Deck 6: Section 3: Memory

Question 1

As Erica watched the small airplane start its engine, she could see the trailing, fading images of the propeller twirling. This is an example of visual sensory memory.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

The maximum duration of short-term memory is about 20 seconds, unless the information is actively rehearsed.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

The standard stage model of memory has three distinct memory components: the phonological loop, the visuospatial sketchpad, and the central executive.

Answer 3

False

Question 4

A great deal of information is held during the sensory memory stage, but only for a couple of seconds at the longest.

Question 5

The stage model of memory consists of three distinct stages: sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory.

Question 6

The working memory system that holds all of the information that you are currently thinking about is called short-term memory.

Question 7

Iconic memory and echoic memory are both types of sensory memory.

Question 8

One important memory process is encoding, or the transforming of information into a form that can be entered and retained by the memory system.

Question 9

Information can be held in short-term memory for about 20 seconds.

Question 10

Visual sensory memory only lasts for about half a second while auditory sensory memory lasts for a few seconds.

Question 11

Sensory memory allows you to hear a series of musical notes as a melody.

Question 12

Sensory memory briefly stores our sensory impressions of the world so that they overlap slightly with one another.

Question 13

The research of psychologist George Sperling demonstrated that the maximum capacity of sensory memory is four items of information, plus or minus one.

Question 14

Psychologist George Sperling is one of the most widely recognized authorities on eyewitness memory and the different ways it can go awry.

Question 15

Sensory memory is also called working memory.

Question 16

Regardless of whether it is visual or auditory, sensory memory registers a limited amount of information from the environment but holds that information for up to 20 seconds.

Question 17

Working memory is also referred to as long-term memory.

Question 18

In the stage model of memory, the first stage is called sensory memory.

Question 19

The capacity of short-term memory is virtually limitless.

Question 20

Psychologist George Sperling demonstrated that the maximum duration of our visual sensory memory is about 30 seconds.

Question 21

One of the most effective strategies for encoding information into long-term memory is elaborative rehearsal.

Question 22

George Miller's classic experiment suggested that short-term memory has a capacity of about seven bits of information, plus or minus two.

Question 23

Semantic information is information kept in short-term memory just long enough to be processed before being moved into long-term memory.

Question 24

If you're like most people, you probably don't remember when or where you acquired most of your semantic memories.

Question 25

Recent studies suggest that the true "magical number" for the capacity of short-term memory is more likely to be four, plus or minus one, than seven, plus or minus two.

Question 26

If information in short-term memory is not actively rehearsed, the information is transferred to long-term memory.

Question 27

Maintenance rehearsal is a very effective strategy for encoding information into long-term memory.

Question 28

Applying information to yourself, the self-reference effect, improves your memory for information.

Question 29

Episodic memory is the category of long-term memory that includes the memory of facts, names, concepts, and other general knowledge.

Question 30

Maintenance rehearsal focuses on the meaning of information and is useful for maintaining information in long-term memory.

Question 31

Chunking is one way of increasing the storage capacity of short-term memory.

Question 32

According to the working memory model developed by British psychologist Alan Baddeley, the "phonological loop" is the component that is specialized for spatial or visual material, such as remembering the layout of a room or city.

Question 33

When Travis arrived at his 9 AM math class, a classmate asked Travis what had been discussed in the 8 AM political science class. Travis was able to answer because the information was stored in his long-term memory.

Question 34

Clustering is one way of increasing the storage capacity and duration of short-term memory.

Question 35

Long-term memory storage capacity seems to be limitless.

Question 36

David looks up a phone number and then continues to repeat the number until he has dialed it. This is an example of maintenance rehearsal.

Question 37

When your short-term memory store is filled to capacity, new information displaces currently held information.

Question 38

Working memory provides temporary storage for information that is currently being used in some conscious cognitive activity.

Question 39

According to the working memory model developed by British psychologist Alan Baddeley, the "central executive" controls attention, integrates information, and manages the activities of the phonological loop and visuospatial sketchpad.

Question 40

British psychologist and memory researcher Alan Baddeley developed the best-known model of working memory, which has three components, the phonological loop, the visuospatial sketchpad, and the central executive.

Question 41

Implicit memory is also referred to as nondeclarative memory because it consists of memories of which we are not consciously aware.

Question 42

Research has shown that the bits and pieces of information that people usually recall during a tip-of-the-tongue experience are completely unrelated to the blocked memory.

Question 43

Organizing items into related groups during recall from long-term memory is called "clustering."

Question 44

In a cross-cultural study investigating first memories, European American college students usually reported first memories that were self-focused and revolved around a specific event or experience.

