Deck 7: Development Across the Life Span

Question 1

Which of the following is a main disadvantage of the cross-sectional design?

A)Individuals of different ages are being compared to one another.
B)It is relatively expensive.
C)It takes a longer amount of time than a longitudinal study.
D)Participants may drop out due to moving,loss of interest,or death.

Answer 1

Individuals of different ages are being compared to one another.

Question 2

Which of the following is a disadvantage of the longitudinal design?

A)Individuals of different ages are being compared to one another.
B)It is relatively inexpensive.
C)It takes a shorter amount of time than a cross-sectional design.
D)Participants may drop out due to moving,loss of interest,or death.

Answer 2

Participants may drop out due to moving,loss of interest,or death.

Question 3

Professor Grant is interested in studying the development of a sense of humor.She collects data from groups of 6-year-olds,16-year-olds,26-year-olds,and 46-year-olds.What type of research design is Professor Grant using?

A)cohort design
B)longitudinal design
C)behavior genetics design
D)cross-sectional design

Answer 3

cross-sectional design

Question 4

Unlike other types of research,a cross-sequential design allows researchers to___________.

A)combine longitudinal and cross-sectional research strategies
B)look for gender differences
C)reduce experimenter bias
D)only includes cross-sectional strategies within the design

Question 5

The local health department of a small town has hired a research firm to study the development of cancer in residents in the town,due to a suspected cancer-causing agent and environmental pollution.The researcher will compare data on the same participants at age 10,20,30,40,50,60,and 70 years in order to see if there are increasing rates of cancer in the town.This type of research study is called a ____________.

A)cross-sequential design
B)longitudinal design
C)behavior genetics design
D)cross-sectional design

Question 6

Each of the 10 children born to Ernest and Elvira Orangeburg were born with red hair.Each child is also very intelligent and athletic.The Orangeburgs are expecting an 11^th child who is also likely to be born with the same traits according to ______________,as evidenced in the _____________.

A)nurture; nature versus nurture controversy
B)nature; nature versus nurture controversy
C)environmental factors; conception theory
D)teratogens; conception theory

Question 7

Professor Sanchez is interested in studying development of motor skills.She collects data from 200 one-year-olds and follows and assesses them for a period of five years.What type of research design is Professor Sanchez using?

A)cohort design
B)longitudinal design
C)behavior genetics design
D)cross-sectional design

Question 8

If a child successfully navigates this stage of psychosocial development,they will make decisions and act independently.

A)integrity vs.despair
B)autonomy vs.shame and doubt
C)initiative vs.guilt
D)basic trust vs.mistrust

Question 9

Countries like the Netherlands,Germany,Italy,and England are more likely to have ____________.

A)nontraditional views of gender
B)a collectivist society
C)very constrained roles for women in society
D)a strong tradition of women staying home

Question 10

Which of the following describes the fetal period?

A)the period during which the zygote moves down to the uterus and begins to implant in the lining
B)the period during which the major organs and structures of the organism first develop
C)the period during which the umbilical cord develops
D)the period during which tremendous growth occurs and the organs continue to develop and become functional

Question 11

Rod-shaped structures in the cell nucleus that contain genes are referred to as____________.

A)DNA
B)sex-linked traits
C)chromosomes
D)amines

Question 12

At what stage of moral development is moral thought guided by principles that have been decided upon by the individual and may be in disagreement with accepted social norms?

A)preoperational
B)preconventional
C)postconventional
D)conventional role conformity

Question 13

In a __________design,one group of participants is followed and assessed as the group ages.

A)cohort
B)longitudinal
C)behavior genetics
D)cross-sectional

Question 14

A psychologist spends her entire career studying how and why changes occur in people throughout their lives.This psychologist is most likely working in the field of___________.

A)abnormal psychology
B)gerontology
C)human development
D)maturational studies

Question 15

Christa and Sal are anticipating the birth of their first baby.Before the baby arrives,they want to fix up the nursery with new wallpaper.They seek the advice of a developmental psychologist.What is she likely to tell them?

A)Newborns prefer to look at complex three-dimensional patterns rather than simple one-dimensional ones.
B)Newborns prefer to look at animals rather than people.
C)Newborns do not see well enough to make any difference.
D)Newborns prefer to look at simple one-dimensional patterns rather than complex ones.

Question 16

The correct sequence of the five stages of death and dying postulated by Kübler-Ross is __________.

A)denial,anger,bargaining,depression,and acceptance
B)denial,anger,bargaining,acceptance,and depression
C)anger,denial,bargaining,acceptance,and depression
D)anger,denial,bargaining,depression,and acceptance

Question 17

The type of research design that compares various participants at several points in time (no longer than 6 years apart)to examine age-related differences and changes is called a ______________.

