Deck 8: Section 2: Motivation and Emotion

Question 1

Motivation is defined as:

A)the biological, emotional, cognitive, or social forces that act on or within an organism to activate and direct behavior.
B)an impulse that activates behavior to reduce a need and restore homeostasis.
C)the full use and exploitation of talents, capacities, and potentialities.
D)a distinct psychological state that involves subjective experience, physical arousal, and a behavioral expression or response.

Answer 1

the biological, emotional, cognitive, or social forces that act on or within an organism to activate and direct behavior.

Question 2

It is an innate characteristic of Canadian geese to fly south in the winter. This behavior is an example of:

A)intrinsic motivation.
B)incentive motivation.
C)an instinct.
D)a drive.

Answer 2

an instinct.

Question 3

Which of the following is a criticism of instinct theories of motivation?

A)Research demonstrated that humans do not have innate behavior patterns.
B)Instinct theorists believed that there were only four human instincts.
C)Instinct theories merely described and labeled behaviors rather than actually explaining them.
D)Instinct theory only accounted for conscious responding, but it did not explain unconscious behaviors.

Answer 3

Instinct theories merely described and labeled behaviors rather than actually explaining them.

Question 4

The view that some human motives are innate and due to genetic programming is a description of _____ theories.

A)instinct
B)drive
C)incentive
D)humanistic

Question 5

After working all afternoon cleaning up the attic, Mr. Dixon is very thirsty and drinks a big glass of orange juice. His motivation to drink in order to reduce his feeling of thirst can best be explained by:

A)self-determination theory.
B)drive theories.
C)incentive theories.
D)arousal theory.

Question 6

As the state championship drew closer, Evan worked harder and longer in practice. Evan was demonstrating which characteristic of motivation?

A)initiation
B)intensity
C)autonomy
D)activation

Question 7

Which of the following did William James list as human instincts in his landmark text, Principles of Psychology?

A)William James
B)Charles Darwin
C)Walter Cannon
D)Abraham Maslow

Question 8

The perspective that considers how our ancestral heritage may influence patterns of human behavior, such as eating behavior or the expression of emotions, is called the:

A)cognitive-appraisal theory.
B)hierarchy of needs perspective.
C)anthropomorphic approach.
D)evolutionary perspective.

Question 9

Reduction of internal tension would be MOST closely associated with _____ theories of motivation.

A)instinct
B)incentive
C)drive
D)self-actualization

Question 10

The chapter prologue describes Sandy's decision to travel to the Himalayas as a medical volunteer. On their way to the medical clinic, Sandy's group encountered a number of weather-related setbacks, but they pressed on, slogging their way through the rugged terrain to reach their patients. This sort of determination reflects a characteristic of motivation called:

A)persistence.
B)autonomy.
C)intensity.
D)activation.

Question 11

Intensity in motivation is seen as the:

A)initiation or production of behavior toward a goal.
B)continued efforts or determination to achieve a particular goal, often in the face of obstacles.
C)greater vigor in responding that usually accompanies motivated behavior.
D)subjective experience and physiological response that usually accompanies motivated behavior.

Question 12

Mathias believes that behavior is motivated by the desire to reduce internal tension caused by unmet biological needs that push us to behave in certain ways. Dr. Mathias's views are most consistent with _____ theories of motivation.

A)instinct
B)drive
C)incentive
D)humanistic

Question 13

When you feel cold, you engage in behavior to reduce this unpleasant feeling such as putting on your coat. This desire to reduce internal tension is a crucial aspect of _____ theories of motivation.

A)drive
B)arousal
C)instinct
D)incentive

Question 14

Which influential scientist inspired psychologists, such as William James and William McDougal, to devise lists of instincts to account for human behavior?

A)Charles Darwin
B)Walter Cannon
C)Paul Ekman
D)Abraham Maslow

Question 15

In contemporary psychology, the evolutionary perspective:

A)is considered to be pseudoscience.
B)considers how our evolutionary heritage may influence patterns of human behavior.
C)has been replaced by the biological perspective.
D)has all but been abandoned because research has consistently failed to find evidence to support its basic ideas.

Question 16

_____ theories of motivation claim that behavior is motivated by the desire to reduce internal tension caused by unmet biological needs.

