Deck 2: The Biological Perspective

Question 1

The branch of life sciences that involves the structure and function of the brain and nervous system,while also focusing on the relationship between learning and behavior,is called __________.

A)neuroscience
B)bioscience
C)brain scientology
D)neurostemology

Answer 1

neuroscience

Question 2

A specialized cell that makes up the nervous system and that receives and sends messages within that system is called a _________.

A)glial cell
B)neuron
C)cell body
D)myelin sheath

Answer 2

neuron

Question 3

Which part of a neuron is attached to the soma and carries messages out to other cells?

A)soma
B)axon
C)dendrite
D)cell membrane

Answer 3

axon

Question 4

As she walks out of the living room,Gloria turns out the light.In this example,Gloria's __________________ is active.

A)sympathetic nervous system
B)parasympathetic nervous system
C)autonomic nervous system
D)somatic nervous system

Question 5

The nervous system is defined as __________.

A)a complex network of cells that carries information to and from all parts of the body
B)a specialized cell that makes up the brain and nervous system
C)all nerves and neurons that are not contained in the brain and spinal cord but that run throughout the body itself
D)a gland located in the brain that secretes human growth hormone

Question 6

The branchlike structures that receive messages from other neurons are called __________.

A)axons
B)nerve bundles
C)dendrites
D)synapses

Question 7

If you have a problem remembering things that happened a year ago,doctors might check for damage to the ___________ area of the brain.

A)hippocampus
B)hypothalamus
C)fornix
D)amygdala

Question 8

The part of the neuron whose name literally means "branch" is ________.

A)axon
B)dendrite
C)myelin
D)soma

Question 9

The two main divisions of the nervous system are the ________ and ________.

A)brain; spinal cord
B)autonomic; somatic nervous systems
C)peripheral nervous system; central nervous system
D)glands; muscles

Question 10

Two types of glial cells,called __________ and ___________,generate myelin.

A)occipital; lobitical
B)oligodendrocytes; Schwann cells
C)occipital; Schwann
D)oligodendrocytes; lobitical

Question 11

The part of a neuron that contains the nucleus and keeps the entire cell alive and functioning is the __________.

A)axon
B)cell membrane
C)dendrite
D)soma

Question 12

Which part of the neuron is responsible for maintaining the life of the cell?

A)axon
B)soma
C)dendrite
D)cell membrane

Question 13

What term is used to describe a specialized cell that makes up the nervous system and receives and sends messages within that system?

A)neuron
B)glial cell
C)myelin sheath
D)dendritic spine

Question 14

The function of the __________ is to carry information to and from all parts of the body.

A)soma
B)synapse
C)nervous system
D)endorphins

Question 15

Denise just received the results of a complete physical that found her body is not producing enough insulin.Which of the following endocrine glands is affecting her body's ability to produce insulin?

A)The adrenal gland
B) The thymus gland
C)The thyroid gland
D)The pancreas

Question 16

Which of the following coordinates involuntary rapid fine-motor movement?

A)medulla
B)pons
C)reticular formation
D)cerebellum

Question 17

____________neurotransmitters make it more likely that a neuron will send its message to other neurons,whereas _____________ neurotransmitters make it less likely that a neuron will send its message.

A)Excitatory; inhibitory
B)Inhibitory; excitatory
C)Augmentation; depletion
D)Depletion; augmentation

Question 18

_______________ are fired when an animal performs an action or when the animal observes that same action being performed.For example,an infant will mimic the facial expressions of adults.

A)Mirror neurons
B)Statue neurons
C)Facial neurons
D)Observation neurons

Question 19

Which of the following are the three basic types of neurons?

A)reflexes,sensory neurons,motor neurons
B)sensory neurons,motor neurons,stem cells
C)motor neurons,stem cells,reflexes
D)interneurons,sensory neurons,motor neurons

Question 20

Which of the following is the primary benefit of SPECT over PET?

A)SPECT is a non-invasive neuroimaging technique,while PET is invasive.
B)SPECT offers the benefit of using radioactive tracers that are easier to monitor than PET.
C) SPECT allows monitoring of actual brain activity,while PET does not.
D)SPECT offers monitoring of brain oxygen changes,while PET does not.

