.Officers believed they were being discriminated against because

A)they spoke out in behalf of their group and were identified by management as troublemakers.
B)of the different compensation packages received between groups.
C)promotions and preferred assignments were perceived to be going to minorities who were less qualified.
D)none of the groups were allowed to work together for fear they would compare notes and become angrier at management.

Question 10

Officers with more experience have priority on assignments leaving the least desirable assignments to the new officers. This is the principle of

A)nepotism.
B)preference.
C)seniority.
D)patrol rate.

Question 11

Obstacles to the career advancement of women officers is commonly known as the

A)Employment Reduction Status (ERS).
B)glass ceiling.
C)Workforce Balance (WB).
D)job barrier.

Question 12

Much of the changes in officer attitudes is partly the result of encountering

A)social change.
B)family breakdown.
C)department problems.
D)hostility from citizens.

Question 13

Research has shown that white and African American officers utilized deadly force (fired their weapons)

A)at different rates because of their perceptions of force.
B)at the same rate.
C)with higher frequency at the other race.
D)at higher rates when they worked alone.

Question 14

The rude awakening a new officer encounters about the unpleasant aspects of dealing with the public is referred to as

A)job stress.
B)reality shock.
C)rookie syndrome
D)culture surprise.

Question 15

The disillusionment that new officers experienced with their own department is the discovery of

A)favoritism.
B)incompetence.
C)department politics.
D)city influence.

Question 16

The educational levels of police officers have also been rising steadily.Now, not only is there a generation gap between the younger, better educated officers and the veteran officers with less education; there is also a(n)

A)work ethic gap.
B)education gap.
C)cohort gap.
D)knowledge gap.

Question 17

The difference between the younger, better educated officers and the veteran officers with less education is termed

A)community gap.
B)education generation gap.
C)cohort generation gap.
D)split force view gap.

Question 18

Research by the Police Foundation indicates that African American officers are generally more conscious of

A)physical fitness and race issues.
B)community and force issues.
C)poverty and education issues.
D)entitlement and housing issues.

Question 19

A controversial study by the National Center for Women in Policing (NCWP) asserts that departments should hire more women officers because

A)female officers are less likely to use excessive force.
B)female officers are considerably more likely to adopt the community-oriented policing principles of the department.
C)female officers by nature are more compassionate, thus reducing complaints
D)female officers establish relationships with coworkers that make for more harmonious work environments.

Question 20

Civil rights leaders have urged police departments to hire more African American and Hispanic officers as a way to improve

A)race relations.
B)poverty images for the departments.
C)crime prevention efforts.
D)police-community relations.

Question 21

Performance evaluations suffer from a number of problems.The more significant of these problems include

A)the fact that definitions are not clear.
B)the halo effect.
C)the central tendency phenomenon.
D)all of these.

Question 22

Divisions along racial, ethnic, and gender lines are reflected in the fact that groups will separate

A)in recurring generation groups because of the influx of younger officers with different viewpoints.
B)into social and fraternal associations representing African American, Hispanic, and female officers.
C)because different industries cater to different groups for more advantageous medical and life insurance policies.
D)due to the different pension systems they enter into and how they may be treated under collective bargaining agreements.

Question 23

Many experts on police administration argue that one of the most serious problems in American policing is a lack of adequate career opportunities.The problems include

A)limited opportunities for promotion.
B)inadequate rewards for good job performance.
C)lack of opportunities for professional development and personal fulfillment.
D)all of these.

Question 24

In his study of police officers, John McNamara found that

A)patrol officers believe they receive substantial cooperation from the public.
B)patrol officers believe they receive no cooperation from the public.
C)when patrol officers first get on the job, they believe the public to be cooperative, but that belief decreases after two years.
D)when patrol officers first get on the job, they believe the public does not cooperate with the police, but that changes after two years.

Question 25

Which of the following is not a factor associated with job satisfaction?

A)The nature of the police work itself.
B)The opportunity to work like officers viewed on television programs such as CSI.
C)Relations with the community.
D)Relations with the media.

Question 26

Concerning styles of police work, active officers are those who

A)make more arrests, attend court more often, and make more complaints.
B)respond only to calls and make few arrests.
C)try to solve problems in order not to have repeat calls for service.
D)initiate field contacts, assert control of situations, and make more arrests.

