Deck 11: Theories of Personality and Intelligence

Question 1

Rochelle is 38 years old,but her mental ability is measured as that of a second-grade child.Rochelle would be classified as _______ developmentally delayed.

A)mildly
B)moderately
C)severely
D)profoundly

Answer 1

moderately

Question 2

According to Rogers,people brought up with unconditional positive regard _________.

A)tend to be vain and narcissistic
B)are unlikely to be fully functioning
C)feel valued regardless of their attitudes and behaviors
D)live lives directed toward what others want and value

Answer 2

feel valued regardless of their attitudes and behaviors

Question 3

Charise and Noreen were having a conversation about men."You know," Noreen said,"I think my husband tries to annoy me! Even though he tries to do what I ask,I think that subconsciously he really enjoys ticking me off to see the reactions he'll get.Freud must have been right!" Charise,who has just studied personality psychology in school,corrects Noreen by saying which of the following?

A)"You're probably right,Noreen.Freud was really into subconscious motives."
B)"Freud's theory has absolutely no validity at all in the modern times,Noreen.Stop analyzing your husband!"
C)"Freud really did not address the psychological functioning of men,Noreen,only women."
D)"Well,Noreen,there really is no "subconscious" in Freud's theory!"

Answer 3

"Well,Noreen,there really is no "subconscious" in Freud's theory!"

Question 4

Karesh is from India and really cares about others' welfare.His wife is Chinese,and he is known for the fact that he does not adhere to strict rules and regulations.He is tolerant of others and plans to become a social worker.According to Hofstede,what type of cultural personality would Karesh be?

A)highly individualistic
B)low in uncertainty avoidance
C)highly masculine
D)feminine

Question 5

Sigmund Freud's theory came at a time in history when the predominant attitude toward sex was ____________.

A)liberal
B)open
C)repressed
D)obsessed

Question 6

When one thinks of "value judgment" in relation to personality,one is thinking about ____________.

A)soul
B)character
C)temperament
D)conscience

Question 7

In the metaphor "the angel,the devil,and me," the angel is the _________.

A)id
B)ego
C)superego
D)unconscious

Question 8

The ___________ theory of personality has its basis in the theories of learning and focuses on the effects of environment on one's personal characteristics and actions.

A)psychodynamic
B)humanistic
C)trait
D)behaviorist

Question 9

Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences divides intelligence into _________ independent abilities.

A)three
B)five
C)seven
D)nine

Question 10

The source a person believes to be exerting control over life's events is called __________.

A)low self-esteem
B)locus of control
C)high self-efficacy
D)an internal focus

Question 11

Sigmund Freud proposed that his patients' disorders resulted most often from psychological conflicts related to ____________.

A)sex
B)denial
C)marriage
D)depression

Question 12

Many have compared Freud's idea of the mind to an iceberg.If that were the case and you were standing on the deck of a ship in Alaska,what part of the mind would you see above the water?

A)ego
B)superego
C)id
D)preconscious

Question 13

Ted is friendly,loves to tells jokes at parties,and is perceived by others as warm and considerate.On which two of the Big Five traits would you expect Ted to obtain high scores?

A)agreeableness and extraversion
B)extraversion and conscientiousness
C)neuroticism and openness to experience
D)openness to experience and conscientiousness

Question 14

Which theory of personality was a direct reaction against the psychoanalytic and behaviorist perspectives?

A)humanistic perspective
B)trait perspective
C)projective perspective
D)inventory perspective

Question 15

Which defense mechanism was a prominent part in both Adler's and Horney's theories?

A)compensation
B)rationalization
C)suppression
D)intellectualization

Question 16

The unique and relatively stable way in which each individual thinks,acts,and feels is called __________.

A)personality
B)nurture
C)a trait
D)nature

Question 17

Which of the following statements describes the relationship between temperament and personality?

A)Temperament and personality are the exact same thing.
B)Personality,which we are born with,is the basis upon which one's temperament is built.
C)Temperament,which we are born with,is the basis upon which one's personality is built.
D)Temperament refers to negative personal characteristics,while personality refers to positive personal characteristics.

Question 18

One limitation of the trait perspective compared to the other perspectives is there is not much __________.