Question 21

Glial cells make up __________ of the brain's cells.

A)10 percent
B)70 percent
C)80 percent
D)90 percent

Question 22

A fatty substance wrapped around the shaft of axons in the nervous system and whose function is to insulate neurons and speed up the neural impulse is called (a)_________.

A)synaptic vesicle
B)dendrite
C)glial cell
D)myelin

Question 23

When a cell is "at rest," it is in a state called the __________.

A)stopping point
B)obcipitation junction
C)resting potential
D)action potential

Question 24

The charge that a neuron at rest maintains is due to the presence of a high number of _________ charged ions inside the neuron's membrane.

A)actively
B)passively
C)negatively
D)positively

Question 25

__________ receive messages from other neurons and __________ send messages to other neurons.

A)Axons; dendrites
B)Axon; soma
C)Soma; glial cells
D)Dendrites; axons

Question 26

The state during which a neuron contains more negatively charged ions inside the cell than outside the cell and is not firing is referred to as the__________.

A)action potential
B)quiet potential
C)synaptic potential
D)resting potential

Question 27

During the action potential,the electrical charge inside the neuron is __________ the electrical charge outside the neuron.

A)positive compared to
B)larger than
C)negative compared to
D)smaller than

Question 28

Which of the following is true about myelin?

A)It's a fatty substance.
B)It is covered by axons.
C)It inhibits neural communication.
D)It slows down neuronal operations.

Question 29

What is the function of myelin?

A)to serve as a structure for neurons
B)to monitor neural activity
C)to speed up the neural impulse
D)to produce neurotransmitters

Question 30

What do we call the state of a neuron when it is not firing a neural impulse?

A)action potential
B)resting potential
C)myelination signal
D)transmission impulse

Question 31

One purpose of the __________ is to speed up the neural message traveling down the axon.

A)receptor site
B)axon terminal
C)myelin
D)synaptic vesicle

Question 32

Two types of glial cells,called __________ and ___________,generate myelin.

A)occipital; lobitical
B)oligodendrocytes; Schwann cells
C)occipital; Schwann
D)oligodendrocytes; lobitical

Question 33

The function of the neuron's axon is to __________.

A)carry messages to other cells
B)regulate the neuron's life processes
C)receive messages from neighboring neurons
D)insulate against leakage of electrical impulses

Question 34

What are two roles of glial cells?

A)acting as insulation and providing structure to surrounding neurons
B)shaping cells and moving new neurons into place
C)regulating metabolic activity and serving as pain detectors
D)monitoring neural transmission and releasing hormones in the brain

Question 35

A nerve is a group of __________ bundled together.

A)axons
B)interneurons
C)dendrites
D)glial cells

Question 36

Neurons make up ________% of the brain,whereas glial cells make up ________%.

A)50; 50
B)25; 75
C)10; 90
D)5; 95

Question 37

Groups of myelin-coated axons that travel together through the body are called __________.

A)a synaptic vesicle
B)nerves
C)neurilemma
D)a myelinated pathway

Question 38

When the electric potential in a cell is in action versus a resting state,this electrical charge reversal is known as the __________.

A)resting potential
B)excitation reaction
C)action potential
D)permeable reaction

Question 39

A cell in the human nervous system whose primary function is to provide insulation and structure for neurons on which they may develop and work is called a(n)_________.

A)epidermal cell
B)adipose cell
C)glial cell
D)myelin cell

Question 40

Dendrite is to axon as:

A)send is to receive.
B)send is to regulate.
C)receive is to send.
D)receive is to release.

Question 41

The branches at the end of the axon are called __________.

A)axon terminals
B)synaptic vesicles
C)synapses
D)receptor sites

Question 42

When a neuron fires,it fires in a(n)__________ fashion as there is no such thing as "partial" firing.

A)all-or-none
B)rapid fire
C)accidental patterned
D)quick successioned

Question 43

Curare,a poison,works by ______.

