Deck 11: Sexualities and Gender Stratification

Question 1

According to queer theory, sexuality is an essential characteristic of an individual.

Answer 1

False

Question 2

Women get passed over for promotion to upper management because, according to Deborah Tannen, they appear too accommodating and indecisive at work.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

According to Foucault, it was impossible for men involved in same-sex relationships in Ancient Greece to "come out of the closet."

Answer 3

True

Question 4

"Girl power" and radical feminism are incompatible.

Question 5

There is a gene that causes male jealousy.

Question 6

According to some recent studies, some women will engage in same-sex activities just to turn on watching men.

Question 7

Dr.John Money's sexual reassignment of baby Bruce was successful because it occurred before Bruce was two years old.

Question 8

Historically, men have always enjoyed more power and authority than women.

Question 9

A person born with ambiguous genitals, because of a hormone imbalance in the womb or some other cause, is known as intersexed.

Question 10

Social constructionism explains apparently natural social phenomena such as gender differences.

Question 11

"Transsexuals" are those who commit physical violence against homosexuals.

Question 12

The mass media have very little influence on the ideal body image people, particularly women, adopt.

Question 13

According to functionalists, gender is biological and it is not necessary to reinforce it socially.

Question 14

Men are more likely to commit acts of aggression against women, because men are more physically powerful than women.

Question 15

The position that views gender as created by social structure and culture is known as social constructionism.

Question 16

Male aggression against women and gender inequality are separate issues.

Question 17

Heteronormativity includes suppression of both homosexuality and lesbianism.

Question 18

Long-distance warfare and conquest is one of the historical conditions responsible for gender inequality.

Question 19

High-quality, government-subsidized, affordable child care is widely available in Canada today.

Question 20

Freedom to choose programs of study in high school contributes to gender gap in pay.

Question 21

According to functionalists, which of the following is necessary for the proper functioning of society with regard to gender?

A)That people allow their innate masculine and feminine tendencies to flourish.
B)That children be taught explicitly who should do what in the home.
C)That religions instill in people lessons about appropriate sexual choices.
D)To instill fear in people that they will be unattractive as mates if they stray from conventional gender socialization.

Question 22

During a class discussion, Anat argues that most social inequality could be resolved if the society accepted that there were multiple sexualities that may change during a person's lifetime.Which of the following theories does her argument follow?

A)feminism
B)queer theory
C)essentialism
D)transgendered theory

Question 23

According to the textbook, Barbie and Ken are models of gender equality.

Question 24

Which of the following theories can best explain variations in gender ideologies through history?

A)social constructionism
B)evolutionary psychology
C)sociobiology
D)essentialism

Question 25

Female managers are less likely to be victims of sexual harassment than female temporary workers.

Question 26

What percentage of Canadians today support wide social acceptance of homosexuality?

A)20%
B)40%
C)60%
D)80%

Question 27

In which of the following situations would boys and girls from the same class be most likely to participate together without strain?

A)preparation and recording of the class radio show
B)a spelling contest where students choose their own teams
C)a match between the girls' and boys' soccer teams
D)unorganized play in the school yard

Question 28

Which of the following terms refers to infants born with ambiguous genitalia?

A)hermaphrodites
B)intersexed
C)conjoined
D)she-males

Question 29

If left to themselves, boys and girls of school age do not interact.

Question 30

Brittany is a seven-year-old girl.If she has been socialized conventionally, which of the following toys will she select when she goes to after-school care?

A)the GI Joe doll
B)the Barbie doll
C)a dinosaur puzzle
D)a book about cars

Question 31

Megan believes that the subordination of women developed alongside industrial capitalism, when men acquired increasing wealth and property and required a system of inheritance.Since men can never be sure of the parentage of their children in the same way women can, they developed a way to control women.Which theory is Megan's opinion consistent with?

A)feminism
B)essentialism
C)social constructionism
D)conflict theory

Question 32

Although Dr.John Money claimed that the sexual reassignment of baby Bruce was successful, it later appeared not to be.According to the textbook, what is the reason for failure?

