Deck 6: Section 5: Memory

Question 1

Focusing on the meaning of information is called:

A)chunking.
B)clustering.
C)maintenance rehearsal.
D)elaborative rehearsal.

Answer 1

elaborative rehearsal.

Question 2

When asked to define the learning concept negative reinforcement, Hannah replied, "Negative reinforcement is when you perform a behavior that stops or lets you avoid an unpleasant stimulus, so you're more likely to repeat the behavior when you encounter the same unpleasant stimulus in the future." Hannah's answer reflects which category of long-term memory?

A)implicit
B)procedural
C)episodic
D)semantic

Answer 2

semantic

Question 3

"My first memory? I can remember the nature walks that our preschool class took almost every day. It was really just a city park that had a small lake and was about three blocks away, but I remember all of us walking in pairs, holding hands, and crossing the streets." According to the research discussed in the Culture and Human Behavior box, memories of general, group activities centered on family or community members were MOST likely to be:

A)a pseudomemory.
B)reported by European American college students.
C)a déjà vu experience.
D)reported by Chinese and Taiwanese college students.

Answer 3

reported by Chinese and Taiwanese college students.

Question 4

_____ refers to the hypothetical brain changes associated with the formation of a long-term memory.

A)The memory trace, or engram,
B)A schematic
C)Working memory
D)Repressed memory

Question 5

What is the "lost-in-the-mall" technique?

A)a suggestive technique that has been shown to be effective in helping people recover repressed memories of being abused or abandoned as children
B)a way of testing people's spatial memory, in which participants are led through an unfamiliar shopping mall and then they are timed as they try to locate particular stores
C)a mnemonic technique, which involves remembering a list of unrelated items by mentally imagining them at different store locations at a familiar shopping mall
D)using family members of a study participant to help induce a false memory for an event that never occurred, such as being lost in an airport as a child

Question 6

Whenever Carlos reaches for the silverware, he keeps reaching for the drawer that used to contain the silverware. Carlos's failure to remember the new location of the silverware is probably due to:

A)encoding failure.
B)retroactive interference.
C)the misinformation effect.
D)proactive interference.

Question 7

Of the following, which is considered a critical factor in the context effect?

A)distributed memory traces
B)hindsight bias
C)external environmental cues
D)the ability to script

Question 8

Which of the following statements about long-term memory is FALSE?

A)Information stored in long-term memory can potentially last a lifetime.
B)The amount of information that can be held in long-term memory is limitless.
C)The three components of long-term memory are the phonological loop, the visuospatial sketchpad, and the central executive.
D)One category of long-term memory is semantic memory.

Question 9

When Kate got home, Guy rummaged through the grocery sack, then said, "Kate, you forgot the dental floss and the coffee creamer! They were the last two things I told you to get! Don't you remember me saying that?" That Kate remembered to get the first items on the list is a pattern of remembering called:

A)a tip-of-the-tongue experience.
B)the recency effect.
C)the primacy effect.
D)encoding specificity.

Question 10

Monica was absolutely certain that she knew the name of the actress who played the character of Meredith on the popular television series Grey's Anatomy, but she could not think of her name. This is an example of:

A)prospective memory.
B)source amnesia.
C)a tip-of-the-tongue experience.
D)the misinformation effect.

Question 11

Psychologist Elizabeth Loftus had participants in one study watch a film about an auto accident, write a description of the accident, and then answer a series of questions, which were different for different groups of participants. A week later, the participants were questioned again. What was one basic finding of the study?

A)Participants who were asked how fast the cars were going when they "contacted each other" gave the highest speed estimates.
B)Participants who had themselves been in auto accidents confused details of their own accidents with details from the film, an example of source confusion.
C)Participants who were shown photographs of the drivers and passengers had more vivid memories of the accident than participants who did not see photographs, an example of imagination inflation.
D)Participants who were asked how fast the cars were going when they "smashed into each other" mistakenly remembered seeing broken glass in the film, an example of the misinformation effect.