A)description
B)research
C)material
D)explanation

Question 19

A person's responses to a projective test are thought to reflect __________.

A)current events
B)daydreaming themes
C)maladaptive patterns of behavior
D)unconscious thoughts and feelings

Question 20

A patient waiting for an appointment with Sigmund Freud looks around the room to see who else is waiting.Who among the following is most likely to have been one of Freud's patients?

A)Hal,a coal-mine worker who is severely depressed
B)Angela,a maid,who is severely depressed
C)Sue,a wealthy woman who is suffering from sexual repression
D)Mario,a soldier who is suffering from a hysterical disorder

Question 21

When Freud referred to the sexual drive of babies and young children,to what was he really referring?

A)the fact that sexual orientation is established from birth
B)the fact that children focus on their bodies to give them physical pleasure
C)the fact that children need to be taught about sexual morality from a very early age
D)the fact that children are interested in sex at an early age

Question 22

"What did you have for lunch an hour ago?" Before I asked you that question,the information was in your _____________.

A)conscious level
B)unconscious level
C)postconscious level
D)preconscious level

Question 23

Derrick is an executive with a large financial firm.Any time his investments do poorly,he throws temper tantrums and breaks things.Then he starts barking orders at his secretary.Which personality structure would Freud say is exerting control?

A)id
B)superego
C)ego
D)preconscious

Question 24

For Freud,the mind is divided into ________ levels.

A)one
B)two
C)three
D)four

Question 25

For Freud,ideas,thoughts,and feelings of which we are currently aware are in the _________ mind.

A)unconscious
B)preconscious
C)collective unconscious
D)conscious

Question 26

Freud named the most primitive part of the personality the id,which is a Latin word that means __________.

A)"sex"
B)"pleasure"
C)"I"
D)"it"

Question 27

Freud believed that the ___________ was the most important determining factor in human behavior and personality.

A)id
B)preconscious mind
C)manifest awareness
D)unconscious mind

Question 28

Many have compared Freud's idea of the mind to an iceberg.If that were the case and you were standing on the deck of a ship in Alaska,what part of the mind would you see above the water?

A)ego
B)superego
C)id
D)preconscious

Question 29

"If it feels good,do it" best describes the ____________.

A)id
B)ego
C)superego
D)preconscious

Question 30

What is Freud's term for the primitive,biological side of personality?

A)id
B)ego
C)superego
D)preconscious

Question 31

In Sigmund Freud's theory,the _________ operates according to the pleasure principle.

A)id
B)ego
C)thanatos
D)superego

Question 32

Which of Freud's levels of consciousness consists of thoughts and feelings that can be easily brought into immediate awareness?

A)conscious level
B)unconscious level
C)preconscious level
D)postconscious level

Question 33

For Freud,the only personality structure present at birth is the __________.

A)id
B)ego
C)superego
D)preconscious

Question 34

Jonas was filling out a job application and was required to disclose his home address,social security number and email address.According to Freud,this kind of general information in our memory that can be easily recalled is stored in the ________.

A)unconscious mind
B)subconscious mind
C)preconscious mind
D)conscious mind

Question 35

The pleasure principle is associated with which element of Freud's personality theory?

A)id
B)ego
C)superego
D)preconscious

Question 36

Darla's father went to prison when she was four years old,following numerous domestic violence incidents with Darla's mother.Although Darla does not remember the violence,she is fearful of men and avoids intimate relationships.Freud would suggest that the problem lies with Darla's __________.

A)preconscious mind
B)id
C)conscious
D)unconscious mind

Question 37

You are quite hungry but do not have a dime to your name.If you were described as "all id and only id'" what would you do?

A)Distract yourself with images of food.
B)Steal a hot dog from the vendor on the corner.
C)Run all the way home to get something to eat as soon as possible.
D)Use the defense mechanism of denial to thwart the hunger pangs until an appropriate meal can be obtained.

Question 38

For Freud,thoughts and feelings that are well below the surface of awareness and cannot normally be recalled are in the ________ mind.

A)unconscious
B)preconscious
C)collective unconscious
D)conscious

Question 39

For Freud,material of which we are not currently aware but that can be easily recalled is in the _________ mind.