A)Drive
B)Incentive
C)Humanistic
D)Instinct

Question 17

The characteristic of motivation known as activation refers to the:

A)initiation or production of behavior.
B)increased vigor in behavior toward a goal.
C)efforts to achieve the desired goal.
D)subjective experience and physiological response that usually accompanies motivated behavior.

Question 18

Although Hunter keeps falling when he tries to learn to ice skate, he keeps working at being a better skater so that he can play ice hockey. Hunter is demonstrating the motivation characteristic of:

A)relatedness.
B)intensity.
C)persistence.
D)initiation.

Question 19

Persistence is a characteristic of motivation that is demonstrated by the:

A)initiation or production of behavior toward a goal.
B)continued efforts or determination to achieve a particular goal, often in the face of obstacles.
C)greater vigor in responding that usually accompanies motivated behavior.
D)subjective experience and physiological response that usually accompanies motivated behavior.

Question 20

The desire to avoid boredom is to _____ theory as the desire to drink when thirsty is to _____ theory.

A)arousal; drive
B)drive; arousal
C)humanistic; incentive
D)incentive; humanistic

Question 21

_____ is the main source of energy in your body.

A)Glucose
B)Leptin
C)Insulin
D)Cholecystokinin

Question 22

Well-established learning principles, such as the different types of reinforcement, are closely associated with _____ theories of motivation.

A)instinct
B)incentive
C)drive
D)humanistic

Question 23

Nate wonders how his friend, Jim, can wake up at 5:00 AM every morning to swim laps before school. When he asks about it, Jim replies that he simply wants to realize his highest personal potential in swimming. Jim's explanation is most consistent with _____ theories of motivation.

A)instinct
B)drive
C)humanistic
D)arousal

Question 24

"To get someone to come to do a great job and take pride in their work, a monetary bonus is obviously the best motivator." This statement best illustrates _____ theories of motivation.

A)incentive
B)humanistic
C)drive
D)arousal

Question 25

"Oh, man, that was awesome! Let's do it again!" Marcela said as she climbed out of the front roller-coaster seat. Which category of motivational theories would best explain Marcela's behavior?

A)arousal theories
B)incentive theories
C)drive theories
D)humanistic theories

Question 26

Humanistic theories of motivation emphasize the idea that:

A)motivation is learned through the basic principles of reinforcement and punishment.
B)motivation is determined by unconscious thought processes.
C)motivation is affected by how we perceive the world, how we think about ourselves, and the degree to which the environment is supportive and encouraging.
D)an understanding of basic biological mechanisms, such as homeostasis, is the best way to understand human motivation.

Question 27

_____ find the heightened arousal of novel experiences very pleasurable.

A)Introverts
B)Overachievers
C)Sensationalists
D)Sensation seekers

Question 28

Taylor is highly motivated to maintain a high grade point average because her goal is to pursue studies at the graduate level. Taylor's motivation is best explained by _____ theories.

A)instinct
B)drive
C)arousal
D)incentive

Question 29

Ashley emphasizes the importance of psychological and cognitive components in human motivation and believes that we are innately driven to strive for a positive self-concept and the realization of our personal potential. Dr. Ashley's views are most consistent with _____ theories of motivation.

A)instinct
B)drive
C)incentive
D)humanistic

Question 30

About 10 or 15 minutes after Jim starts his daily five-mile jog, he usually begins to perspire heavily. His body's tendency to maintain a steady temperature through the cooling action of sweating is a function of:

A)homeostasis.
B)self-determination.
C)incentive motivation.
D)autonomy.

Question 31

_____ motivational theories emphasize the importance of psychological and cognitive factors in humans, including the motivation to strive for a positive self-concept and the realization of personal potential.

A)Humanistic
B)Incentive
C)Drive
D)Instinct

Question 32

Six-year-old Patrick was very excited and curious when his parents took him to the circus for the first time. However, when the clowns climbed over the barrier and started playing tricks on some of the children nearby, Patrick became visibly upset. Patrick's initial curiosity and his later fear and apprehension in this situation are best explained by _____ theory.

A)drive
B)instinct
C)incentive
D)arousal

Question 33

A monkey spends hours trying to open a complicated lock even though there is no reward for doing so. The monkey's behavior is best explained by _____ theory.

