Deck 6: Consciousness and Cognition

Question 1

Mental activities that differ noticeably from normal waking consciousness are known as _________.

A)hyperconsciousness
B)unconscious states
C)relaxed wakefulness
D)altered states of consciousness

Answer 1

altered states of consciousness

Question 2

What term do psychologists use to designate our personal awareness of feelings,sensations, and thoughts?

A)thinking
B)cognition
C)conscience
D)consciousness

Answer 2

consciousness

Question 3

In Kosslyn's "imaginary island" study,researchers found that it does take longer to view a mental image that ___________.

A)is larger or covers more distance than one that is smaller and more compact
B)has more items in it
C)has more colors in it
D)contains living things as compared to nonliving items

Answer 3

is larger or covers more distance than one that is smaller and more compact

Question 4

A circadian cycle is about _________ hours long.

A)1)5
B)12
C)6
D)24

Question 5

Our sleep-wake cycle follows a(n)________ rhythm.

A)infradian
B)diurnal
C)circadian
D)ultradian

Question 6

John will likely experience REM rebound tonight if he:

A)takes a sleeping pill before bed tonight.
B)drinks too much caffeine prior to sleeping.
C)did not sleep much last night.
D)slept more than 8 hours last night.

Question 7

What used to be called "the gentle tyrant"?

A)drugs
B)dreams
C)sleep
D)meditation

Question 8

According to famed linguist Noam Chomsky,humans have an innate ability to understand and produce language through a device he called

A)Syntax Synthesizer (SS)
B)Grammar Grabber (GG)
C)Language Acquisition Device (LAD)
D)Language Learning System (LLS)

Question 9

Daydreaming,meditation,intoxication,sleep,and hypnosis are all types of __________.

A)self-awareness
B)self-absorption
C)waking consciousness
D)altered states of consciousness

Question 10

The hypothalamus controls the __________.

A)hypnotic suggestibility ratio
B)sleep-wake cycle
C)frequency of nightmares
D)growth hormones that occur during sleep

Question 11

What do we call a state of consciousness that can result from the use of alcohol,drugs,or hypnosis?

A)daydreaming
B)meditative absorption
C)stream of consciousness
D)altered state of consciousness

Question 12

Talia is looking for her cat by methodically searching each room and then closing the door.She is using what type of problem solving strategy?

A)an algorithm
B)a heuristic
C)a means-end strategy
D)a hunch

Question 13

Our sleep-wake cycle follows a(n)________ rhythm.

A)infradian
B)diurnal
C)circadian
D)ultradian

Question 14

The concept of the confirmation bias specifically assumes that we are most likely to believe___________.

A)the scientific method as true
B)information that agrees with our thinking
C)information that refutes our thinking
D)logical thinking

Question 15

The state we are in when we are awake and reasonably alert is called _________.

A)altered state of consciousness
B)waking consciousness
C)self-awareness
D)intelligence

Question 16

A biological cycle,or rhythm,that is approximately 24 hours long is called a(n)________ cycle.

A)infradian
B)circadian
C)diurnal
D)ultradian

Question 17

Which statement is correct concerning how much sleep people need?

A)Most people need at least 10 hours.
B)Men need more sleep than women.
C)The amount of sleep people need varies from person to person depending on age and possibly inherited sleep needs.
D)Women need more sleep than men.

Question 18

Consistent with the linguistic relativity hypothesis,which of the following would most likely be true?

A)People from New England and England think very differently.
B)People from New Mexico and New England think very differently.
C)People from China and New England think very differently.
D)People from China and New England think very similarly.

Question 19

Sleep research supports three helpful hints to avoid insomnia.Which of the following statements is one of them?

A)Stay in bed if you cannot fall asleep so that you do not "wake up" your brain.
B)Avoid meditation or relaxation techniques,as they interfere with your circadian rhythm
C)Try to nap as much as possible.
D)It is better to go to bed at about the same time every night.

Question 20

Consciousness is the __________.

A)state of arousal involving facial and bodily changes
B)awareness of ourselves and the environment
C)memory of personally experienced events
D)intentional recollection of an item of information

Question 21

Sleep spindles appear during ________ slee

A)stage 1
B)REM
C)stage 2
D)stage 4

Question 22

Circadian rhythms are controlled by the ___________.

A)pineal gland
B)suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)
C)thalamus
D)hippocampus

Question 23

The sleep-wake cycle is ultimately controlled by the part of the brain called the __________.