A)blocking receptor sites and acting as an antagonist for acetylcholine
B)stimulating the release of excessive amounts of acetylcholine
C)stimulating the release of neurotransmitters
D)inhibiting the production of inhibitory neurotransmitters

Question 44

Sara has been experiencing a serious memory problem.An interdisciplinary team has ruled out a range of causes and believes that a neurotransmitter is involved.Which neurotransmitter is most likely involved in this problem?

A)GABA
B)dopamine
C)serotonin
D)acetylcholine

Question 45

The saclike structures found inside the synaptic knob containing chemicals are called__________.

A)axon terminals
B)synapses
C)synaptic vesicles
D)receptor sites

Question 46

Which of the following are tiny sacs in a synaptic knob that release chemicals into the synapse?

A)synaptic vesicles
B)synaptic nodes
C)terminal buttons
D)synaptic gaps

Question 47

The action potential causes neurotransmitters to be released into the __________.

A)myelin sheath
B)axon
C)synapse
D)synaptic vesicle

Question 48

__________ are holes in the surface of the dendrites or certain cells of the muscles and glands that are shaped to fit only certain neurotransmitters.

A)Neurotransmitters
B)Axons
C)Synaptic vesicles
D)Receptor sites

Question 49

A chemical found in the synaptic vesicles which,when released,has an effect on the next cell is called a__________.

A)glial cell
B)neurotransmitter
C)precursor cell
D)synapse

Question 50

What is the term used to describe the branches located at the end of the axon?

A)axon terminals
B)synaptic vesicles
C)synapses
D)receptor sites

Question 51

The fluid-filled space between the synaptic knob of one cell and the dendrites of the next cell is called the ___________.

A)receptor site
B)synapse
C)synaptic knob
D)axon terminal

Question 52

Your teacher asks you to describe the sequence of parts of a neuron that the impulse travels down during neural conduction.Which of the following sequences will you offer?

A)dendrites,axon,soma,synaptic knob
B)terminal buttons,axon,soma,dendrites
C)axon,soma,dendrites,synaptic knob
D)dendrites,soma,axon,synaptic knob

Question 53

What is the term used to describe the rounded areas on the ends of the axon terminals?

A)synaptic vesicles
B)axons
C)dendrites
D)synaptic knobs

Question 54

The poison of the black widow spider works by stimulating the release of excessive amounts of ______.

A)acetylcholine
B)dopamine
C)endorphins
D)serotonin

Question 55

Which structure is like a locked door that only certain neurotransmitter keys can unlock?

A)synapses
B)receptor sites
C)neural chiasms
D)response terminals

Question 56

The term neurotransmitter refers to __________.

A)a chemical found in the synaptic vesicles that is released into the synapse
B)any one of a number of chemical compounds that increase the activity of the endocrine system
C)the chemical substance found in the cell membrane
D)the DNA contained in the nucleus of every neuron

Question 57

______ plays a critical role as a neurotransmitter that stimulates muscles to contract.

A)Acetylcholine
B)GABA
C)Dopamine
D)Endorphin

Question 58

After being bitten by a black widow spider,Jean starts to convulse.This is a result of _____.

A)a lack of GABA being released into her blood stream
B)a resurgence of neurotransmitters overstimulating her brain stem
C)a surge of chemicals blocking the transmission of fluids to the spinal cord
D)a flood of acetylcholine releasing into the body's muscle system

Question 59

____________neurotransmitters make it more likely that a neuron will send its message to other neurons,whereas _____________ neurotransmitters make it less likely that a neuron will send its message.

A)Excitatory; inhibitory
B)Inhibitory; excitatory
C)Augmentation; depletion
D)Depletion; augmentation

Question 60

"All or none" is the principle stating that __________.

A)a neuron either fires at full strength or does not fire at all
B)a neuron either fires in a completely agonist fashion or in a completely antagonist fashion.
C)all the dendrites must be receiving messages telling the neuron to fire or it will not fire at all
D)all somas must be receiving messages telling the neuron to fire or it will not fire at all

Question 61

How is acetylcholine removed from the synapse?

