Deck 6: Networks, Groups, Bureaucracies, and Societies

Question 1

The Industrial Revolution began in the nineteenth-century United States.

Answer 1

False

Question 2

Primary groups are large and impersonal.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

The Milgram experiment has shown that most people socialized in democratic societies will resist authority when asked to harm innocent strangers.

Answer 3

False

Question 4

The most elementary social network is a triad.

Question 5

Individuals' social networks are isolated from each other.

Question 6

Group conformity discourages conflict within groups, but may motivate conflict between groups.

Question 7

Weber concentrated on the inefficiencies of bureaucracy.

Question 8

In 1933 Germany, 44 percent of marriages involving a Jew were with a non-Jew.

Question 9

Once established, group loyalties are unchangeable.

Question 10

Bureaucratic ritualism means that bureaucrats get so preoccupied with rules and regulations they make it difficult for the organization to fulfill its goals.

Question 11

Efficiency of bureaucracy varies with its structure and the organizational environment.

Question 12

During war, soldiers are motivated by their countries' lofty ideals.

Question 13

When sociologists examine networks, they come to the conclusion that "it's a small world."

Question 14

In the 1970s, Japanese workers were in a position to demand and achieve more decision-making authority than American workers were.

Question 15

With each stage in human development, people need more resources and therefore become more dependent on nature.

Question 16

The Glen Ridge community of New Jersey refused to accept the fact that a group of boys living in the community were guilty of raping a mentally handicapped girl, in part because there was widespread tolerance of male misconduct.

Question 17

Citizens in Liverpool, England, failed to come to the aid of two-year-old James Bulger when he was being tortured and murdered.This is known as "groupthink."

Question 18

"Groupthink" refers to the pressure to conform despite individual misgivings.

Question 19

Aquatic foragers concentrated on fishing and hunting marine animals.

Question 20

Public support for the Holocaust was an extraordinary event, unlikely ever to be repeated.

Question 21

According to the textbook, what characterizes work in a postindustrial society?

A)a shift from manufacturing to service jobs
B)a shift from agricultural to manufacturing jobs
C)more women employed than men
D)women better educated than men

Question 22

In which type of society were the first permanent settlements established?

A)foraging society
B)horticultural society
C)agricultural society
D)industrial society

Question 23

Which of the following is most likely to contribute to increasing intermarriage between two ethnic groups?

A)similar status
B)similar size
C)dissimilar status
D)dissimilar size

Question 24

Kunwaktok is the female leader of a fairly non-hierarchical group of people who live in a large area abundant with animals, berries, and plants readily available for food.Based only on this information, what type of society is Kunwaktok from?

A)a pastoral society
B)a pedestrian foraging society
C)an aquatic foraging society
D)a pastoral horticultural society

Question 25

Sevina has lived in Toronto for several years.According to Wellman's research, which of the following characterizes her social life?

A)hundreds of ties of varying closeness
B)hundreds of close personal ties
C)hundreds of strictly functional ties
D)hundreds of dysfunctional ties

Question 26

Solange wanted to see how many people it would take to hand-deliver a package from Vancouver, British Columbia, to her aunt in St.John's, Newfoundland.On average, how many people's hands would this endeavour take?

A)three
B)six
C)nine
D)twelve

Question 27

Kanter's study explained the position of women by formal relations in a bureaucracy.

Question 28

How does the size of an organization contribute to bureaucratic inefficiency?

A)It makes directions easy to ignore.
B)It makes reporting unmanageable.
C)It increases the number of possible rivalries and coalitions.
D)It increases the number of possible rivalries, but not coalitions.

Question 29

According to the textbook, what type of group places the most pressure on its members to obey its rules?

A)primary group
B)secondary group
C)social category
D)network

Question 30

Network analysis teaches us that "It's not what you know but who you know" predicts
success in finding a job well.

Question 31

Weber defined bureaucracy as a large impersonal organization comprising many clearly defined positions arranged in a hierarchy.

Question 32

Allowing workers to text and email friends during office hours is dysfunctional for productivity.

Question 33

According to the textbook, which of the following do sociologists consider to be essential to group cohesion?

A)emotional bonds
B)clear boundaries
C)conformity
D)formal organization

Question 34

Primary groups develop more pressure to conform than secondary groups.

Question 35

Aruna works for a company in the rapidly changing computer technology industry.Which of the following organizational structures is likely to be the best for her company?

A)traditional hierarchy
B)modern hierarchy
C)network structure
D)vertical structure

Question 36

According to Stouffer's classic 1949 study of soldiers in World War II, what was the principal motivator in compelling Allied soldiers to take part in combat?

A)the belief in upholding liberty
B)a hatred of Nazism
C)the belief in freedom for all humankind
D)feelings of solidarity with comrades

Question 37

What type of group comprises members who are acquainted with one another and get together for a specific purpose, often for only a short period of time?