Question 27

William Westley defines reality shock as

A)the experience a new police officer has in his first few months on the job.
B)the experience a new police officer has when he opens his first paycheck.
C)the experience a new police officer has at the police academy.
D)the experience a new police officer has on the firing range.

Question 28

The Christopher Commission reported that the culture of the LAPD

A)emphasizes overly aggressive policing.
B)emphasizes the mission to protect and to serve.
C)emphasizes community policing.
D)emphasizes the dignity of each human being.
E)emphasizes cooperation between African Americans and the LAPD.

Question 29

One reason attitudes do not translate into behavior is that police officers are constrained by the bureaucratic aspects of the

A)Supreme Court rulings.
B)prosecutor and current management.
C)police department and the criminal justice system.
D)desire of the complainant to prosecute.

Question 30

The professional police officer is one who develops two virtues

A)opportunity and eligibility.
B)passion and perspective.
C)career development and aggressive passion.
D)focus and integrity.

Question 31

A study of Washington, D.C.police officers found that ________ were satisfied with their jobs.

A)42 percent
B)52 percent
C)62 percent
D)72 percent
E)82 percent

Question 32

Many people are attracted to a career in policing for

A)job security.
B)the potential for exciting work, particularly crime fighting tasks.
C)professional status and opportunities for career advancement.
D)a secure pension and medical insurance.

Question 33

If the criminal justice system is working properly, it is difficult for officers

A)to act solely on the basis of their personal prejudices.
B)to act in a discriminatory manner against minorities.
C)to view themselves other than as objective enforcers of the law.
D)to act in a proper manner with any person of color.

Question 34

Under the First Amendment, police officers may not be barred from employment or be disciplined for private political or religious activities.A police officer has a constitutional right to belong to unpopular political or religious organizations.But this right is not absolute, which means that

A)Polygraph examinations can be administered to officers and used in court.
B)Restrictions may be placed on an officer's participation in partisan political activities, such as running for political office.
C)They may not be fired without adequate cause.
D)The police officer's bill of rights must be acknowledged during administrative investigations.

Question 35

Regarding salaries and benefits, the only way to achieve a significant pay increase is through

A)promotion.
B)overtime.
C)moonlighting.
D)all of these.

Question 36

Community policing has had which of the following effects?

A)officers' increased job satisfaction, higher morale, and improved relationships with citizens and coworkers
B)a major decrease in crime rates in each city where community policing was implemented
C)a major increase in crime rates in each city where community policing was implemented.
D)no effect on officers job satisfaction, but an improvement in veteran officers' decision making in the field.

Question 37

According to the text, officers with an active style

A)aggressively interrogate community members.
B)withhold advice to others to keep the focus on the work at hand.
C)ask probing questions to understand unfolding situations.
D)may resort to physical coercion to gain important information.

Question 38

New police officers are generally assigned to

A)undercover work because no one knows they are officers.
B)the detective bureau.
C)patrol work.
D)the crime lab until they get some experience.
E)the record bureau until they get some experience.

Question 39

According to the text, officers with a passive style

A)initiate many contacts with the community to avoid paperwork.
B)tend to respond to other officers' calls.
C)make few traffic stops and arrests.
D)care only about secure pensions and decent medical insurance.

Question 40

The authors write that common sense might suggest a one-to-one relationship between attitudes and behavior.That is, people who express prejudicial attitudes about race or gender will automatically behave in a discriminatory manner.Research indicates that the relationship between attitudes and behavior

A)changes depending on the minority encountered by police.
B)is different and complex.
C)has remained the same over the past 30 years.
D)requires more study since many incidents are still occurring in the U.S.

Question 41

Herbert Packer defines the tension between the demand for results and the rule of law as a conflict between

A)good and evil.
B)social control and chaos.
C)crime control and due process.
D)democracy and fascism.
E)cynicism and authoritarianism.

Question 42

Steve Herbert has found that officers who tried to avoid danger derogatorily are called

A)station queens.
B)wimps.
C)softies.
D)semi-retired.
E)avoiders.

Question 43

William Westley's research shows two aspects of police subculture: first, that departments tend to maintain an attitude of secrecy towards outsiders who study their activities, and second, that

A)secrecy leads to flawed research outcomes.
B)officers secretly withhold help from each other.
C)officers eagerly help colleagues who are having trouble with their assignments.
D)secrecy leads to continued racism within the department.
E)none of these

Question 44

The Christopher Commission reported that the LAPD relies on community policing to achieve the racial harmony that we see in that city.