A)It is broken down by an enzyme.
B)It is taken back up in the synapse.
C)It dissipates in the surrounding body fluids.
D)Acetylcholine is one of the few neurotransmitters that is continually present in the synapse.

Question 62

Neurons that carry information from the senses to the spinal cord are called ___________.

A)motor neurons
B)interneurons
C)sensory neurons
D)reflexes

Question 63

Neurons found in the center of the spinal cord that receive information from the sensory neurons and send commands to the muscles through the motor neurons are called__________.

A)motor neurons
B)interneurons
C)sensory neurons
D)reflexes

Question 64

The central nervous system consists of __________.

A)the parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions
B)the brain and spinal cord
C)muscles and glands
D)sense organs and sensory neurons

Question 65

Which part of the nervous system takes the information received from the senses,makes sense out of it,makes decisions,and sends commands out to the muscles and the rest of the body?

A)spinal cord
B)brain
C)reflexes
D)interneurons

Question 66

Andy has decided to seek medical help for mood disturbances and appetite problems.Which neurotransmitter is most likely involved in the problems Andy is experiencing?

A)GABA
B)dopamine
C)serotonin
D)acetylcholine

Question 67

The long bundle of neurons that carries messages to and from the body to the brain and is responsible for very fast,lifesaving reflexes is called the ________.

A)spinal cord
B)brain
C)reflexes
D)interneurons

Question 68

Which of the following is a long bundle of neurons that functions as a carrier of messages from the body to the brain and from the brain to the body and is responsible for certain reflexes?

A)spinal cord
B)cerebellum
C)somatic nervous system
D)amygdala

Question 69

Which of the following are the three basic types of neurons?

A)reflexes,sensory neurons,motor neurons
B)sensory neurons,motor neurons,stem cells
C)motor neurons,stem cells,reflexes
D)interneurons,sensory neurons,motor neurons

Question 70

Which of the following are responsible for acting as a facilitator of communication between neurons?

A)motor neurons
B)interneurons
C)sensory neurons
D)reflexes

Question 71

Pain-controlling chemicals in the body are called __________.

A)neural regulators
B)histamines
C)androgens
D)endorphins

Question 72

LaKeisha stepped on a piece of glass and quickly pulled her foot away from that sharp object.Which of the following are responsible for sending a message to the muscles in LaKeisha's foot,resulting in her pulling her foot away from the piece of glass?

A)motor neurons
B)interneurons
C)sensory neurons
D)reflexes

Question 73

GABA functions as_________.

A)the major neurotransmitter involved in voluntary movements
B)an inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain
C)the neurotransmitter responsible for slowing intestinal activity during stress
D)the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain

Question 74

Which of the following neurotransmitters functions as a common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain?

A)serotonin
B)GABA
C)acetylcholine
D)norepinephrine

Question 75

Reuptake is________.

A)a chemical that is released into the synaptic gap
B)a protein molecule on the dendrite or cell body of a neuron that will interact only with specific neurotransmitters
C)a process by which neurotransmitters are sucked back into the synaptic vesicles
D)a chemical that plays a role in learning and attention

Question 76

Which neurotransmitter is associated with sleep,mood,and appetite?

A)GABA
B)serotonin
C)dopamine
D)acetylcholine

Question 77

Because they have similar chemical structures,morphine and other opiates are able to lock into receptor sites for __________.

A)GABA
B)serotonin
C)dopamine
D)endorphins

Question 78

The brain and spinal cord are two components of the__________.

A)central nervous system
B)somatic nervous system
C)peripheral nervous system
D)autonomic nervous system

Question 79

Endorphins are __________.

A)found where neurons meet skeletal muscles
B)less powerful than enkaphalins
C)pain-controlling chemicals
D)radically different in function from neurotransmitters

Question 80

Isabella is putting mustard on her hot dog.She realizes she has put too much and sucks up some of it back into the squeeze bottle.This process is similar to

A)the action potential.
B)receptor site bindings.
C)binding specificity.
D)reuptake.