A)an in-group
B)a primary group
C)a secondary group
D)an out-group

Question 38

Tamla and Bruce have been married for six years and have just adopted a baby named Maya.What type of social group do Tamla, Bruce, and Maya form?

A)a primary group
B)a secondary group
C)a social category
D)a kinship category

Question 39

Based on Stanley Milgram's 1970s experiments with authority, which of the following people are most likely to harm a stranger if an authority figure tells them to?

A)people who are in the same room as a victim whom they can see and hear
B)people who are in a different room from a victim whom they can see and hear
C)people who are in a different room from a victim whom they can see but not hear
D)people who are in a different room from a victim whom they can neither see nor hear

Question 40

Michaela begs her parents to buy her a particular brand of expensive boots because her friends have been teasing her about the less expensive pair she has been wearing.For Michaela, what type of group are her friends in this situation?

A)a secondary group
B)an out-group
C)a dominant group
D)a reference group

Question 41

Which of the following best exemplifies an imagined community?

A)a basketball team
B)Jamaican Canadians
C)people born in 1993
D)you and your ideal romantic partner

Question 42

Which of the following leadership styles is most effective in a crisis situation?

A)democratic leadership
B)laissez-faire leadership
C)authoritarian leadership
D)charismatic leadership

Question 43

How are social categories different from groups?

A)Members do not identify with each other.
B)Members do not share any characteristics.
C)Members do not share similar statuses.
D)Members are in daily interaction.

Question 44

According to the textbook, what is the only safeguard against the worst aspects of a genetically engineered world?

A)democracy
B)computer literacy
C)socially conscious networks
D)new forms of government

Question 45

Which of the following factors increases the likelihood of group conformity?

A)being a person with a low status in a group
B)being from a society that values individualism
C)being in a pair of intimate friends
D)having a lone dissenter as part of a group

Question 46

Which of the following groups should be expected to define race boundaries in the United States?

A)Caucasians
B)Latinos
C)Africans
D)Asians

Question 47

In which of the following groups are members emotionally involved with one another over an extended period of time and engage in a broad range of activities together?

A)a formal organization
B)a secondary group
C)a social category
D)a primary group

Question 48

A white professor in a largely white university classroom states that the Jewish Holocaust did not happen and was largely made up by Jews as part of their plan to gain sympathy and take over the world.According to the textbook, who would be most likely to challenge the professor's views?

A)a Jewish Canadian male student
B)a non-Jewish female British student
C)a Chinese male exchange student
D)a non-Jewish male Canadian student

Question 49

Lori and Tim have been married for nine years.If their marriage is to continue, which of the following should characterize their relationship?

A)the existence of a "free rider"
B)the possibility of shifting responsibility for the relationship onto a larger collective
C)the existence of intense and intimate involvement
D)the possibility of coalitions with others

Question 50

According to the textbook, what percentage of the 3.3 million Polish Jews survived World War II?

A)9 percent
B)19 percent
C)29 percent
D)39 percent

Question 51

Carol is employed by a high-tech firm in British Columbia doing data analysis and computer projections.Approximately what percentage of Canadians are represented in the part of the workforce to which Carol belongs?

A)25 percent
B)50 percent
C)75 percent
D)90 percent

Question 52

Rennae agrees to take part in an experiment at the psychology department at her university.However, when she is asked to engage in behaviour that she believes would be harmful to another person in the study, she refuses.She bases her decision on familiarity with existing research.Whose research is it likely to be?

A)Watson and Crick
B)Granovetter
C)Milgram
D)Kanter

Question 53

In which type of society did large cities first appear?

A)agricultural society
B)horticultural society
C)industrial society
D)postindustrial society

Question 54

According to the textbook, when are bystanders to a crime least likely to get involved to stop it or to help?

A)when others around them step in to help first
B)when no one else around them steps in to help
C)when they believe that official help (e.g., the police) is on the way
D)when they are afraid of being victimized themselves

Question 55

What do "quality circles" help to overcome?

A)bureaucratic inertia
B)democratic deficit
C)network boundaries
D)anomie

Question 56

According to the textbook, which of the following inventions marks the shift to the most recent era in global societies?

A)in vitro fertilization
B)social networking via computer
C)the microchip
D)recombinant DNA

Question 57

Steve is asked by his best friend to beat up a boy at their school whom Steve actually likes.According to the textbook, why would Steve do what his best friend asks?

A)because Steve is a rebel and thinks that beating people up for fun is "cool"
B)because Steve looks for any chance he can get to demonstrate his masculinity
C)because Steve's best friend has authority over him so he will conform
D)because Steve's loyalty to his best friend outweighs any reservations against an immoral act

Question 58

According to Weber, what fact counters most people's commonsense notions about bureaucracies?

A)They are ritualistic.
B)They are highly efficient.
C)They are dehumanizing.
D)They are ruled by only a small number of people.

Question 59

When are the dangers of groupthink the greatest?

A)when the group is large
B)when the group is under pressure
C)when the group has only recently been formed
D)when the group is in conflict

Question 60

Which of the following groups of people is least likely to express dissenting views in front of one another?