Question 45

In most police departments, shift assignments are based on

A)performance on exams.
B)seniority.
C)job performance.
D)educational level.
E)who you know.

Question 46

William Westley found that the majority of officers stated they would turn in a fellow officer who took money from a citizen.

Question 47

New York City police officer Michael Dowd, one of the most brutal and corrupt officers on the force, received

A)very critical performance evaluations.
B)critical performance evaluations.
C)fair performance evaluations.
D)good performance evaluations.
E)outstanding performance evaluations.

Question 48

What police department sponsors lateral entry into the police force?

A)Davenport, IA
B)Boulder, CO
C)Los Angeles, CA
D)Jacksonville, FL
E)Sacramento, CA

Question 49

Jerome Skolnick argues that an important factor in the development of police subcultures is

A)actual danger.
B)imagined danger.
C)previous experiences of danger.
D)the denial of danger.
E)potential danger.

Question 50

One of the important consequences of group solidarity is secrecy.

Question 51

It has been demonstrated that gay and lesbian police officers

A)have fewer complaints against them than other officers.
B)are better educated than other officers.
C)make fewer arrests than other officers.
D)None of these; there have been no studies on the performance of gay and lesbian officers.

Question 52

William Westley asked officers if they would report a fellow officer who took money from a citizen.A total of ___percent said they would not.

A)43
B)53
C)63
D)73
E)83

Question 53

Which of the following is a source of stress for officers on the job?

A)the police department itself
B)citizen disrespect
C)the threat of danger.
D)sexual harassment (for female officers)
E)all of these

Question 54

Skolnick also argues that policing involves a conflict between the demands of law on the one hand and the demands of ______________ on the other.

A)civil rights
B)diversity in hiring
C)order
D)accurate paperwork

Question 55

Official data on citizens' complaints in New York City indicate that __________ police officers receive a disproportionate number of complaints.

A)White
B)Black
C)Hispanic
D)none of these (White, Black, and Hispanic officers receive complaints in proportion to their presence in police departments.)

Question 56

Most police departments offer incentive pay for

A)college education.
B)hazardous duty pay.
C)shift differential pay.
D)all of these

Question 57

The opportunity for a police officer to move to other police departments with the same or higher rank is

A)the normal way to get promoted.
B)accepted in most police departments.
C)somewhat limited.
D)extremely limited.

Question 58

According to William K.Muir, police officers who exhibit aggression, volunteer for dangerous assignments and enjoy high-speed pursuits are called

A)reciprocators.
B)hardchargers.
C)professionals.
D)cowboys.
E)traditionalists.

Question 59

Shift assignments are usually based on seniority.

Question 60

In a study of the Washington, D.C.police department, the researchers found that the vast majority of police officers trusted the court system.

Question 61

There is strong evidence that officers with college education behave no differently on street than officers with less education.

Question 62

In his study of the LAPD, Steve Herbert identified six different factors that shape police officer behavior.What are those six factors?

Question 63

Describe the distinction Steve Herbert draws between active officers and passive officers.

Question 64

What were the findings of the Police Foundation study of policewomen on patrol?

Question 65

A national evaluation of police early warning systems finds that women officers are less likely than male officers to be identified as potential "problem" officers as a result of citizen complaints and use-of-force incidents.

Question 66

Explain how the absence of lateral entry negatively affects the quality of a police department.

Question 67

Explain how the "code of silence" affects a police department.

Question 68

A major problem with the original concept of a police subculture is that it does not take into consideration the changes in policing over the past thirty years.

Question 69

Researchers found the introduction of women into policing had no effect in the traditional solidarity of the work group.Women officers have nearly the same outside interests as male officers.

Question 70

How are opportunities for promotion severely limited in American police departments?

Question 71

A surprising find by the National Center for Women in Policing is that female police officers are more likely to use excessive force than males.

Question 72

In the last twenty years, the number of police officers killed on duty has declined.

Question 73

It has been argued that the capacity to use force is the defining feature of the police, distinguishing them from other occupations.

Question 74

One study found that college educated officers tend to receive more complaints than officers with less education.

Question 75

Research by the Police Foundation found that officers believe that "it is not unusual for a police officer to turn a blind eye to improper conduct by other officers."

Question 76

Both mining and construction work consistently have higher rates of on-the-job deaths than policing.

Question 77

Explain the concept of a police subculture.