A)optical nerve
B)frontal lobe
C)hypothalamus
D)median forebrain bundle

Question 24

Short,rhythmic bursts of brainwave activity that appear during stage 2 sleep are called __________.

A)delta waves
B)sleep spindles
C)paradoxical sleep waves
D)beta waves

Question 25

Which device would a sleep researcher use to monitor a sleeping person's brain waves?

A)electromyograph (EMG)
B)electrocardiograph (EKG)
C)electro-oculograph (EOG)
D)electroencephalograph (EEG)

Question 26

__________,a hormone involved in the regulation of circadian rhythms,is secreted by the pineal gland.

A)Serotonin
B)Testosterone
C)Estrogen
D)Melatonin

Question 27

Which of the following statements accurately reflects the relationship of the total amount of sleep that an individual needs as a function of age?

A)We require more sleep as we age.
B)As we age,we tend to need less sleep.
C)We require much sleep during infancy and early childhood,less sleep in adolescence and early adulthood,and then more sleep in middle and older age.
D)The amount of sleep we require solely depends on individual difference variables.

Question 28

What aspect of circadian rhythms might explain why we tend to feel so tired at night?

A)Body temperature bottoms out on Monday mornings.
B)The three biorhythm patterns converge at low points on Mondays.
C)Heart rates typically increase at night.
D)There is an organ in the brain sensitive to light changes,which then affects our sleepiness.

Question 29

If the EEG record reveals evidence of sleep spindles,you are likely to conclude that the sleeping person is in which stage of sleep?

A)REM
B)stage 1
C)stage 2
D)stage 4

Question 30

You see an advertisement for a method of learning a foreign language that seems simple-just put on a tape and fall aslee

A)Did the individuals actually dream about the foreign language?
B)What did the EEG indicate about the participants' level of sleep?
C)Did the researchers use only long sleepers who would spend more time with the tapes?
D)Were study breaks included in the tape to provide greater comprehension of the material?

Question 31

If you are awakened from sleep and you feel as though you had not even been asleep,then you were most likely in which stage of sleep?

A)Stage 1
B)Stage 2
C)Stage 3
D)Slow wave sleep

Question 32

Melatonin is to __________ as an aspirin is to ___________.

A)nausea; nightmare
B)nightmare; blood clots
C)insomnia; headache
D)sleep apnea; blood thinner

Question 33

The hormone melatonin reaches peak levels in the body during the ___________.

A)morning
B)early evening
C)afternoon
D)night

Question 34

REM sleep refers to _____________.

A)dreamless sleep
B)sleep induced by sleeping pills
C)sleep periods in which sleepwalking is likely
D)sleep periods in which a person's eyes move rapidly

Question 35

Which statement is correct concerning how much sleep people need?

A)Most people need at least 10 hours.
B)Men need more sleep than women.
C)The amount of sleep people need varies from person to person depending on age and possibly inherited sleep needs.
D)Women need more sleep than men.

Question 36

You are watching sleep researchers monitor the sleep of a normal adult.The participant is hooked up to an EEG.What brain waves would you observe as the person becomes drowsy and then
Enters the first stage of sleep?

A)alpha waves eventually replaced by delta waves
B)delta waves eventually replaced by theta waves
C)alpha waves eventually replaced by theta waves
D)delta waves eventually replaced by beta waves

Question 37

What term do sleep researchers use to designate stages 1-4 of sleep?

A)REM sleep
B)Non-REM sleep
C)REMN sleep
D)paradoxical sleep

Question 38

If the EEG record reveals evidence of very small and very fast waves,you are likely to conclude that the sleeping person is ______________.

A)really not sleeping and is actually awake
B)in stage 2
C)in stage 3
D)in stage 4

Question 39

Upon just waking up,you report a vivid visual event.What term do psychologists use for such phenomena?

A)hypnic jerk
B)positive hallucination
C)hypnogogic image
D)hypnopompic image

Question 40

Where is the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)located?

A)The thalamus
B)The cerebellum
C)The basal ganglia
D)The hypothalamus

Question 41

REM behavior disorder most commonly occurs ____________.

A)in men over 60
B)in women under 60
C)in children
D)among the poor

Question 42

REM behavior disorder results from ____________.

A)too much sleep
B)not enough sleep
C)failure of the brain mechanisms to block brain signals to the muscles
D)deterioration of the medial hypothalamus

Question 43

John will likely experience REM rebound tonight if he:

A)takes a sleeping pill before bed tonight.
B)drinks too much caffeine prior to sleeping.
C)did not sleep much last night.
D)slept more than 8 hours last night.