Question 45

A test that uses cued recall or recognition is usually easier than a test that uses free recall to measure long-term memory for information.

Question 46

Retrieval cue failure is experienced when particular information is no longer stored in long-term memory.

Question 47

Cued recall is a memory measurement that involves identifying an item of information in response to a retrieval cue.

Question 48

Although there is ample evidence that information in long-term memory is clustered and associated, memory researchers still do not completely understand how information is organized in long-term memory.

Question 49

Episodic memory and semantic memory are components of Baddeley's working memory model.

Question 50

Marcia says, "Oh, I know that actor's name. I just can't remember it right now." Marcia seems to be having a tip-of-the-tongue experience.

Question 51

In his eighth-grade history class, Michael had to recite Lincoln's Gettysburg Address from memory. Michael did well at the beginning and end of the Address, but forgot some sentences in the middle. This example illustrates the serial position effect.

Question 52

The tip-of-the-tongue experience is a common example of retrieval cue failure.

Question 53

In a cross-cultural study investigating first memories, Chinese and Taiwanese college students usually reported first memories focusing on routine activities that they shared with members of their family or social group.

Question 54

The content of earliest autobiographical memories for Taiwanese and Chinese college students tended to concern discrete events and personal emotions they evoked.

Question 55

In a cross-cultural study comparing the earliest memories of college students, researchers found that the average age for earliest memory was much earlier for the U.S.-born students than for the Taiwanese or Chinese students.

Question 56

A test with multiple-choice questions is an example of using free recall to measure long-term memory.

Question 57

The average age of earliest autobiographical memories for Taiwanese and Chinese college students tended to be earlier than that for European American college students.

Question 58

Autobiographical memory is closely related to episodic memory and refers to events of your life-your personal life history.

Question 59

The basic idea of the semantic network model is that activating one concept, such as the word "dog," can trigger the activation of other concepts that are associated with it, such as the words "cat," "hound," or "pound."

Question 60

The content of earliest autobiographical memories for Taiwanese and Chinese college students tended to concern routine activities in the company of other people.

Question 61

Déjà vu experiences are typically triggered by a visual scene, but can involve all of the senses.

Question 62

Much of what we learn is forgotten very quickly but eventually the rate of forgetting levels off.

Question 63

"Mood congruence" refers to the finding that when people are in a depressed mood, they are more likely to recall happy memories.

Question 64

The experience of déjà vu is a sign of extrasensory perception or clairvoyance.

Question 65

The essence of encoding failure is that certain kinds of information are so abstract or technical that it is impossible to encode the information for storage in long-term memory.

Question 66

Although research has plainly shown that so-called "flashbulb memories" function in the same way as ordinary memories, people tend to be very confident that their flashbulb memories are highly accurate memories of the details of the particular event.

Question 67

Amber walked in her front door and put her textbook in the kitchen instead of on her desk as she normally did. Ten minutes later she was unable to find her textbook. Absentmindedness is the most likely explanation for Amber's memory lapse.

Question 68

Although forgetting important information can create problems, not being able to forget anything would also create problems.

Question 69

If you were to apply the research on forgetting to studying for exams in college, you would try to learn as much material in as short a time as possible.

Question 70

As a general rule, the more closely retrieval cues match the original learning conditions, the more likely it is that retrieval will occur.

Question 71

Mood congruence is an encoding specificity phenomenon in which a given mood tends to evoke memories that are consistent with that mood.

Question 72

When new information is learned, some information is rapidly forgotten relatively quickly. Information that is not forgotten tends to be retained in long-term memory for a long period of time.

Question 73

The encoding specificity principle refers to the recall of very specific images or details surrounding a vivid, rare, or significant personal event, such as the day you graduated from high school.

Question 74

The tendency to recall the final items in a list is called the recency effect.

Question 75

Unique, different, or unusual events are easier to retrieve from memory because they are characterized by a high degree of distinctiveness.

Question 76

Josh is sent to the store by his mother to pick up a number of grocery items. Upon arriving home, Josh's mother notices that Josh remembered to buy the first few items but apparently forgot to get the last few items that she had mentioned to him. Remembering the first items in a list is called the primacy effect.

Question 77

The recency effect is especially prominent when you have to engage in serial recall.

Question 78

In his pioneering studies of forgetting, Ebbinghaus was the first researcher to demonstrate how the misinformation effect, source confusion, and imagination inflation all contribute to imperfect memories.

Question 79

According to decay theory, we forget memories because we don't use them.

Question 80

Research has consistently shown that, like photographs, flashbulb memories are unaffected by the passage of time. Thus, they tend to be highly accurate.