A)a sociology class
B)a group of friends
C)co-workers
D)a group of farmers at the Saturday farmers' market

Question 61

Harpreet works in an employment agency.Her managers have her fill out so many forms and reports that she hardly has any time left to help her clients find work.What criticism against bureaucracies is relevant in this case?

A)bureaucratic ritualism
B)bureaucratic inertia
C)oligarchy
D)dehumanization

Question 62

Beginning in the 1970s, which two countries developed bureaucratic innovations that enhanced productivity, morale, and profits?

A)Germany and France
B)Canada and the United States
C)Australia and Denmark
D)Japan and Sweden

Question 63

Doug attends a yoga class at his local community centre every Tuesday evening.What type of social group is Doug's yoga group?

A)primary group
B)secondary group
C)social category
D)society of equals

Question 64

According to the textbook, what lies at the heart of social interactions that require cooperation?

A)trust
B)competition
C)networking
D)socializing

Question 65

Which of the following exemplifies a secondary group?

A)a married couple
B)a high school clique
C)a concert audience
D)elderly parents with adult children

Question 66

What is the focus of the conflict theory approach to group conformity?

A)the ways that individuals can be mobilized to achieve group goals
B)the interpretations that group members can make of group goals
C)the ways that group inequalities can be strengthened by conformity
D)the ways that groups attempt to maximize the benefits of membership

Question 67

At each successive stage of human social evolution, what tends to happen to the human-nature relationship?

A)People become increasingly dependent on nature.
B)People become increasingly less able to alter their natural environment.
C)People become less reliant on nature and more able to transform it.
D)People become less dependent on what nature provides and less able to modify it.

Question 68

People who share a similar status but are not aware of any shared identity are defined as which of the following?

A)a social category
B)a social group
C)a dyad
D)a triad

Question 69

Sixty-five percent of the research participants in Milgram's study believed they administered maximum (dangerous) levels of electric shock to a stranger.Which of the following groups of participants did the 65 percent form?

A)people who were in the same room as a victim whom they could see and hear
B)people who were in a different room from a victim whom they could see and hear
C)people who were in a different room from a victim whom they could see but not hear
D)people who were in a different room from a victim whom they could neither see nor hear

Question 70

According to the textbook, what type of formal organization is the most widespread and influential?

A)a bureaucracy
B)a network
C)a cohort
D)a category

Question 71

Which of the following is a common feature of most networks?

A)high visibility
B)descriptive names that explain their purpose
C)lower importance than that of formal organizations
D)existence at an inconspicuous level of society

Question 72

Solange wanted to see how many people it would take to hand-deliver a package from Vancouver, British Columbia, to her aunt in St.John's, Newfoundland.Which of the following concepts would explain her research results?

A)network
B)organization
C)group
D)society

Question 73

Which of the following best exemplifies a formal organization?

A)one person's Twitter followers
B)one person's yoga partners
C)a car dealership
D)a family based on legal marriage

Question 74

Lewis is web surfing when he gets an idea to look up as many people who share his birthday as possible.What do Lewis and these people form?

A)a dyad
B)a triad
C)a social group
D)a social category

Question 75

What is the principal primary group in most people's lives?

A)their co-workers
B)their classmates
C)their family
D)their congregation

Question 76

How can those who helped to save the lives of prisoners during the Holocaust be best described, compared to those who either actively participated in the killings or who pretended not to know what was happening?

A)Those who helped to save the prisoners were more conformist.
B)Those who helped to save the prisoners were more poorly socialized.
C)Those who helped to save the prisoners were less anti-Semitic.
D)Those who helped to save the prisoners were more devoutly religious.

Question 77

During World War II, why were many ordinary people able to murder millions of Jewish, Roma, and other people?

A)They believed that Jews and others were a threat to the existence of the German people.
B)Social norms required a population that would question authority.
C)They wanted to quell rebellion from Jewish and Roma leaders.
D)Bureaucracy is highly inefficient and most people had no idea of the large scale of the killings.

Question 78

Morgan runs a sociology department where he calls informal weekly coffee meetings between the monthly department meetings so that people can keep him apprised of what is happening and he can solicit feedback about new departmental initiatives.How effective is his department likely to be in meeting its annual goals?

A)highly successful
B)moderately successful
C)unsuccessful
D)There is no way to tell.

Question 79

The large organization that Josh works for issues each employee a number, has each employee sign in to work via time clock, and never addresses employees by name, only by number.What criticism against bureaucracies is relevant in this case?

A)bureaucratic ritualism
B)bureaucratic inertia
C)oligarchy
D)dehumanization

Question 80

In the early nineteenth century, the French army became notably more efficient than the British.The French organized and promoted officers on the basis of merit, whereas the British officers were people from rich families who could buy their positions.Which form of organization did the French army represent?

A)an ideal type
B)a network
C)a corporation
D)a bureaucracy