Deck 5: Memory

Question 1

Janie is taking an exam in her history class.On the exam there is a question that asks her to state and discuss the five major causes of the Trans-Caspian War (whatever that was!).Janie remembers four of them.She knows there is a fifth,but time is u

A)encoding
B)storage
C)retrieval
D)evaluation

Answer 1

retrieval

Question 2

Shaquin finished his term paper and handed it in.As he walked out of the classroom,he realized that there were a few more things he should have included in the paper.Shaquin's problem is the __________ component of memory.

A)encoding
B)storage
C)retrieval
D)retention

Answer 2

retrieval

Question 3

A patient's chart indicates he just had surgery to remove his hippocampus as a result of a tumor.What change do you anticipate in the patient after the operation?

A)The patient will not be able to process colors.
B)The patient will have problems experiencing hunger.
C)The patient will not be able to remember new information.
D)The patient will not be able to perform tasks such as block designs.

Answer 3

The patient will not be able to remember new information.

Question 4

The best place to take your biology exam to ensure good retrieval of biology concepts is in _____________.

A)the biology classroom
B)an auditorium to prevent cheating
C)the English classroom
D)the special testing room used for all exams

Question 5

Using the partial report method,Sperling found the capacity of iconic memory to be around _____________.

A)four or five items
B)nine or ten items
C)all the letters present
D)one to two items

Question 6

What type of stimuli did Hermann Ebbinghaus use in his memory experiments?

A)words
B)numbers
C)pictures
D)nonsense syllables

Question 7

Loni is asked to memorize the letters I K T E A L N in no particular order.She memorizes them by reorganizing them into the words INK and LATE.This tactic is called _________.

A)cueing
B)shadowing
C)rote rehearsal
D)chunking

Question 8

Trying to remember someone's name that you met long ago is an example of what type of process?

A)Storage
B)Retrieval
C)Encoding
D)Decoding

Question 9

___________ is defined as an active system that receives information from the senses,organizes information as it stores it away,and then retrieves the information from storage.

A)Classical conditioning
B)Operant conditioning
C)Learning
D)Memory

Question 10

When someone looks at an image,the retina turns the light rays from it into neural messages that go up to the optic nerve so the brain can interpret them.This process is called _______________.

A)encoding
B)storage
C)retrieval
D)evaluation

Question 11

In this view,memories are literally "built" from the pieces stored away at encoding.This view is called ______________.

A)constructive processing
B)hindsight bias
C)adaptation of memory traces
D)flashbulb integration

Question 12

Janie is taking an exam in her history class.On the exam there is a question that asks her to state and discuss the five major causes of the Trans-Caspian War (whatever that was!).Janie remembers four of them.She knows there is a fifth,but time is u

A)encoding
B)storage
C)retrieval
D)evaluation

Question 13

____________ is retention of memory for some period of time.

A)Encoding
B)Storage
C)Retrieval Incorrect: Retrieval is getting the information out of storage.
D)Evaluation

Question 14

When people hear a sound,their ears turn the vibrations in the air into neural messages from the auditory nerve,which makes it possible for the brain to interpret the sound.This process is called ______________.

A)encoding
B)storage
C)retrieval
D)evaluation

Question 15

Which of the following statements is true about retrieval?

A)It is a process that allows an extinguished CR to recover.
B)It is a process of getting stored memories back out of storage.
C)It is a process of getting information from the sensory receptors to the brain.
D)It is the reason that conditioned taste aversions last so long.

Question 16

The processes of encoding,storage,and retrieval are seen as part of the ____________ model of memory.

A)information processing
B)top-down storage
C)classical conditioning
D)Tolman's cognitive

Question 17

When the sound of the word is the aspect that cannot be retrieved,leaving only the feeling of knowing the word without the ability to pronounce it,this is known as __________.

A)encoding failure
B)extinction of acoustic storage
C)auditory decay
D)the tip-of-the-tongue effect

Question 18

The first step in the memory process is _____________ information in a form that the memory system can use.

A)encoding
B)storing
C)retrieving
D)evaluating

Question 19

When newer information interferes with the retrieval of older information,this is called _____________.

A)cue-dependent forgetting
B)proactive interference
C)decay
D)retroactive interference

Question 20

Memory is defined as an active system that consists of three processes.They are ____________.

A)receiving information from the senses,organizing and storing the information,and retrieving the information from storage
B)the unconditioned stimulus,the conditioned stimulus,and the conditioned response
C)bottom-up processing,selective attention,and top-down processing
D)acquisition,extinction,and spontaneous recovery

Question 21

You are out for a drive with the family and are lucky enough to get a window seat.The rapidly passing scenery you see out the window is first stored in ____________.