A)unconscious
B)preconscious
C)collective unconscious
D)conscious

Question 40

For Freud,the seething cauldron of unconscious urges and desires continuously seeking expression is the ________.

A)superego
B)id
C)ego
D)persona

Question 41

The _________ controls the satisfaction of the id's drives in the external world.

A)personal unconscious
B)ego
C)superego
D)persona

Question 42

There were three friends.Maybe you have heard of them! Harry was rational,logical,and cunning.Hermione was rule oriented,moral,and always ethical.Ron was pleasure seeking,found it hard to delay gratification,and usually just did what he wanted.According to Freud,Ron was mostly ___________.

A)id
B)ego
C)superego
D)libido

Question 43

For Freud,the moral guardian of personality is the ________.

A)id
B)superego
C)ego
D)libido

Question 44

Carolyn took home some printer paper from the office.Later,she felt guilty for stealing it so she brought some paper to work to replace what she took.Freud would suggest that Carolyn's ________ was influencing her motives and behavior.

A)id
B)unconscious mind
C)ego
D)superego

Question 45

According to Freud,the reality principle is ________.

A)the way in which the ego tries to delay satisfying the id's desires until it can do so safely and successfully
B)the way in which the id tries to obtain gratification and avoid pain
C)the way in which the ego ideal establishes standards of what one would like to be
D)the way in which young children instinctively seek self-actualization

Question 46

The ego operates according to the _________.

A)guilt/pride principle
B)reality principle
C)pleasure principle
D)reflex principle

Question 47

According to Freud,the ________ acts as our conscience.

A)id
B)superego
C)ego
D)collective unconscious

Question 48

According to Freud,rationality and logical thinking and reasoning are controlled by the __________.

A)pleasure principle
B)ego
C)superego
D)animus

Question 49

There were three friends.Maybe you have heard of them! Harry was rational,logical,and cunning.Hermione was rule oriented,moral,and always ethical.Ron was pleasure seeking,found it hard to delay gratification,and usually just did what he wanted.According to Freud,Hermione was mostly __________.

A)id
B)ego
C)superego
D)libido

Question 50

The job of the _________ is to find practical ways for the _________ to get its pleasure needs met without offending the morality of the ________.

A)id; ego; superego
B)ego; id; superego
C)ego; superego; id
D)superego; id; ego

Question 51

What is Freud's term for the executive of the personality that has a realistic plan for obtaining gratification of an individual's desires?

A)id
B)ego
C)superego
D)preconscious

Question 52

Anthony is sick of writing papers and studying for tests,but he knows he needs a college degree if he wants to be successful in his chosen career.So every morning Anthony gives himself a dressing down - in essence yelling at himself - to make himself get out of bed and go to classes,and every evening he does the same thing to get himself to do his work.According to Freud,which personality structure is in control here?

A)id
B)ego
C)unconscious
D)superego

Question 53

A personality that consisted of only the ego and the id would be completely ______.

A)illogical
B)selfless
C)rational
D)amoral

Question 54

Yong-mei is studying for her math test.Her boyfriend Marcus asks if she can go to the movies with him.She would love to go but she knows she has to study for the math test in order to pass the class.What part of Yong-mei's personality will say,"You must stay home and study because passing the class is necessary for you to graduate."

A)her ego because it is the moral conscience of her personality
B)her id because studying is what she really wants to do
C)her libido because she knows her boyfriend will love her more if she studies
D)her superego because it is this part of the personality that is the moral conscience

Question 55

There were three friends.Maybe you have heard of them! Harry was rational,logical,and cunning.Hermione was rule oriented,moral,and always ethical.Ron was pleasure seeking,found it hard to delay gratification,and usually just did what he wanted.According to Freud,Harry was mostly ____________.

A)id
B)ego
C)superego
D)conscience

Question 56

Which element in Freud's personality theory contains the conscience?

A)id
B)ego
C)superego
D)preconscious

Question 57

According to Freud,the second part of the personality is the ego,which gets its name from the Latin word for __________.

A)"right"
B)"pride" Incorrect While the term "ego" is commonly used to refer to one's pride or sense of self,this is a misuse of the word from Freud's original theory.
C)"I"
D)"self"

Question 58

The superego develops ____________.

