Deck 22: The Respiratory System

Question 1

Match the following:

A) Alveolar duct
B) Segmental (tertiary) bronchi
C) Type I alveolar cells
D) Respiratory bronchioles
E) Type II alveolar cells
Composed of cuboidal cells.

Answer 1

E

Question 2

Figure 22.1
Using Figure 22.1, match the following:

A) E
B) A
C) C
D) B
E) D
Trachea.

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Figure 22.1
Using Figure 22.1, match the following:

A) E
B) A
C) C
D) B
E) D
Main (primary)bronchus.

Answer 3

E

Question 4

Match the following:

A) Alveolar duct
B) Segmental (tertiary) bronchi
C) Type I alveolar cells
D) Respiratory bronchioles
E) Type II alveolar cells
Where the respiratory zone of the lungs begins.

Question 5

Match the following:

A) Alveolar duct
B) Segmental (tertiary) bronchi
C) Type I alveolar cells
D) Respiratory bronchioles
E) Type II alveolar cells
NO exchange of gases occurs here.

Question 6

Match the following:

A) Inspiratory capacity
B) Total lung capacity
C) Vital capacity
D) Functional residual capacity
ERV + RV.

Question 7

Match the following:

A) Alveolar duct
B) Segmental (tertiary) bronchi
C) Type I alveolar cells
D) Respiratory bronchioles
E) Type II alveolar cells
Terminates in alveoli.

Question 8

Match the following:

A) Alveolar duct
B) Segmental (tertiary) bronchi
C) Type I alveolar cells
D) Respiratory bronchioles
E) Type II alveolar cells
Composed of simple squamous epithelium.

Question 9

Match the following:

A) Alveolar duct
B) Segmental (tertiary) bronchi
C) Type I alveolar cells
D) Respiratory bronchioles
E) Type II alveolar cells
The respiratory membrane is composed of fused basement membrane of the capillary walls and ________.

Question 10

Figure 22.2
Using Figure 22.2, match the following:

A) B
B) D
C) C
D) A
Tidal volume.

Question 11

Figure 22.2
Using Figure 22.2, match the following:

A) B
B) D
C) C
D) A
Inspiratory reserve volume.

Question 12

Figure 22.1
Using Figure 22.1, match the following:

A) E
B) A
C) C
D) B
E) D
Pharynx.

Question 13

Figure 22.1
Using Figure 22.1, match the following:

A) E
B) A
C) C
D) B
E) D
Larynx.

Question 14

Figure 22.1
Using Figure 22.1, match the following:

A) E
B) A
C) C
D) B
E) D
Carina of trachea.

Question 15

Figure 22.2
Using Figure 22.2, match the following:

A) B
B) D
C) C
D) A
Air that does not participate in the exchange of gases.

Question 16

Match the following:

A) Inspiratory capacity
B) Total lung capacity
C) Vital capacity
D) Functional residual capacity
TV + IRV + ERV.

Question 17

Figure 22.2
Using Figure 22.2, match the following:

A) B
B) D
C) C
D) A
Residual volume.

Question 18

Match the following:

A) Inspiratory capacity
B) Total lung capacity
C) Vital capacity
D) Functional residual capacity
TV + IRV + ERV + RV.

Question 19

Match the following:

A) Alveolar duct
B) Segmental (tertiary) bronchi
C) Type I alveolar cells
D) Respiratory bronchioles
E) Type II alveolar cells
Secrete a fluid containing surfactant.

Question 20

Figure 22.2
Using Figure 22.2, match the following:

A) B
B) D
C) C
D) A
Expiratory reserve volume.

Question 21

The paired lungs occupy the mediastinum of the thoracic cavity.

Question 22

Smoking diminishes ciliary action and eventually destroys the cilia.

Question 23

Labored breathing is termed dyspnea.

Question 24

The functions of the nasal conchae are to enhance the air turbulence in the cavity and to increase the mucosal surface area exposed to the air.

Question 25

Ventilation perfusion coupling means that more blood flows past functional alveoli than past nonfunctional alveoli.

Question 26

The olfactory mucosal lining of the nasal cavity contains the receptors for the sense of smell.

Question 27

Changes in arterial pH can modify respiration rate and rhythm even when carbon dioxide and oxygen levels are normal.

Question 28

Match the following:

A) Inspiratory capacity
B) Total lung capacity
C) Vital capacity
D) Functional residual capacity
TV + IRV.

Question 29

The parietal pleura lines the thoracic wall.

Question 30

The Heimlich maneuver is a procedure in which air in the lungs is used to expel a piece of food that obstructs the opening to the trachea.

Question 31

Intrapleural pressure is normally about 4 mm Hg less than the pressure in the alveoli.

Question 32

The average individual has 500 ml of residual volume in his lungs.