A)echoic memory
B)iconic memory
C)long-term memory
D)short-term memory

Question 22

The levels-of-processing model of memory would suggest that which of the following questions would lead to better memory of the word frog?

A)"Does it rhyme with blog?"
B)"Is it in capital letters?"
C)"Is it written in cursive?"
D)"Would it be found in a pond?"

Question 23

The three parts of the information-processing model of memory are ____________.

A)sensory memory,short-term memory,and long-term memory
B)CS,UCS,UR,and CR
C)encoding,storage,and retrieval
D)shallow,medium,and deep processing

Question 24

Which model of memory is most similar in conceptualization to the way computers function?

A)Craik and Lockhart's model
B)extinction
C)information-processing model
D)parallel distributed processing model

Question 25

In the partial report method of Sperling's study of sensory memory,the participants were to report _____________.

A)one of three lines of letters as indicated by the sound of a tone presented immediately after the letters had disappeared
B)only one or two of the letters in the cued line
C)the first letter of each line only
D)the middle letter of each line

Question 26

Using the partial report method,Sperling found the capacity of iconic memory to be around _____________.

A)four or five items
B)nine or ten items
C)all the letters present
D)one to two items

Question 27

Why did research participants in Sperling's experiment recall so few letters stored in sensory memory?

A)They stopped paying attention after a few stimuli.
B)Proactive interference reduced the effectiveness of recall.
C)The stress of participating in this research became excessive.
D)The remaining stimuli quickly faded from sensory memory.

Question 28

The levels-of-processing model of memory states that how long a memory will be remembered depends on __________.

A)the type of memory it is stored in
B)the place in the brain where the memory is stored
C)the amount of extinction that the memory has suffered
D)the depth of processing associated with learning the materials

Question 29

Which of the following examples represents deep processing as described by the levels-of-processing model?

A)repeating a word aloud ten times
B)attending to the sound of a word
C)thinking about the meaning of a word
D)looking at the shapes of the letters in a word

Question 30

According to the levels-of-processing model of memory,we are most likely to remember information that we process at a _____________ level.

A)deeper
B)medium
C)shallower
D)any of these,depending on the information

Question 31

A display of 12 letters is flashed on a screen in front of you followed by a tone.You attempt to recall a portion of the display based on the specific tone you heard.What aspect of your memory is this experiment designed to assess?

A)primary memory
B)sensory memory
C)long-term memory
D)short-term memory

Question 32

Which of the following examples represents the shallowest processing as described by the levels-of-processing model of memory?

A)recalling an object's function
B)attending to the sound of a word
C)thinking about the meaning of a word
D)recalling that an object was rectangular

Question 33

Iconic memory is to echoic memory as __________.

A)implicit is to explicit
B)auditory is to visual
C)visual is to auditory
D)quick is to slow

Question 34

The key to the partial report method of Sperling's study of sensory memory was to _____________.

A)have the participants report the entire matrix of letters they saw as fast as they could
B)have the participants report the entire matrix of letters but mask the letters after presentation with a very bright light
C)cue the participants,using a tone,as to which line of the matrix they were to report
D)test the use of chunking

Question 35

In the parallel distributed processing model of memory,____________.

A)information is simultaneously stored in a network that stretches across the brain
B)information is stored simultaneously in unconnected regions of the brain
C)information is associated in sets of classically conditioned neurons across the neocortex
D)information is processed according to its meaning rather than just the sound or physical characteristics of the word or words.

Question 36

In the levels-of-processing model of memory,information that gets processed at a __________ level (such as accessing the meaning of a word or phrase)is more likely to be retained longer and form a stronger memory than information that is processed at a __________ level (such as the visual characteristics of a word).

A)deeper; shallower
B)shallower; deeper
C)higher; lower
D)lower; higher

Question 37

Which model of memory proposes that the deeper a person processes information,the better it will be remembered?

A)levels-of-processing model
B)parallel distributed processing model
C)information-processing model
D)three stage

Question 38

Information is simultaneously stored across a network that stretches across the brain in the _______________.

A)Craik and Lockhart model of memory
B)multistore model of memory
C)information-processing theory of memory
D)parallel distributed processing model of memory

Question 39

In the ______________ model,memory is seen as a simultaneous process,with the creation and storage of memories taking place across a series of networks "stretched" across the brain.