A)drive
B)instinct
C)arousal
D)incentive

Question 34

The view that people are motivated to maintain an optimal level of arousal that is neither too high nor too low is called:

A)drive theory.
B)arousal theory.
C)incentive theory.
D)humanistic theory.

Question 35

The view that behavior is motivated by the pull of external goals, such as rewards, is suggested by:

A)drive theories.
B)arousal theory.
C)self-determination theory.
D)incentive theories.

Question 36

Pierpoint believes that people are motivated to maintain an optimal level of arousal. When the level of arousal is too low, we try to increase it by seeking out stimulating experiences. When it is too high, we seek to reduce arousal in a less stimulating environment. Dr. Pierpoint's views are most consistent with _____ theory of motivation.

A)instinct
B)arousal
C)humanistic
D)incentive

Question 37

People who rank high on the need for varied, complex, and unique sensory experiences:

A)are high in achievement motivation but low in competence motivation.
B)have a high level of extrinsic motivation and a low level of intrinsic motivation.
C)are referred to as sensation seekers.
D)are referred to as self-actualized.

Question 38

_____ refers to the notion that the body monitors and maintains internal states, such as body temperature and energy supplies, at relatively constant levels.

A)Self-actualization
B)The basal metabolic rate (BMR)
C)Incentive motivation
D)Homeostasis

Question 39

Nelson feels that he has all the material possessions he needs in life and is now determined to devote all his energy to creative self-expression through music. Nelson's motivation is best accounted for by _____ theories.

A)instinct
B)drive
C)humanistic
D)arousal

Question 40

Glucose is also called:

A)blood sugar.
B)dopamine.
C)cholecystokinin.
D)adipose tissue.

Question 41

Jordan routinely eats an early lunch around 11:00 AM. Even if there's no clock in sight, Jordan can tell when it's almost 11:00 AM because he feels hungry and wants to eat. Which of the following explanations accounts for this?

A)Just as set-point theory would predict, Jordan has established an 11 AM set point for eating.
B)Jordan has become classically conditioned so that the time of the day, 11 AM, is a conditioned stimulus (CS) for him, triggering internal bodily changes that increase his desire to eat.
C)Negative energy balance and leptin resistance is occurring.
D)Positive energy balance and leptin resistance is occurring.

Question 42

As part of your psychology course, you are asked to pair off with another student and conduct a simple research study. Your assignment is to monitor the other student's blood levels of the hormone ghrelin. Your partner is of normal weight and eats at normal times. Throughout the day, you take blood samples every 30 minutes. As compared with the blood sample you took at 10 AM, the blood sample you took at noon just before your partner ate lunch contained _____ blood level of ghrelin.

A)a much higher
B)a much lower
C)a slightly lower
D)about the same

Question 43

Adipose tissue is another name for:

A)leptin.
B)insulin.
C)muscle.
D)body fat.

Question 44

Increased blood levels of which hormone has been shown to strongly stimulate appetite?

A)insulin
B)leptin
C)ghrelin
D)cholecystokinin

Question 45

Your typical or average body weight is called your _____ weight.

A)basal
B)energy balance
C)positive
D)baseline body

Question 46

Identify the hormone that, in people of normal weight, follows the daily pattern shown in the graph; that is, rising sharply before meals and abruptly falling after meals.

A)insulin
B)ghrelin
C)leptin
D)neuropeptide Y

Question 47

The rate at which your body uses energy for vital bodily functions when at rest is called the:

A)body mass index (BMI).
B)set-point rate.
C)basal metabolic rate (BMR).
D)settling point rate.

Question 48

Your body's reserve of stored energy is:

A)directly correlated with blood levels of a hormone called ghrelin.
B)constantly monitored by the hormone called cholecystokinin.
C)contained in your adipose tissue.
D)contained in brain areas such as the hypothalamus and the cerebellum.

Question 49

A researcher classically conditioned a dog to salivate every 60 minutes by presenting the dog with food at 60-minute intervals throughout the day. Following this procedure, what is the researcher likely to observe?