A)cross-sequential design
B)longitudinal design
C)behavior genetics design
D)cross-sectional design

Question 18

The scientific study of the changes that occur in people as they age from conception to death is called_________.

A)abnormal psychology
B)gerontology
C)human development
D)maturational studies

Question 19

A researcher who selects a sample of people of varying ages and studies them at one point in time is,by definition,using the _________ method.

A)cohort design
B)longitudinal design
C)behavior genetics design
D)cross-sectional design

Question 20

Ron,a toddler,takes a picture and puts it to the receiver of a phone in order to "show" it to his grandmother.This example illustrates ________.

A)disoriented attachment
B)conservation
C)object permanence
D)egocentrism

Question 21

A trait controlled by a dominant gene ________.

A)will be expressed even when the corresponding gene in the other half of the pair is different
B)will be expressed only if it is paired with two recessive genes
C)will not be expressed if it is paired with another dominant gene
D)will not be expressed when the corresponding gene in the other half of the pair is different

Question 22

Which of the following is defined as a gene that controls the appearance of a certain trait?

A)recessive
B)mutated
C)recombinant
D)dominant

Question 23

What is the cause of Down syndrome?

A)an extra chromosome on the 21^st pair
B)an extra X chromosome on the 23^rd pair
C)neurotransmitter excesses
D)neurotransmitter deficiencies

Question 24

Rod-shaped structures in the cell nucleus that contain genes are referred to as____________.

A)DNA
B)sex-linked traits
C)chromosomes
D)amines

Question 25

What relatively new field investigates the influence of genes and heredity on a person's actions?

A)psychobiology
B)neuropsychology
C)behavioral genetics
D)psychoanalysis

Question 26

Ryan has cystic fibrosis.This means that his mother is a carrier for the cystic fibrosis gene,while his father ___________.

A)is also a carrier
B)is not a carrier
C)does not have a cystic fibrosis gene
D)has two cystic fibrosis genes

Question 27

In ________ syndrome,the 21^st pair of chromosomes contains an extra chromosome resulting in symptoms such as wide-set almond-shaped eyes and mental retardation.

A)PKU
B)Down
C)Klinefelter's
D)Turner's

Question 28

A gene that only influences the expression of a trait when paired with an identical gene is called___________.

A)recessive
B)mutated
C)recombinant
D)dominant

Question 29

Which of the following is a special molecule that contains the genetic material of the organism?

A)DNA
B)gene
C)chromosome
D)amine

Question 30

The science of heredity is called___________.

A)human development
B)genetics
C)physiology
D)gerontology

Question 31

Each of the 10 children born to Ernest and Elvira Orangeburg were born with red hair.Each child is also very intelligent and athletic.The Orangeburgs are expecting an 11^th child who is also likely to be born with the same traits according to ______________,as evidenced in the _____________.

A)nurture; nature versus nurture controversy
B)nature; nature versus nurture controversy
C)environmental factors; conception theory
D)teratogens; conception theory

Question 32

________refers to heredity and __________ refers to environmental influences.

A)Nature; nurture
B)Cognition; emotion
C)Nurture; behavioral genetics
D)Cross-sectional; longitudinal

Question 33

A(n)__________ is a section of DNA containing a sequence of amines.

A)compound
B)gene
C)chromosome
D)protein

Question 34

Diseases carried by recessive genes are inherited when ___________.

A)a child inherits two recessive genes,one from each parent
B)a child inherits two dominant genes,one from each parent
C)a child inherits a dominant gene from one parent and a recessive gene from the other parent
D)the child does not inherit any genes from one parent

Question 35

A special molecule,__________,contains the genetic material of the organism.

A)DNA
B)a gene
C)a chromosome
D)an amine

Question 36

Dr.Smith believes that people who are very aggressive have become so because of their life experiences.Dr.Goldberg believes that people are more or less aggressive from birth because of genetic factors.Which of the following terms best describes an issue in human development that is highlighted by their disagreement?

A)nature versus nurture
B)cognition versus emotion
C)classical versus operant conditioning
D)cross-sectional studies versus longitudinal studies

Question 37

Genetics is defined as ___________.

A)the branch of biology that deals with functions such as metabolism,respiration,and reproduction,rather than with structures
B)the science of heredity
C)the study of behavior and mental processes
D)the study of the changes that occur in people as they age,from conception until death

Question 38

Silvia has blond hair,even though her mother and father each have brown hair.What do we know about Silvia's parents?