Question 44

Sleep research supports three helpful hints to avoid insomnia.Which of the following statements is one of them?

A)Stay in bed if you cannot fall asleep so that you do not "wake up" your brain.
B)Avoid meditation or relaxation techniques,as they interfere with your circadian rhythm
C)Try to nap as much as possible.
D)It is better to go to bed at about the same time every night.

Question 45

Judith is startled when her 6-year-old daughter,Laura,sleepwalks into the family room.It is most likely that Laura is experiencing the ___________ stage of the sleep cycle.

A)REM
B)first
C)third
D)fourth

Question 46

The stage of sleep in which delta waves begin to appear is ________ slee

A)stage 1
B)stage 2
C)stage 3
D)stage 4

Question 47

A sleep disorder characterized by difficulty in falling asleep or remaining asleep throughout the night is _________.

A)zombulism
B)cataplexy
C)narcolepsy
D)insomnia

Question 48

Approximately _________ percent of the population experiences at least some incidents of sleepwalking.

A)20
B)40
C)60
D)80

Question 49

Which of the following individuals is most likely to sleepwalk?

A)a 10-year-old child
B)a 24-year-old adult
C)a 44-year-old adult
D)a 74-year-old adult

Question 50

If you have been waking up too early for several weeks,you are probably suffering from ____________.

A)insomnia
B)parasomnia
C)hypersomnia
D)reverse insomnia

Question 51

Stage 4 sleep is marked by _________ waves.

A)alpha
B)beta
C)theta
D)delta

Question 52

Which of the following is CORRECT concerning REM deprivation?

A)REM deprivation results in long-term mental illness.
B)REM deprivation only occurs among the elderly.
C)REM deprivation leads to increased amounts of REM sleep on subsequent nights of sleep.
D)REM deprivation can lead to visual impairments.

Question 53

The deepest stage of sleep is ________ slee

A)stage 1
B)stage 2
C)stage 3
D)stage 4

Question 54

Sleepwalking occurs _________.

A)primarily during REM sleep
B)primarily during NREM stage 4 sleep
C)equally as often in REM and NREM sleep
D)only in REM sleep

Question 55

One of the main semantic problems with using sleepwalking as a defense for murder is that _____________.

A)sleepwalkers really do not walk
B)the correct term for this type of behavior is REM behavior disorder
C)true sleepwalking does not really exist
D)most murderers do not sleep well

Question 56

To treat your sleep problem,you are told that you should avoid sleeping pills,alcohol,and caffeine,that you should set your alarm clock to wake up at the same time each day,and that you should get out of bed if you cannot slee

A)enuresis
B)narcolepsy
C)insomnia
D)REM sleep behavior disorder

Question 57

Mary is having insomnia.Which piece of advice would you give to help her deal with it?

A)Take sleeping pills.
B)Go to bed at different times every night.
C)Study in bed and then go immediately to sleep.
D)Do not do anything but sleep in your bed.

Question 58

Which of the following statements is TRUE?

A)Night terrors are a rare disorder.
B)Nightmares,but not night terrors,suggest some psychological problems.
C)Night terrors,but not nightmares,suggest some psychological problems.
D)Both nightmares and night terrors suggest psychological problems.

Question 59

Your brain waves are being monitored in a sleep laboratory.If you are in deep sleep less than an hour after falling asleep,what brain waves will be detected?

A)beta
B)alpha
C)theta
D)delta

Question 60

Children,in stage 4,sleep ___________.

A)dream all the time
B)are harder to wake up during this stage than adults
C)are easier to wake up during this stage than adults
D)hallucinate

Question 61

Sleep apnea is a disorder characterized by ___________.

A)difficulty falling or remaining asleep
B)nodding off without warning in the middle of the day
C)difficulty breathing while asleep
D)experiencing temporary paralysis immediately after waking up from sleep

Question 62

_____________ is a disorder in which breathing briefly stops during sleep,causing the person to choke, gasp,and momentarily awaken.

A)Sleep apnea
B)Insomnia
C)Narcolepsy
D)Non-REM sleep

Question 63

Your friend has experienced excessive daytime sleepiness.He is laughing with you and suddenly falls to the ground.Your friend is probably suffering from __________.

A)narcolepsy
B)parasomnia
C)REM rebound
D)sleep apnea

Question 64

PET scans have demonstrated that when you are creating a visual image ___________.