A)at birth
B)during infancy
C)during the preschool years
D)during adolescence

Question 59

In Freud's theory,the id is to fun as the superego is to __________

A)guilt
B)pride
C)rules
D)freedom

Question 60

An individual operating on the reality principle seeks ___________.

A)immediate gratification
B)perfect accomplishments
C)to reveal unconscious motivations
D)rational means for obtaining gratification

Question 61

When anxiety-provoking memories are prevented from reaching conscious awareness,such as not remembering lying to parents,it is called ________.

A)denial
B)sublimation
C)repression
D)regression

Question 62

In the metaphor "the angel,the devil,and me," the devil is the _________.

A)id
B)ego
C)superego
D)libido

Question 63

Jeremy has been having an affair with another woman.One afternoon his wife came home later than usual and Jeremy became angry - accusing his wife of infidelity.Which defense mechanism is behind Jeremy's accusation?

A)denial
B)projection
C)rationalization
D)reaction formation

Question 64

According to Freud,the result of conflict between the id and superego is ___________.

A)libido
B)depression
C)psychosis
D)anxiety

Question 65

When Candace ordered a hot fudge sundae and a diet soda,she told herself that the calories from the ice cream really were not a big deal because the diet soda sort of balanced it all out.Which of Freud's defense mechanisms is motivating Candace?

A)repression
B)rationalization
C)sublimation
D)projection

Question 66

From what Latin phrase is the term superego derived?

A)"without morals"
B)"above the rules"
C)"beyond me"
D)"over the self"

Question 67

What is Anna Freud's term for the unconscious efforts by the ego to deny or distort reality for the purpose of protecting itself when conflict becomes too intense?

A)false cognitions
B)coping techniques
C)disordered thinking
D)defense mechanisms

Question 68

According to Freud's theory of personality development,there are _________ stages that each person must pass through.

A)three
B)five
C)seven
D)eight

Question 69

Dan plays the trumpet,is on the debate team,bites his nails,and chews gum.Freud might say Dan was fixated in the ________ stage.

A)oral
B)anal
C)phallic
D)genital

Question 70

In Freud's personality theory,the ________ are in conflict and the _______ must mediate between them.

A)ego and superego; id
B)id and superego; ego
C)id and ego; superego
D)id,ego,and superego; conscience

Question 71

According to Freud,personality develops through a series of psychosexual stages.During infancy,the psychosexual stage is called the __________.

A)latency stage
B)oral stage
C)anal stage
D)phallic stage

Question 72

According to Freud,during the first 18 months of life,the dominant source of sensual pleasure is the ________.

A)genitals
B)mouth
C)hands
D)anus

Question 73

Donita is angry with her boss so she left work a little early in order to run an extra mile before it gets dark.Which defense mechanism is Donita employing?

A)repression
B)reaction formation
C)rationalization
D)sublimation

Question 74

Toilet training takes place during which of Freud's psychosexual stages?

A)oral
B)anal
C)latency
D)phallic

Question 75

What is the correct sequence of Freud's psychosexual stages?

A)latency,anal,oral,genital,phallic
B)oral,genital,latency,phallic,anal
C)anal,oral,latency,phallic,genital
D)oral,anal,phallic,latency,genital

Question 76

What did Sigmund Freud believe could happen if our needs were delayed at a particular psychosexual stage?

A)We could become fixated at that stage.
B)We would revert to our biological predispositions.
C)We would be more capable of overcoming the obstacle in adulthood.
D)We could become overly dependent on the superego for future guidance.

Question 77

Mahmoud was just told that his father has cancer.Mahmoud's first response is that there must be a mistake and he demands that the doctor repeat his tests.Which defense mechanism is at work here?

A)reaction formation
B)denial
C)repression
D)undoing

Question 78

In the metaphor "the angel,the devil,and me," the angel is the _________.

A)id
B)ego
C)superego
D)unconscious

Question 79

The age at which a baby was weaned would have most impact on the _______ stage.

A)oral
B)anal
C)phallic
D)genital

Question 80

Sigmund Freud's psychosexual stages focus on several parts of the body identified as _______.

A)focal zones
B)erogenous zones
C)pleasure zones
D)unconscious zones