A)Because no other signals were used, the dog will fail to develop a conditioned response.
B)It is very likely that the dog will salivate every time it sees the researcher.
C)The dog's desire to eat will diminish, a phenomenon termed sensory-specific satiety.
D)The 60-minute interval will become a conditioned stimulus, triggering the conditioned response of salivation.

Question 50

Which internal change reliably predicts eating behavior? About 30 minutes before eating, there is a:

A)slight decrease in blood levels of insulin.
B)drastic decrease in blood levels of ghrelin.
C)slight decrease in blood levels of glucose.
D)drastic drop in blood levels of glucose.

Question 51

What will happen if you consistently eat fewer calories than you expend for energy?

A)Your body fat stores will shrink and you will lose weight.
B)The amount of CCK in your bloodstream will increase and remain elevated until homeostasis is achieved.
C)Your body fat cells will expand and multiply, and you will gain weight.
D)You will experience leptin resistance.

Question 52

Approximately _____ of your body's energy is used for continuous bodily functions that are essential to life, such as breathing, heartbeat, and the production of body heat.

A)one-tenth
B)one-fifth
C)one-third
D)two-thirds

Question 53

The hormone ghrelin is primarily manufactured in the:

A)cells lining the stomach.
B)adipose tissue or body fat.
C)pancreas.
D)dopamine receptors of the brain.

Question 54

A regulatory process called _____ helps you maintain your baseline body weight.

A)energy homeostasis
B)positive energy balance
C)negative energy balance
D)leptin resistance

Question 55

One reason you eat is to maintain a reserve of stored energy, and _____ tissue is the main source of stored calories in the body.

A)leptin
B)insulin
C)muscle
D)adipose

Question 56

Increased levels of three of the following chemical signals reduce eating behavior. Which one does NOT?

A)leptin
B)ghrelin
C)insulin
D)cholecystokinin (CCK)

Question 57

Which of the following is secreted by the pancreas, helps control blood levels of glucose, and promotes the uptake of glucose by the muscles and other body tissues?

A)cholecystokinin
B)dopamine
C)leptin
D)insulin

Question 58

As part of your biological psychology class, you conduct an experiment in which a rat's brain is continuously infused with a hormone called ghrelin. Based on what you've learned about ghrelin in your psychology text, you predict that the rat will:

A)display negative energy balance and lose weight gradually.
B)develop a huge appetite and gain weight.
C)lose its appetite and stop eating altogether.
D)display a significant decrease in its body mass index (BMI).

Question 59

Which observation BEST illustrates the concept of energy?

A)Despite day-to-day variability in how much food is eaten, most people maintain a fairly constant baseline body weight.
B)Body temperature is always maintained at a constant level.
C)Despite voracious appetites, ob/ob mice display characteristics that are very similar to that of a starving animal.
D)Excess calories are stored in adipose tissue.

Question 60

Which of the following is referred to as the hunger hormone?

A)ghrelin
B)insulin
C)glucose
D)cholecystokinin

Question 61

Which of the following is NOT one of the three best-documented internal chemical signals involved in the long-term regulation of body weight?

A)neuropeptide Y
B)insulin
C)leptin
D)ghrelin

Question 62

The secretion of _____ is directly correlated with the amount of body fat a person has.

A)dopamine and glucose
B)CCK
C)leptin and insulin
D)neuropeptide Y (NPY)

Question 63

Which of the following increases the sensitivity of stretch receptors in the stomach and helps signal feelings of fullness while you are eating a meal?

A)the hormone cholecystokinin (CCK)
B)the hormone epinephrine
C)the hormone ghrelin
D)the neurotransmitter neuropeptide Y (NPY)

Question 64

Due to a genetic mutation, ob/ob mice lack the ability to produce:

A)CCK.
B)neuropeptide Y.
C)leptin.
D)ghrelin.

Question 65

Genetically-mutated ob/ob mice:

A)have provided the first animal model with which to study the fight-or-flight response.
B)lack the direct thalamus-to-amygdala fear pathway.
C)are obese, yet display many of the internal physiological characteristics of a starving animal.
D)maintain perfect energy homeostasis even if underfed or overfed.

Question 66

Increased brain activity of neuropeptide Y leads to weight _____, and decreased brain activity of the hormone leptin leads to weight _____.