Question 33

The largest amount of carbon dioxide is transported in the bloodstream in the form of carbonic anhydrase.

Question 34

During normal quiet breathing,approximately 750 ml of air moves into and out of the lungs with each breath.

Question 35

Increased temperature results in decreased O₂ unloading from hemoglobin.

Question 36

Atelectasis (lung collapse)renders the lung useless for ventilation.

Question 37

Tracheal obstruction is life threatening.

Question 38

In chronic bronchitis,mucus production is decreased and this leads to the inflammation and fibrosis of the mucosal lining of the bronchial tree.

Question 39

The lungs are perfused by two circulations: the pulmonary and the bronchial.The pulmonary circulation is for oxygenation of blood.The bronchial circulation supplies blood to the lung structures (tissue).

Question 40

The alveolar ventilation rate is the best index of effective ventilation.

Question 41

The local matching of blood flow with ventilation is ________.

A) ventilation-perfusion coupling
B) the Bohr effect
C) the Haldane effect
D) chloride shifting

Question 42

Under certain conditions,the vocal folds act as a sphincter that prevents air passage.

Question 43

Strong emotions and pain,acting through the limbic system and hypothalamus,send signals to the respiratory centers that modulate respiratory rate and depth.

Question 44

For gas exchange to be efficient,the respiratory membrane must be ________.

A) between 5 and 6 micrometers thick
B) at least 3 micrometers thick
C) 0.5 to 1 micrometer thick
D) The thickness of the respiratory membrane is not important in the efficiency of gas exchange.

Question 45

Complete the following statement using the choices below.Air moves out of the lungs when the pressure inside the lungs is ________.

A) equal to the pressure in the atmosphere
B) less than the pressure in the atmosphere
C) greater than the intra-alveolar pressure
D) greater than the pressure in the atmosphere

Question 46

As carbon dioxide enters systemic blood,it causes more oxygen to dissociate from hemoglobin (the Haldane effect),which in turn allows more CO₂ to combine with hemoglobin and more bicarbonate ions to be generated (the Bohr effect).

Question 47

Nasal conchae mainly work on inhalation to warm and moisten air.They serve minor functions for exhalation.

Question 48

Oxygenated hemoglobin releases oxygen more readily when the pH is more basic.

Question 49

Intrapulmonary pressure is the ________.

A) difference between atmospheric pressure and respiratory pressure
B) pressure within the pleural cavity
C) pressure within the alveoli of the lungs
D) negative pressure in the intrapleural space

Question 50

With the Bohr effect,more oxygen is released because a(n)________.

A) decrease in pH (acidosis) weakens the hemoglobin-oxygen bond
B) increase in pH (alkalosis) strengthens the hemoglobin-oxygen bond
C) decrease in pH (acidosis) strengthens the hemoglobin-oxygen bond
D) increase in pH (alkalosis) weakens the hemoglobin-oxygen bond

Question 51

The inflation (Hering-Breuer)reflex is a potentially dangerous response that may cause overinflation of the lung.

Question 52

Surfactant helps to prevent the alveoli from collapsing by ________.

A) humidifying the air before it enters
B) protecting the surface of alveoli from dehydration and other environmental variations
C) warming the air before it enters
D) interfering with the cohesiveness of water molecules, thereby reducing the surface tension of alveolar fluid

Question 53

The relationship between gas pressure and gas volume is described by ________.

A) Dalton's law
B) Charles' law
C) Boyle's law
D) Henry's law

Question 54

The main site of gas exchange is the ________.

A) alveolar duct
B) respiratory bronchiole
C) alveoli
D) alveolar sacs

Question 55

The walls of the alveoli are composed of two types of cells,type I and type II alveolar cells.The function of type II alveolar cells is to ________.

A) replace mucus in the alveoli
B) protect the lungs from bacterial invasion
C) trap dust and other debris
D) secrete surfactant

Question 56

Which of the following maintains the patency (openness)of the trachea?

A) pseudostratified ciliated epithelium
B) C-shaped cartilage rings
C) surfactant production
D) surface tension of water

Question 57

The loudness of a person's voice depends on the ________.

A) length of the vocal folds
B) force with which air rushes across the vocal folds
C) thickness of vestibular folds
D) strength of the intrinsic laryngeal muscles

Question 58

Dalton's law of partial pressures states that the total pressure exerted by a mixture of gases is the sum of the pressures exerted independently by each gas in the mixture.

Question 59

Which of the following is true regarding normal quiet expiration of air?

A) It depends on the complete lack of surface tension on the alveolar wall.
B) It is a passive process that depends on the recoil of elastic fibers that were stretched during inspiration.
C) It requires contraction of abdominal wall muscles.
D) It is driven by increased blood CO2 levels.

Question 60

The statement,"in a mixture of gases,the total pressure is the sum of the individual partial pressures of gases in the mixture" paraphrases ________.