A)the inescapable influence of genetics
B)the lack of support for the sex reassignment surgery from Bruce's family
C)the surgery occurred after Bruce had learned a male gender identity
D)Bruce's family did not know enough about raising girls

Question 33

Taylor, a two-year-old, thinks of herself as a girl.Which of the following has she developed?

A)gender role
B)sex
C)gender
D)gender identity

Question 34

Which of the following distinguishes transsexuals from transgendered people?

A)belief that sex is binary
B)belief that sexuality is fluid
C)belief that patriarchy is a thing of the past
D)belief that matriarchy is the hope for the future

Question 35

Which of the following best illustrates pornification of culture?

A)thin female and muscular male models in advertisements
B)wide availability of stripper pole exercise classes
C)increasingly unrealistic body shapes of models
D)availability of pornography on the internet

Question 36

Based on research discussed in the textbook, in which of the following situations are boys and girls most likely to play together without regard to gender?

A)in role-playing games
B)in art projects
C)in sexually charged "chase" games
D)in sports

Question 37

Ruby has always felt attracted to both men and women.At various times in her life she has had relationships with each.What is Ruby's sexual orientation?

A)heterosexual
B)homosexual
C)asexual
D)bisexual

Question 38

Which of the following theorists would be the least likely to acknowledge that a person's gender identity may change during their lifetime?

A)a symbolic interactionist
B)a conflict theorist
C)a feminist
D)a functionalist

Question 39

Many men are less aggressive than many women.

Question 40

Which of the following refers to the form of segregation that prevents women from reaching the top of the corporate ladder?

A)glass ceiling
B)gender barrier
C)mommy track
D)gender stereotyping

Question 41

Approximately how long has substantial gender inequality existed?

A)500 years
B)2500 years
C)6000 years
D)throughout human history

Question 42

Which of the following does the textbook propose in order to eliminate gender gap in earnings?

A)higher union membership among women
B)higher political participation among women
C)high quality, affordable child care
D)high quality, affordable education

Question 43

Which of the following data about student scores on a math test could you use to criticize the essentialist tendency to generalize from the average?

A)men's average is 67% and women's average is 72%
B)women's average is 67% and men's average is 72%
C)the lowest woman's score is 36% and the lowest man's score is 35%
D)women's scores range from 36% to 92%, men's scores range from 35% to 98%

Question 44

Bettina works at a coffee shop along with several other young men and women.She knows the men make $2.00 per hour more than any of the women and that the manager allows the men to take longer breaks.The men never have to do any of the closing-shift janitorial duties.What sociological term refers to what Bettina and the other women at the coffee shop experience?

A)employment inequity
B)gender discrimination
C)gender gap
D)the glass ceiling

Question 45

Jack is playing with his friends in the backyard.His slightly younger friend Tyler brings over one of his sister's dolls.Jack tells him they can't play with the doll because they are boys.What is this incident teaching Tyler?

A)sex
B)sexuality
C)gender
D)gender role

Question 46

Anna and Mitch have a daughter.They encourage her to play cooperatively with other children in role-playing games, but they do not allow any kind of competitive, noisy, or rowdy play.Which of the following is a likely consequence of their parenting style?

A)The daughter will have heightened aggression.
B)The daughter will have heightened physical and spatial abilities.
C)The daughter will have heightened cognitive skills.
D)The daughter will have heightened verbal and emotional skills.

Question 47

Which of the following refers to people who believe they were born into the wrong body and wish to change that?

A)transsexuals
B)transgendered people
C)transvestites
D)transculturals

Question 48

Ross has always believed that she was really a female locked inside a male's body.She has finally saved up the money for sex reassignment surgery and estrogen shots, and is looking forward to living as Rose.Which of the following terms is used to refer to Ross/Rose and others like her?

A)transvestites
B)transculturals
C)transsexuals
D)transgenders

Question 49

Which of the following does the TV series Toddlers & Tiaras illustrate?