A)At least one of her parents has a recessive gene for blond hair.
B)Each of her parents must have one recessive gene for blond hair color.
C)Each of her parents must have one dominant gene for blond hair.
D)Neither of her parents has a gene for blond hair.

Question 39

According to research conducted by Ridley (1999),how could individuals like Adolph Hitler,serial killer Ted Bundy,and unibomber Timothy McVeigh commit such acts according to the "nature versus nurture" debate?

A)These individuals were born (nature)to commit such horrendous acts.It was in their genetic make up.
B)Their behaviors are the result of the interaction of nature and nurture.
C)These individual's behaviors were attributed to nurture and their parental influences.
D)These individuals learned to commit these behaviors after staying in long periods of isolation according to Ridley.

Question 40

A gene that actively controls the expression of a trait is called a _________ gene.

A)recessive
B)mutated
C)recombinant
D)dominant

Question 41

In the process of fertilization the __________ and _________ unite,resulting in a single cell.

A)sperm; ovum
B)zygote; sperm
C)embryo; zygote
D)ovum; fetus

Question 42

__________develop when two eggs each get fertilized by two different sperm,resulting in two zygotes in the uterus at the same time.

A)Monozygotic twins
B)Fraternal twins
C)Dizygotic twins
D)Wombmates

Question 43

At fertilization,the chromosomes from the father's sperm unite with the chromosomes from the mother's egg,creating a new cell called a(n)____________.

A)embryo
B)zygote
C)genome
D)blastocyst

Question 44

The union of the ovum and sperm is called__________

A)fertilization
B)the fetal period
C)a zygote
D)an embryo

Question 45

Sheila was born a female with only one X chromosome on the 23^rd pair.As a result she is infertile,has difficulty learning,and did not develop breast tissue and rounded hips as her female peers did.Which disorder is likely to be diagnosed?

A)PKU
B)Down
C)Klinefelter's
D)Turner's

Question 46

In _________ syndrome the 23^rd pair of chromosomes is missing an X,resulting in short,infertile females.

A)PKU
B)Down
C)Klinefelter's
D)Turner's

Question 47

The specialized organ that provides nourishment and filters away waste products from the developing baby is called the _________.

A)placenta
B)uterus
C)umbilical cord
D)embryo

Question 48

The germinal period ___________.

A)occurs during the first two weeks after fertilization
B)occurs from 2 to 8 weeks after fertilization
C)occurs from approximately 8 weeks after fertilization to birth
D)occurs from 7 to 10 weeks after fertilization

Question 49

Monozygotic twins ___________.

A)are genetically identical
B)are genetically different
C)will be of different sexes
D)are more likely to occur when a woman is taking fertility drugs

Question 50

The placenta is ___________.

A)the tube through which a developing baby receives nourishment
B)the technical name for the "belly button"
C)a specialized organ that provides nourishment and filters away waste products from the developing baby
D)the name for the developing organism until it is 8 weeks old

Question 51

Marisa is at a point in her pregnancy when the zygote is moving down her uterus,and the placenta and umbilical cord are beginning to form.Which period of prenatal development is Marisa currently experiencing?

A)fetal
B)embryonic
C)placental
D)germinal

Question 52

Abby and Brittany Hensel __________.

A)share one body from the waist down
B)share one upper body
C)share a heart
D)share a stomach

Question 53

Steve was born a male with an extra X chromosome on the 23^rd pair.As a result,he has reduced masculine characteristics,enlarged breasts,obesity,and excessive height.Which disorder is likely to be diagnosed?

A)PKU
B)Down
C)Klinefelter's
D)Turner's

Question 54

Fraternal twins are __________ similar genetically than are other brothers and sisters.

A)much more
B)no more
C)slightly more
D)much less

Question 55

Ashley and Elizabeth are twins who are genetically identical.What type of twins are they?

A)monozygotic twins
B)fraternal twins
C)dizygotic twins
D)wombmates

Question 56

Which of the following describes the way in which monozygotic twins occur?

A)The mother's body releases multiple eggs,two or more of which are fertilized.
B)The mother's body releases one egg,conceives,and then releases another egg in a later ovulation cycle.
C)The egg is fertilized by a single sperm and then splits completely into two separate zygotes.
D)The mother uses fertility drugs.

Question 57

Ovum is a term used to describe___________.

A)the female sex cell or egg
B)male sex cell
C)the developing organism from conception to the end of the second week after fertilization
D)the developing organism from 2 to 8 weeks after fertilization

Question 58

Humans have a total of _______chromosomes in normal developmental cases.

A)46
B)23
C)21
D)22

Question 59

Brittany and Abby Hensel are ___________.