A)levels-of-processing
B)parallel distributed processing
C)transfer-appropriate processing
D)information-processing Incorrect: Information-processing models do not involve a network.

Question 40

Believers in the information-processing model of memory are likely to agree that ____________.

A)the brain has nothing in common with a computer
B)studying computers can give you useful insights into human information processing
C)auditory information is retained in the sensory register for up to 2 seconds
D)information flows from one memory system to the next

Question 41

According to Baddeley,which memory system is best conceived of as three interrelated systems: central executive,visual sketchpad,and auditory recorder?

A)sensory memory
B)working memory
C)long-term memory
D)procedural memory

Question 42

Which theorist is associated with the idea that information moves from sensory memory to short-term memory through the processes of selective attention?

A)Thorndike
B)Atkinson
C)Sperling
D)Broadbent

Question 43

Information gets from sensory memory to short-term memory through the process of ______________.

A)elaborative rehearsal
B)maintenance rehearsal
C)automatic encoding
D)selective attention

Question 44

What "magic number" did Miller find to be the capacity of short-term memory?

A)eleven
B)nine
C)seven
D)five

Question 45

Which type of memory allows us to have meaningful conversations?

A)iconic memory
B)echoic memory
C)distributed memory
D)procedural memory

Question 46

What is one of the real-world uses of iconic storage?

A)It is where photographic memories are kept.
B)It is the process that covers up the disruption that would occur from saccades.
C)It increases depth of processing.
D)It is useful when a person wants to have meaningful conversations with other people.

Question 47

Sitting in a very noisy restaurant,you are able to screen out all the other conversations around you so you can listen to the friend with whom you are conversing.This is an example of _________.

A)Broadbent's forgetting theory
B)the homecoming queen party phenomenon
C)selective attention
D)intimacy

Question 48

In the 1950s,George Miller estimated the number of items that could be stored in short-term memory to be the magic number __________.

A)5,plus or minus 4
B)7,plus or minus 2
C)9,plus or minus 3
D)11,plus or minus 1

Question 49

Short-term memory is probably coded in ___________ form.

A)auditory
B)visual
C)semantic
D)physical

Question 50

Bethany is trying to focus on a conversation across the room during a party she is attending.This is because she thinks she heard her name above the din of the conversation.Her ability to hear her name is due to the mechanism of ___________.

A)Broadbent's forgetting theory
B)the homecoming queen party phenomenon
C)selective attention
D)intimacy

Question 51

Which of the following might be the most appropriate analogy for eidetic imagery?

A)a table
B)a modem
C)a rainbow
D)a photograph

Question 52

Bits of information are combined into meaningful units so that more information can be held in short-term memory through the process of __________.

A)chunking
B)categorizing
C)rote rehearsal
D)cueing

Question 53

Jamal is trying to buy something over the phone.He asks his partner to read him his credit card number.However,when he tries to repeat it to the sales clerk on the other end of the line,he cannot remember all the numbers.Jamal is coming up against ________.

A)the decay of numerical memory
B)the extinction of auditory traces
C)George Miller's magic number 7,plus or minus 2
D)the limits of procedural memory

Question 54

The duration of iconic memory is _________ than echoic memory,but iconic's capacity is probably _________.

A)shorter; larger
B)longer; larger
C)longer; about the same
D)shorter; about the same

Question 55

Someone a short distance away,to whom you have been paying no attention,quietly speaks your name,and suddenly you attend to that person.This is an example of __________.

A)Broadbent's process of selective memory
B)the phi phenomenon
C)the cocktail party phenomenon
D)cue-controlled inhibition

Question 56

Suzy looks up from her lunch,realizing that Jacques has just said something to her.What was it? Oh,yes,he has just asked her if she wants to go to the movies.Suzy's ability to retrieve what Jacques said is due to her ___________.

A)iconic sensory memory
B)echoic sensory memory
C)short-term memory
D)tactile sensory memory

Question 57

The only time selective attention is not working at its peak is ____________.

A)during deep sleep,and it is still functioning even then
B)during dreams,as dreams block attention
C)when your short-term memory contains more than nine items
D)when you are storing items in eidetic memory

Question 58

If one wants to increase the capacity of short-term memory,more items can be held through the process of __________.

A)chunking
B)decoding
C)rote rehearsal
D)data compression

Question 59

A time machine provides you the opportunity to interview Sigmund Freud.During the interview,Freud admits that he never wanted to attend medical school.When you ask him how he made it through,he says,"I had eidetic imagery." What does he mean by that?