A)sexualization
B)pornification
C)heteronormativity
D)essentialism

Question 50

In a class discussion, Inger states that equality before the law, employment equity, and similar policies benefit mostly middle-class women.Which stream of feminism does Inger likely support?

A)liberal feminism
B)radical feminism
C)socialist feminism
D)postfeminism

Question 51

Which of the following is a criticism of essentialism?

A)Gender is historically and cross-culturally variable.
B)Essentialists pay too much attention to within-group variability.
C)DNA sequencing has uncovered genes that are linked to differing traits in males and females.
D)The role of power in explaining gender differences is central to essentialism.

Question 52

Danielle has a three-year-old daughter and refuses to buy her a Barbie doll.She has also forbidden any of her friends and relatives from doing this.Danielle's childrearing practices can likely be attributed to a belief in which of the following theories?

A)evolutionary psychology
B)sociobiology
C)social constructionism
D)essentialism

Question 53

Which of the following refers to a type of sexual harassment involving sexual threats or bribery as a condition of employment decisions?

A)workplace assault
B)sexual assault
C)quid pro quo sexual harassment
D)hostile environment sexual harassment

Question 54

What do one-quarter of North American women and one-sixth of North American men say they would willingly trade in exchange for achieving their body weight goals?

A)their careers
B)most of their possessions
C)several years off their lives
D)relationships with their intimate partners

Question 55

What decision did preschool boys make when presented with the choice of playing with a dish set or with a tool set?

A)They almost always chose the tool set.
B)They chose the tool set more often than the dish set.
C)They were as likely to choose one set as another.
D)They almost never chose the dish set.

Question 56

Before what age is a gender reassignment more likely to be successful?

A)6 months
B)12 months
C)18 months
D)24 months

Question 57

Gerald has always been romantically attracted to boys and men, and he had his first sexual encounter with a man while at band camp.What is Gerald's sexual orientation?

A)gay
B)lesbian
C)bisexual
D)asexual

Question 58

Kazia has worked as a junior manager for 15 years.She has watched several men younger than her get promoted over the years, despite her superior performance evaluations.What is Kazia likely experiencing?

A)the mommy track
B)the gender barrier
C)the glass ceiling
D)gender stereotyping

Question 59

Shelley is a senior manager in government.Her team of employees appreciates her as a boss because, even when she does a great deal of the work, she shares the credit with her team.She and her team are therefore shocked when Shelley is bypassed for a promotion and the much-less-competent male manager gets it.According to Deborah Tannen's research, the fault lies with Shelley saying "we did it" instead of "I did it." What effect does Shelley's behaviour usually have?

A)It makes workers more productive and no one wants to see that changed.
B)It camouflages Shelley's considerable accomplishments.
C)It establishes team spirit, a valuable asset in short supply.
D)It makes Shelley seem weak and frivolous.

Question 60

Most young Canadians have been brought up in a culture influenced by which of the following streams of feminism?

A)liberal feminism
B)radical feminism
C)Marxist feminism
D)postmodernist feminism

Question 61

Every time Heidi looks in the mirror she sees increasing levels of fat on her body, even though she eats only a few frozen grapes and lettuce leaves, and works out at the gym for three to four hours each day.What condition does Heidi have?

A)bipolar disorder
B)schizophrenia
C)bulimia
D)anorexia

Question 62

Which of the following refers to people who are romantically and erotically attracted to members of the same sex?

A)heterosexuals
B)homosexuals
C)bisexuals
D)pansexuals

Question 63

Faron does not identify with any gender and refuses to tell people anything.No gender is indicated by Faron's clothing, behaviour, or voice.Which of the following terms best describes Faron?

A)transsexual
B)transcultural
C)transvestite
D)transgendered

Question 64

Which of the following constitutes a person's sexuality?

A)chromosomes, hormones, and physiology
B)culturally appropriate behaviour and attitudes
C)sexual desires and behaviours
D)self-identification

Question 65

According to an evolutionary psychology or sociobiology perspective, why would women be more invested in ensuring the survival of their children than men would be?