A)nonidentical twins
B)dizygotic twins
C)fraternal twins
D)conjoined twins

Question 60

Mary and Juan are twins who developed from two separate fertilized ova that were fertilized by two different sperm.What type of twins are they?

A)monozygotic twins
B)maternal twins
C)dizygotic twins
D)wombmates

Question 61

The most likely cause for miscarriage during the first three months of pregnancy is__________.

A)a genetic defect
B)alcohol use
C)not taking prenatal vitamins
D)lack of exercise

Question 62

Emily and her husband are thrilled as they peer into Emily's uterus by means of an ultrasound.The physician reports that the pregnancy appears normal,and that their baby's fingers,toes,heart,and circulatory system are developing as expected.The couple learns that the baby is one inch long.Given this information,the current stage of prenatal development is the_________.

A)embryonic period
B)germinal period
C)zygotic period
D)fetal stage

Question 63

Times when certain internal and external influences have a major impact on development are called __________.

A)fetal periods
B)critical periods
C)germinal periods
D)latency periods

Question 64

Which sense is the most functional at birth?

A)touch
B)taste
C)smell
D)vision

Question 65

Which of the following describes the embryonic period?

A)the period during which the zygote moves down to the uterus and begins to implant in the lining
B)the period during which the major organs and structures of the organism first develop
C)the period during which the umbilical cord develops
D)the period during which tremendous growth occurs and the organs continue to develop and become functional

Question 66

Which of the following terms is used to describe any substance,such as a drug,chemical,or virus that can bring about a birth defect?

A)teratogen
B)critical period
C)carcinogen
D)biohazard

Question 67

Tameka is at a point in her pregnancy during which the major organs and structures of her baby are first developing.Which period of prenatal development is Tameka currently experiencing?

A)fetal
B)embryonic
C)placental
D)germinal

Question 68

By what age do infants develop a preference for salty tastes?

A)within a few days after birth
B)by four months
C)at birth
D)within a year after birth

Question 69

Which of the following describes the fetal period?

A)the period during which the zygote moves down to the uterus and begins to implant in the lining
B)the period during which the major organs and structures of the organism first develop
C)the period during which the umbilical cord develops
D)the period during which tremendous growth occurs and the organs continue to develop and become functional

Question 70

The most likely time for a miscarriage is during the _________months.

A)first three
B)last three
C)middle three
D)last six

Question 71

At what point during infancy can babies tell the difference between their own mother's milk scent and another woman's milk scent?

A)within a few days after birth
B)within a few weeks after birth
C)within a few months after birth
D)within a year after birth

Question 72

Which sense is the LEAST functional at birth?

A)touch
B)taste
C)smell
D)vision

Question 73

Isabelle's baby was born blind,deaf,and with heart defects.Most likely Isabelle was exposed to _________ during her pregnancy.

A)rubella
B)mercury
C)syphilis
D)radiation

Question 74

Javier was born 3 days ago.His parents have noticed that he has several reflexes that the doctors have been testing.Which of the following is not a reflex exhibited by healthy newborns?

A)Moro reflex
B)rooting reflex
C)walking reflex
D)stepping reflex

Question 75

What are some of the common developmental effects on a child whose mother smoked while pregnant?

A)increased birth weight and lethargy
B)lower birth weight and short stature
C)severe hearing loss and heart defects
D)severely deformed limbs and muscle spasms

Question 76

Greta's child has facial deformities,a smaller than normal head,heart defects,mental retardation,learning difficulties,and delayed growth.If these defects can be traced to a teratogen used by Greta when she was pregnant,which was she most likely abusing?

A)nicotine
B)cocaine
C)marijuana
D)alcohol

Question 77

At birth,newborns seem most responsive to__________.

A)high pitches and low pitches
B)hip hop music
C)moderate voice pitches
D)rock and roll music

Question 78

The prenatal period during which tremendous growth occurs and the organs continue to develop and become functional is called the ___________ period.

A)germinal
B)embryonic
C)fetal
D)gestational

Question 79

Tameeka is at a point in her pregnancy during which she is experiencing muscle contractions,movement,and kicks.Which period of prenatal development is Tameeka currently experiencing?

A)fetal
B)embryonic
C)placental
D)germinal

Question 80

Vision is not very well developed at birth.As a result,which of the following statements is true?

A)Color and visual acuity takes approximately 12 months to develop more clearly from birth.
B)Newborns have a clear vision field of 12-14 inches at birth. Inorrect.Newborns have a clear field from 7-10 inches.
C)Newborns prefer to look at 2 dimensional objects versus 3 dimensional objects.
D)Newborns prefer to look at complex patterns and the human face rather than other stimuli.