A) Charles' law
B) Henry's law
C) Boyle's law
D) Dalton's law

Question 61

The larynx contains ________.

A) lateral cartilage ridges called false vocal folds
B) the thyroid cartilage
C) an upper pair of avascular mucosal folds called true vocal folds
D) a cricoid cartilage also called the Adam's apple

Question 62

Which statement about CO2 is FALSE?

A) More CO2 dissolves in the blood plasma than is carried in the RBCs.
B) Its concentration in the blood is decreased by hyperventilation.
C) CO2 concentrations are greater in venous blood than arterial blood.
D) Its accumulation in the blood is associated with a decrease in pH.

Question 63

Which of the following is NOT a form of lung cancer?

A) squamous cell carcinoma
B) Kaposi's sarcoma
C) small cell carcinoma
D) adenocarcinoma

Question 64

Possible causes of hypoxia include ________.

A) too little oxygen in the atmosphere
B) getting very cold
C) obstruction of the esophagus
D) taking several rapid deep breaths

Question 65

The major nonelastic source of resistance to air flow in the respiratory passageways is ________.

A) air pressure
B) friction
C) surfactant
D) surface tension

Question 66

Which of the following is NOT a stimulus for breathing?

A) rising blood pressure
B) arterial PO2 below 60 mm Hg
C) acidosis resulting from CO2 retention
D) rising carbon dioxide levels

Question 67

Which of the following refers to the movement of air into and out of the lungs?

A) pulmonary ventilation
B) external respiration
C) internal respiration
D) gas exchange

Question 68

In the plasma,the quantity of oxygen in solution is ________.

A) only about 1.5% of the oxygen carried in blood
B) not present except where it is combined with carrier molecules
C) about equal to the oxygen combined with hemoglobin
D) greater than the oxygen combined with hemoglobin

Question 69

Which of the following determines lung compliance?

A) muscles of inspiration
B) alveolar surface tension
C) airway opening
D) flexibility of the thoracic cage

Question 70

Select the correct statement about the pharynx.

A) The pharyngeal tonsil is located in the laryngopharynx.
B) The palatine tonsils are embedded in the lateral walls of the nasopharynx.
C) The laryngopharynx blends posteriorly into the nasopharynx.
D) The pharyngotympanic (auditory) tube drains into the nasopharynx.

Question 71

Which of the choices below describes the forces that act to pull the lungs away from the thorax wall and thus collapse the lungs?

A) compliance and transpulmonary pressures
B) compliance and the surface tension of the alveolar fluid
C) the natural tendency for the lungs to recoil and the surface tension of the alveolar fluid
D) the natural tendency for the lungs to recoil and transpulmonary pressures

Question 72

The amount of air that can be inspired above the tidal volume is called ________.

A) inspiratory reserve volume
B) vital capacity
C) reserve air
D) expiratory capacity

Question 73

The lung volume that represents the total volume of exchangeable air is the ________.

A) tidal volume
B) expiratory reserve volume
C) inspiratory capacity
D) vital capacity

Question 74

Which respiratory-associated muscles would contract or relax during forced expiration,for example blowing up a balloon?

A) external intercostals would contract and diaphragm would relax
B) internal intercostals and abdominal muscles would contract
C) diaphragm contracts, internal intercostals would relax
D) diaphragm would contract, external intercostals would relax

Question 75

Which of the following counteracts the movement of bicarbonate ions from the RBC?

A) the Bohr effect
B) the Haldane effect
C) release of hydrogen ion
D) chloride shifting

Question 76

Which of the following is the leading cause of cancer death for both men and women in North America?

A) lung
B) colorectal
C) esophageal
D) skin

Question 77

Tidal volume is air ________.

A) exchanged during normal breathing
B) remaining in the lungs after forced expiration
C) inhaled after normal inspiration
D) forcibly expelled after normal expiration

Question 78

How is the bulk of carbon dioxide transported in blood?

A) as carbonic acid in the plasma
B) as bicarbonate ions in plasma after first entering the red blood cells
C) chemically combined with the heme portion of hemoglobin
D) chemically combined with the amino acids of hemoglobin as carbaminohemoglobin in the red blood cells

Question 79

Which of the following is correct regarding acclimatization?

A) At high altitudes, hemoglobin's affinity for O2 is increased because BPG concentrations increase.
B) High-altitude conditions always result in lower-than-normal hemoglobin saturation levels because less O2 is available to be loaded.
C) Decreases in arterial PO2 cause the peripheral chemoreceptors to become less responsive to increases in PCO2.
D) When blood O2 levels decline, the kidneys produce more erythropoietin, which stimulates breakdown of red blood cells in the spleen.

Question 80

Oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged in the lungs and through all cell membranes by ________.

A) active transport
B) filtration
C) diffusion
D) osmosis