Question 12

In telling the detective everything she could recall about what happened when she went into the bank to make a deposit, Lynn got to the point that she could not recall any more details. At that point, Lynn was probably experiencing:

A)retroactive interference.
B)retrieval cue failure.
C)inattentional blindness.
D)source amnesia.

Question 13

The "phonological loop" and the "visuospatial sketchpad" are:

A)different names for auditory sensory memory and visual sensory memory.
B)two of the three components in psychologist Alan Baddeley's model of working memory.
C)two mnemonic devices that can be used to help you remember a list of unrelated items, such as nonsense syllables.
D)two components in psychologist George Sperling's model of sensory memory.

Question 14

Psychotherapy that encourages the recall of supposedly repressed memories from childhood, usually of physical or sexual abuse, is called:

A)humanistic therapy.
B)recovery therapy.
C)pseudotherapy
D)client-centered therapy.

Question 15

Ebbinghaus's research led to the creation of the:

A)forgetting curve.
B)interference effect.
C)misinformation effect.
D)hindsight curve.

Question 16

Which of the following terms involves recovering stored information so that we are consciously aware of it?

A)perceptual loop
B)encoding
C)retrieval
D)storage

Question 17

When information in short-term memory is NOT rehearsed or encoded, what happens to it?

A)The information fades, or decays, after a very brief period of time, usually within a matter of seconds.
B)The information moves back into sensory memory.
C)The information is automatically transferred to working memory until it is ready to be processed further.
D)The information is circulated in the phonological loop until it is ready to be processed further.

Question 18

Short-term memory is also called _____ memory.

A)working
B)semantic
C)episodic
D)sensory

Question 19

Another name for implicit memory is _____ memory.

A)nondeclarative
B)prospective
C)declarative
D)procedural

Question 20

Adam vividly remembers the accident that sent him to the emergency room for stitches. This is an example of which type of long-term memory?

A)procedural
B)semantic
C)implicit
D)episodic

Question 21

Research with the sea snail Aplysia has demonstrated that:

A)the sea snail's nervous system is too primitive to form memories.
B)long-term potentiation is only possible in animals with more sophisticated and complex nervous systems.
C)forming a new memory involves changes in both the function and structure of neurons.
D)anterograde and retrograde amnesia involve fundamentally different neural circuits.

Question 22

Which of the following is NOT one of the key brain structures involved in encoding and storing memories?

A)the hypothalamus
B)the hippocampus
C)the prefrontal cortex
D)the cerebellum

Question 23

In the earliest stages of Alzheimer's disease, the MOST common symptoms are:

A)agitation and moodiness.
B)spontaneous recovery of long-term and working memories.
C)forgetting names of familiar people and the locations of familiar places.
D)misplacing common objects and moodiness, such as one's keys, glasses, or checkbook.

Question 24

As discussed in your textbook, the famous patient known for years as H. M. suffered from a severe case of:

A)Alzheimer's disease.
B)anterograde amnesia.
C)schizophrenia.
D)atypical Parkinson's.

Question 25

The Focus on Neuroscience feature described a study in which participants memorized labels for common objects, such as "dog," that were paired with either a picture or a sound. When they retrieved the memory, participants who had memorized the word dog with a picture of a dog showed a _____ level of activation in the _____ cortex.

A)low; auditory
B)low; visual
C)high; auditory
D)high; visual

Question 26

Carlos experienced a severe head injury when his motorcycle was hit by a truck. These types of accidents often result in:

A)fuzzy trace memories.
B)anterograde amnesia.
C)memory consolidation.
D)retrograde amnesia.

Question 27

For his anatomy and physiology class, Charles has to memorize the twelve cranial nerves in the correct order. If Charles spends extra time rehearsing the _____, this would help him to overcome the serial position effect.

A)items in the middle of the list
B)placement of the nerves within the brain
C)correct pronunciation of each nerve
D)first letter of every new term