Deck 7: Section 4: Thinking, Language, and Intelligence

Question 1

Emily is planning a trip to northern Canada in January. She decides to buy the warmest coat she can find, no matter what its cost or appearance. Emily is relying on the _____ to decide which coat to buy.

A)additive model
B)single-feature model
C)elimination-by-aspects model
D)insight and intuition

Answer 1

single-feature model

Question 2

Which of the following statements about animal communication is TRUE?

A)Most psychologists agree that nonhuman animals are not only capable of complex linguistic feats, but they also have a well-developed sense of self-awareness.
B)Many psychologists caution against trying to determine whether animals can "think" like humans, and instead they focus on the evolved cognitive abilities of specific species.
C)Most animals, including rats, parrots, pigs, elephants, and bottle-nosed dolphins can produce and comprehend simplified speech patterns.
D)Bonobo chimpanzees can acquire language proficiency that is equivalent to a human teenager.

Answer 2

Many psychologists caution against trying to determine whether animals can "think" like humans, and instead they focus on the evolved cognitive abilities of specific species.

Question 3

Davion and Angelo are identical twins. At birth, their mother gave the babies up for adoption. Davion was adopted by a couple in California, while Angelo was adopted by a family in New York. Despite growing up in different homes, both boys have similar IQ scores. This finding illustrates the importance of _____ on intelligence.

A)genes
B)environment
C)geographical context
D)parenting

Answer 3

genes

Question 4

ESP believers and ESP disbelievers participated in a study in which they watched two attempts to demonstrate telepathic communication. Although the participants didn't know it, one attempt was rigged to appear successful, and the other attempt was rigged to fail. Following the demonstration:

A)all of the participants incorrectly remembered both attempts as being unsuccessful.
B)the ESP disbelievers thought that ESP did not occur in either the successful or the unsuccessful demonstration.
C)only the ESP believers said that ESP had taken place in the unsuccessful attempt, thus demonstrating the belief-bias effect.
D)only the ESP disbelievers said that ESP had taken place in the unsuccessful attempt, thus demonstrating the fallacy of positive instances.

Question 5

When people need to make a decision involving a high degree of uncertainty, what techniques do they often use to estimate the probability of an event occurring?

A)the trial-and-error strategy and the additive model
B)the elimination-by-aspects model and the single-feature model
C)the availability heuristic and the representativeness heuristic
D)insight, intuition, mental sets, and pure guesswork

Question 6

Juliana is equally proficient in both English and Spanish. Julia has achieved:

A)telegraphic speech.
B)bilingual pragmatics.
C)balanced proficiency.
D)bilingual code switching.

Question 7

_____ is formally defined as the mental activities involved in acquiring, retaining, and using knowledge, including memory and perception.

A)Thinking
B)Motivation
C)Cognition
D)Problem solving

Question 8

_____ refers to the percentage of variation within a given population that is due to genetic factors.

A)Intelligibility
B)Heritability
C)Epigenesis
D)Shared environmental influences

Question 9

The linguistic relativity hypothesis:

A)contends that American Sign Language (ASL) lacks the formal requirements for language and is relatively impoverished linguistically.
B)states that thoughts and perceptions are influenced by the particular language that is used.
C)proposes that the formal characteristics of a language are relative and not absolute.
D)suggests that the way people think and perceive the world in different linguistic groups influences the formal language that they develop and use.

Question 10

According to Focus on Neuroscience: Seeing Faces and Places in the Mind's Eye, researchers utilized fMRIs used to study mental imagery. Evaluations of the brain scans revealed whether or not participants were:

A)imagining a sound or a visual scene.
B)experiencing a specific emotion.
C)imagining a face or a place.
D)conscious or unconscious while dreaming.

Question 11

Erika is asked to generate a list of five different animals that can be kept as pets. She quickly responds, "dogs, cats, goldfish, gerbils, and canaries." Dogs would thus represent Erika's _____ for the _____ concept of "pets."