A)gain; gain
B)loss; loss
C)gain; loss
D)loss; gain

Question 67

The receptor sites for leptin and insulin:

A)are located in the same areas of the hypothalamus.
B)are located primarily in muscle tissue.
C)have yet to be identified, although evidence tentatively suggests that they are located in the lining of the stomach.
D)are greatly reduced in people who are obese.

Question 68

Which of the following restored normal metabolism, body temperature, immune functioning, and body weight in the genetically mutated ob/ob mice?

A)supplemental leptin
B)aerobic exercise on a treadmill
C)blocking receptor sites for the hormone ghrelin
D)blocking receptor sites for cholecystokinin

Question 69

The amount of leptin that is secreted into the bloodstream is directly correlated with the:

A)degree of arousal in response to a fear-provoking stimulus.
B)amount of time that has elapsed since a person last ate.
C)amount of body fat a person has.
D)duration of aerobic exercise.

Question 70

Increased brain levels of neuropeptide Y causes:

A)increased eating behavior and decreased body metabolism.
B)decreased body metabolism and decreased eating behavior.
C)increased eating behavior and increased body metabolism.
D)increased body metabolism and decreased eating behavior.

Question 71

In response to fasting, undereating, or dieting, fat cells shrink and weight loss occurs. Which internal change occurs to promote eating behavior, weight gain, and restore a person's typical body weight?

A)increased cholecystokinin (CCK) activity in the brain
B)increased basal metabolic rate (BMR)
C)increased classical conditioning
D)increased neuropeptide Y (NPY) activity in the brain

Question 72

Haley savored the wonderful smell and taste of the first Godiva chocolate that Connor offered her. And the second Godiva chocolate was almost as good. But, when Connor offered her a third Godiva chocolate, Haley's desire to eat more of the chocolate had diminished and she declined the offer. Which concept BEST explains Haley's reduced desire to continue eating the chocolate?

A)the cafeteria diet effect
B)positive incentive value
C)set-point theory
D)sensory-specific satiety

Question 73

Which of the following is TRUE regarding cholecystokinin (CCK)?

A)CCK promotes satiation by slowing the rate at which the stomach empties.
B)Blood levels of CCK are directly proportional to the amount of adipose tissue a person has.
C)Approximately 30 minutes before eating, blood levels of CCK decrease.
D)CCK promotes hunger by increasing the rate at which the stomach empties.

Question 74

Leptin is secreted by:

A)the pancreas.
B)adipose tissue.
C)the amygdala.
D)the adrenal gland.

Question 75

Which hormone helps signal feelings of fullness when eating a meal?

A)cholecystokinin (CCK)
B)insulin
C)neuropeptide Y (NPY)
D)ghrelin

Question 76

What of the following BEST defines satiation?

A)the feeling of fullness and diminished desire to eat that accompanies eating a meal
B)the anticipated pleasure of consuming a particular food
C)changes in metabolism to counteract overeating or undereating
D)the pre-eating drop in blood sugar levels

Question 77

Increased brain levels of leptin and insulin:

A)are associated with sensory-specific satiety.
B)promote reduced food intake and decreased fat stores.
C)occur in response to negative energy balance.
D)stimulate the pancreas to secrete neuropeptide Y (NPY).

Question 78

After his third helping of apple pie and ice cream, Nathan feels quite full. His satiation is due, at least in part, to increased levels of the:

A)hormone epinephrine.
B)hormone ghrelin.
C)hormone cholecystokinin (CCK).
D)neurotransmitter neuropeptide Y (NPY).

Question 79

Which of the following BEST describes sensory-specific satiety?

A)When people experience sensory-specific satiety they tend to go on a food binge and eat vast amounts of high-calorie, easy-to-swallow foods.
B)Simply chewing, tasting, or smelling an appealing food causes the hormone leptin to be released, greatly increasing the desire to eat.
C)As a particular food is consumed, the desire to continue eating that food decreases.
D)As sweet, salty, or fatty foods are consumed, there is a surge in brain levels of ghrelin.

Question 80

When food with a high positive incentive value is readily available, we eat until we are satiated by that specific taste, which is termed:

A)the cafeteria diet effect.
B)sensory-specific satiety.
C)food abundance.
D)incentive consumption.