A)He relied on the ability to associate odd images with material he needed to remember.
B)He had a photographic memory,which helped him remember the material he had to learn.
C)He was able to imagine how cells in a patient's body were acting when he prescribed drugs and,thus,he could adjust dosages.
D)In order to remember the long list of diseases he would encounter,he created drawings that helped him remember.

Question 60

One problem with relying on eidetic imagery to study for tests is that ___________.

A)you remember too much material and the professor will think you are cheating
B)eidetic images fade in .25 second as Sperling has shown
C)you may be able to recall the material but you do not necessarily understand it
D)it only helps you remember things from other cultures

Question 61

Loni is asked to memorize the letters I K T E A L N in no particular order.She memorizes them by reorganizing them into the words INK and LATE.This tactic is called _________.

A)cueing
B)shadowing
C)rote rehearsal
D)chunking

Question 62

Chunking is a means of _________.

A)immediately forgetting irrelevant details
B)combining information into meaningful units
C)arranging details into a hierarchy from most to least important
D)storing long-term memories

Question 63

Maria finds that it is easier to remember her student ID number if she thinks of it in segments,such as the first three digits,then the next two,and then the final four.These short segments of the number are called _________.

A)codes
B)cues
C)chunks
D)stores

Question 64

The best analogy for the way long-term memory is conceptualized would be __________.

A)a revolving door
B)a filing cabinet
C)a desktop
D)a television

Question 65

You try to remember a phone number by repeating it over and over to yourself.What type of rehearsal are you using?

A)condensed
B)permanent
C)elaborative
D)maintenance

Question 66

You are learning a list of items for a test by relating the items to each other and to information that you already have stored in memory.Which type of rehearsal are you using?

A)condensed
B)permanent
C)maintenance
D)elaborative

Question 67

It is thought that long-term memory never can get filled u

A)7,plus or minus 2
B)about 10,000 items
C)limited by the size of a person's brain
D)unlimited

Question 68

What are the two major types of rehearsal (for moving information from short-term to long-term memory)?

A)condensed and expanded
B)elaborative and permanent
C)maintenance and permanent
D)elaborative and maintenance

Question 69

Patients with anterograde amnesia were taught to solve the Tower of Hanoi problem.It was later found that they ____________.

A)remembered solving the problem and could do so again
B)did not remember the problem and could not solve it
C)remembered solving the problem but could not do it again
D)did not remember solving the problem but could do it again

Question 70

Which type of long-term memory is most resistant to loss with Alzheimer's disease?

A)procedural
B)semantic
C)episodic
D)none of these

Question 71

_________ rehearsal results in a more lasting memory and promotes the transfer of information to long-term memory compared to _________ rehearsal.

A)Permanent; condensed
B)Condensed; permanent
C)Elaborative; maintenance
D)Maintenance; elaborative

Question 72

Which type of long-term memory is most difficult to bring into conscious awareness?

A)episodic memory
B)procedural memories
C)declarative memories
D)semantic memory

Question 73

Memories for general facts and personal information are called __________.

A)episodic memory
B)procedural memories
C)declarative memories
D)factual memory

Question 74

General knowledge,language,and concepts are seen as parts of ___________.

A)episodic memory
B)procedural memories
C)declarative memories
D)semantic memory

Question 75

The portion of memory that is more or less permanent is called __________.

A)primary memory
B)working memory
C)eidetic memory
D)long-term memory

Question 76

Maintenance rehearsal is defined as ____________.

A)processing the physical features of the stimulus to be remembered
B)analyzing new material in order to make it memorable
C)associating new material to be learned with information maintained in long-term memory
D)repeating some bit of information over and over in one's head in order to maintain it in short-term memory

Question 77

When memories are stored in long-term memory,which of the following forms of information is used?

A)sounds
B)visual images
C)meanings of words and concepts
D)all of the above

Question 78

Which memory system has an unlimited capacity and can keep information for hours or decades?

A)short-term memory
B)long-term memory
C)sensory memory
D)implicit memory

Question 79

Repeating items over and over in order to aid memory is known as __________ rehearsal.

A)repetitive
B)imagery
C)elaborative
D)maintenance

Question 80

A police officer is shot in a gun battle with bank robbers.Although emergency brain surgery saves his life,it leaves him unable to store new information.The officer's family is applying to the state for compensation for his injuries.When asked to provide a diagnosis of the difficulties he suffers,what will they write?

A)proactive amnesia
B)anterograde amnesia
C)retrograde amnesia
D)retroactive amnesia