A)because women are biologically incapable of being egocentric
B)because when a woman gets pregnant, a part of her brain that ensures altruism is activated
C)because most women can only have around 20 children, while men can have many more
D)because women have a gene that triggers nurturing behaviour as soon as a pregnancy occurs

Question 66

According to the textbook, which of the following groups of children is exposed to a model of body shape that is the most unlikely to achieve?

A)Africans
B)Asians
C)boys
D)girls

Question 67

How did Harvey Milk, the first openly gay holder of public office in the U.S., get elected?

A)by gaining support of the local police department
B)by revealing his sexual identity only after he had been elected
C)by forging an alliance with liberal, labour, black, and Latino movements
D)by persuading the most powerful religious organizations to support him

Question 68

According to the textbook, what do all forms of sexual assault involve?

A)quid pro quo harassment
B)domination and humiliation
C)strong sexual urges
D)psychological disorders

Question 69

Which of the following is NOT a factor contributing to the glass ceiling?

A)gender discrimination
B)gender differences in education
C)gender interaction styles
D)gendered commitment to family responsibilities

Question 70

Which of the following refers to the irrational fear and hatred of homosexuals?

A)homophobia
B)gay bashing
C)heterophobia
D)homonormativity

Question 71

Lisa has always been romantically attracted to girls and women, and she entered into her first relationship with a woman while in college.What is Lisa's sexual orientation?

A)gay
B)lesbian
C)bisexual
D)asexual

Question 72

Which of the following theorists of gender would be most likely to support the nineteenth-century idea that women are naturally domestic?

A)a social constructionist
B)an essentialist
C)a feminist
D)a queer theorist

Question 73

What was the relative gender equality found in foraging societies based on?

A)women doing the same tasks as men
B)men doing more childrearing tasks than women
C)women being more likely to hold positions as tribal leaders and healers
D)women producing up to 80 percent of the band's food

Question 74

Which of the following terms refers to the approximately 1 in 30 000 people in North America who identify with a sex they were not born into and desire to live as another sex?

A)transsexuals
B)transgendered
C)transvestites
D)transculturals

Question 75

Which of the following impedes women from earnings equal to those of men in the labour force?

A)children and housework
B)education and training
C)experience and attitude
D)knowledge and skills

Question 76

Why does rape occur on a wide scale during war?

A)because male soldiers are away from home and need to have no access to consenting sexual partners
B)because male soldiers miss their wives and girlfriends, and want to be close to someone
C)because male soldiers use rape as a method of humiliating their enemies
D)because male soldiers are unaware that what they are doing is rape, since military training teaches that aggression is normal

Question 77

Jane is a wife of a well-off farmer in seventeenth-century England.Elizabeth is a wife of a rich industrialist in nineteenth-century England.Which of them would Engels expect to experience higher levels of gender inequality?

A)Jane, because she lives in a more traditional society
B)Elizabeth, because she lives in a more unequal society
C)Jane, because she lives in a more religious society
D)Elizabeth, because she lives in a more competitive society

Question 78

Which of the following are major socio-historical processes contributing to the growth of gender inequality?

A)separation of public and private spheres, plow agriculture, and long-distance warfare and conquest
B)nomadic foraging, merging of public and private spheres, and the development of horticulture
C)merging of public and private spheres, inter-tribal raiding, and pastoralism
D)industrialization, technological warfare, and the merging of public and private spheres

Question 79

In a class discussion, Mariam advocates censorship of all pornography.Which stream of feminism does Mariam likely support?

A)radical feminism
B)liberal feminism
C)socialist feminism
D)postfeminism

Question 80

Even though Eva does a completely different job than her brother Ivan at the processing plant, their wages are the same because they are based on the similar levels of skill, training, and responsibility in each of their jobs.Which of the following refers to this situation?

A)gender equality
B)employment equity
C)affirmative employment action
D)equal pay for work of equal value