A)the image is generated by the retinal ganglion cells and sent to the cortex
B)the image is generated by the thalamus and sent to the brain
C)the areas associated with stored knowledge send information to the visual cortex
D)there is no locus in the brain that can be determined for the generation of visual images

Question 65

Which of these individuals has the highest risk for having sleep apnea?

A)John,62 years old,who is overweight
B)Angela,21 years old,who is depressed
C)Alicia,42 years old,who is suffering from anorexia
D)Juan,8 years old,who is experiencing episodes of enuresis

Question 66

Which of the following statements might help you determine if an individual has narcolepsy?

A)"I have difficulty getting to sleep."
B)"I do not have an adverse reaction to sleeping pills."
C)"I sometimes fall into a deep sleep in the middle of a conversation."
D)"When I get up in the morning,I have the feeling that I had really bad nightmares."

Question 67

Jim is 56 years old and slightly overweight.His wife reports that he snores loudly.What sleep disorder seems to fit Jim's symptoms?

A)narcolepsy
B)sleep apnea
C)sleep terror
D)REM sleep behavior

Question 68

Kosslyn asked subjects if frogs have lips and a stubby tail.What did the subjects report?

A)They visualized a frog,starting with the face ("no lips")and mentally rotated the image to look for the stubby tail.
B)They visualized a frog,starting with the face ("no lips"),had it disappear,and then visualized a completely new frog for a second time with its backside to them.
C)They knew the answer but did not have to generate an image.
D)They felt that that task was impossible to accomplish.

Question 69

CPAP stands for ___________.

A)continuous positive airway pressure
B)cancer prevention application procedure
C)controlled pulmonary air pump
D)correctable pointed airflow problem

Question 70

A sleep disorder that may require the use of a machine to force air gently into the nasal passages is called ___________.

A)sleep apnea
B)insomnia
C)narcolepsy
D)cataplexy

Question 71

You are telling a joke to your friend who is laughing uproariously and then suddenly collapses to the floor.You are not surprised to later learn that he has a sleep disorder known as ___________.

A)enuresis
B)narcolepsy
C)sleep terror
D)daytime insomnia

Question 72

You ask a student to describe the path to his dorm room.The most likely way in which he will do this is to __________.

A)recite a rote list of directions he memorized
B)give you the GPS location of his dorm room
C)walk through a mental image of the path and describe it to you as he does it
D)tell you that he has to draw a map of the path before he can describe it

Question 73

Surgery to which organ in the body may relieve symptoms of apnea?

A)septum
B)uvula
C)olfactory membrane
D)auditory canal

Question 74

When people are asked to say how many windows they have in their dwelling,the amount of time people take to come up with the answer ____________.

A)does not depend on the number of windows
B)depends on the number of windows
C)depends on the size of the windows
D)depends on whether the house had one or two stories,not the number of windows

Question 75

Which of the following conditions would you least like the pilot flying your airplane to have?

A)enuresis
B)narcolepsy
C)sleep terror
D)daytime insomnia

Question 76

In Kosslyn's "imaginary island" study,researchers found that it does take longer to view a mental image that ___________.

A)is larger or covers more distance than one that is smaller and more compact
B)has more items in it
C)has more colors in it
D)contains living things as compared to nonliving items

Question 77

Narcolepsy occurs when ___________.

A)REM sleep intrudes into wakefulness
B)NREM sleep intrudes into wakefulness
C)inadequate sleep occurs over a period of weeks
D)inadequate levels of stage 4 sleep cause neurological damage

Question 78

You find it hard to sleep due to your roommate's sleeping behavior.She snores quite a bit,and at times it sounds as though she has great difficulty breathing.Your roommate may have __________.

A)sleep apnea
B)night terrors
C)nightmares
D)narcolepsy

Question 79

A student nurse looks at a patient's chart and does not understand the meaning of serious sleep apnea,so she asks the head nurse for assistance.How might the head nurse describe this condition?

A)The patient is mentally ill and tends to try to suffocate himself at times.
B)The patient cannot sleep unless he has several pillows he uses to deaden sounds that might awaken him.
C)The patient appears to awaken throughout the night and start walking,but he will not respond to commands.
D)The patient has a potentially life-threatening condition in which air does not flow into or out of his nose or mouth for periods of time while he is asleep.

Question 80

The difference between insomnia and sleep apnea is that _________.

A)sleep apnea affects primarily the elderly,whereas insomnia is characteristic of children
B)insomnia is treatable but sleep apnea is not
C)insomnia is characterized by sleeplessness,whereas sleep apnea is characterized by breathing difficulties
D)sleep apnea is a precursor to narcolepsy,whereas insomnia is not