A)defining features or attributes; natural
B)prototype; natural
C)exemplar; formal
D)prototype; formal

Question 12

A _____ is defined as the tendency to persist in solving problems with solutions that have worked in the past.

A)mental set
B)heuristic
C)schema
D)feedback loop

Question 13

For his independent project in Cooking 101, Henry decides to develop a new dip for raw vegetables, using sour cream and herbs. He tries one combination of ingredients after another, adjusting the seasoning as he goes along. What problem-solving strategy is Henry using?

A)working backward heuristic
B)additive model
C)single-feature algorithm
D)trial and error

Question 14

The term _____ refers to the rules for combining words in a particular language.

A)"generative"
B)"displacement"
C)"syntax"
D)"exemplar"

Question 15

Who translated and revised Binet's intelligence test for use in the United States?

A)David Wechsler
B)Charles Spearman
C)Louis Thurstone
D)Lewis Terman

Question 16

According to the In Focus box on neurodiversity, an individual with Asperger's syndrome (a mild form of autism spectrum disorder) is likely to:

A)score below the 30th percentile on a test of overall cognitive ability.
B)have narrow interests and inflexible behavior, but average to above-average intelligence.
C)have extraordinary long-term memory but is at risk for early-onset Alzheimer's disease.
D)require life-long support in daily living skills.

Question 17

According to psychologist _____, there are multiple, independent forms of intelligence, such as linguistic intelligence, spatial intelligence, or interpersonal intelligence.

A)Charles Spearman
B)David Wechsler
C)Howard Gardner
D)Lewis Terman

Question 18

In the two-stage theory of intuition, the _____ stage refers to the process where conscious, analytic thought processes take over and you try to prove or disprove your hypothesis.

A)guiding
B)heuristic
C)visualization
D)integrative

Question 19

Rick asks you how many stop signs you encounter on your drive home. To answer his question, you probably rely on a:

A)mental image.
B)linguistic concept.
C)map of your city.
D)natural concept.

Question 20

When a psychological test is administered to the same group of people on different occasions and it produces very similar scores for each of the participants, it is said to be:

A)reliable.
B)standardized.
C)a "culture-free" test.
D)valid.

Question 21

Cindi and Beth are participants in a research study that involves taking a difficult math test. Cindi is told that scores on the math test usually reflect gender differences, while Beth is told that scores on the math test usually do not reflect gender differences. Cindi and Beth's math scores will be compared with the scores of male students taking the same test. Based on Claude Steele's research, what would you predict about Cindi and Beth's scores on the math test?

A)Because of stereotype threat, Cindi will score lower than the male students, but Beth's score will be about the same as the male students'.
B)Because of the stereotype lift, Beth will score lower than the male students, but Cindi will score about the same as the male students.
C)Because of the stereotype lift, Beth and Cindi's scores will be about the same as the male students'.
D)Because of stereotype threat, Cindi will score higher than the male students, but Beth's score will be lower than the male students'.

Question 22

Finn will soon take the GRE. He is a straight-A student at Yale and has received a great deal of support from his family, professors, and friends, as he approaches the date to take the exam. After receiving his score, Finn realized that he actually scored much higher than he had expected. This example illustrates the phenomenon known as _____, which is the awareness that positive expectations can actually improve performance on tasks.

A)the halo effect
B)stereotype threat
C)favorable test bias
D)stereotype lift

Question 23

According to Psych for Your Life: A Workshop on Creativity, creativity can be enhanced if you:

A)ignore everyday hassles and focus on the "big picture."
B)try to avoid learning too much about the area in which you wish to be creative, so as to guarantee a fresh approach.
C)focus all your efforts on refining a single promising approach, rather than be distracted by too many possibilities.
D)are flexible and persist in the face of obstacles and setbacks.

Question 24

Cross-cultural research on group differences in IQ scores has shown that:

A)the stereotype threat is not a cross-cultural phenomenon.
B)standard IQ tests can be translated and used in any cultural setting.
C)minority groups who are discriminated against tend to have lower average IQ scores than the dominant group, whatever their racial or ethnic identity.
D)test-taking behavior does not vary from one culture or society to another.