Deck 6: Section 2: Memory

Question 1

Short-term memory is often referred to as _____ memory.

A)working
B)sensory
C)episodic
D)source

Answer 1

working

Question 2

As you are reading this question right now, you are consciously processing the meaning of the words in your _____ memory.

A)sensory
B)short-term
C)long-term
D)episodic

Answer 2

short-term

Question 3

Sperling's classic experiment in which he briefly flashed three rows of letters on a screen immediately followed by a tone demonstrated that:

A)subliminal perception can influence unconscious thought processes.
B)auditory sensory memory lasts for three or four seconds.
C)visual sensory memory holds a great deal of information for about a half second.
D)short-term memory can last for up to 30 seconds.

Answer 3

visual sensory memory holds a great deal of information for about a half second.

Question 4

While auditory sensory memory can last for about _____, visual sensory memory lasts for about _____.

A)3 to 4 seconds; a half second
B)3 to 4 minutes; a half minute
C)30 to 40 seconds; a half second
D)a half second; 3 to 4 seconds

Question 5

Information is stored in short-term memory for about:

A)2 or 3 seconds.
B)30 minutes.
C)20 seconds.
D)a day.

Question 6

_____ is the process of retaining information in memory so that it can be used at a later time.

A)Feedback
B)Encoding
C)Storage
D)Retrieval

Question 7

At age 80, Bonita recalls the wonderful summers she spent with her grandparents during her childhood. She talks about the market in town where you could buy freshly churned ice cream and garden vegetables, the county fair, and bonfires where her grandmother would make s'mores for the family. Bonita's recollections are an example of _____ memory.

A)sensory
B)working
C)long-term
D)recognition

Question 8

_____ involves recovering the stored information so that we are consciously aware of it.

A)Feedback
B)Encoding
C)Storage
D)Retrieval

Question 9

We transform information into a form that can be entered and retained by the memory system. This process is known as:

A)encoding.
B)retrieval.
C)storage.
D)prospective remembering.

Question 10

According to the stage model of memory:

A)the capacity to remember information changes with each age and stage of the lifespan.
B)memory consists of the stages of maintenance rehearsal, elaborative rehearsal, and clustering.
C)memories evolve in stages from simple memories to complex memories.
D)memory involves the stages of sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory.

Question 11

Working memory:

A)provides permanent storage for information.
B)refers to the active, conscious manipulation of temporarily stored information.
C)has a limited capacity of about 12 to 14 items.
D)has a relatively short duration seldom exceeding 3 or 4 seconds.

Question 12

Memory is formally defined as:

A)the mental processes that enable us to acquire, retain, and retrieve information.
B)a relatively permanent change in behavior as a result of past experience.
C)a mental category that is formed by learning the rules or features that define it.
D)the global capacity to think rationally, act purposefully, and deal effectively with the environment.

Question 13

Visual sensory memory is to auditory sensory memory as _____ is to _____.

A)short-term memory; long-term memory
B)echoic memory; iconic memory
C)iconic memory; echoic memory
D)long-term memory; short-term memory

Question 14

From another room, Jenny called out to Leonard to ask where he had put the car keys. At first, Leonard thought he hadn't heard what Jenny had asked, but a few seconds later, the question registered in his mind. He answered, "On the coffee table." Which type of sensory memory can explain this phenomenon?

A)echoic memory
B)iconic memory
C)contextual memory
D)semantic memory

Question 15

Which of the following statements about sensory memory is FALSE?

A)Memory researchers believe there is a separate sensory memory for each sense.
B)One function of sensory memory is to briefly store our sensory impressions.
C)Visual sensory memory holds information longer than auditory sensory memory.
D)Visual sensory memory only lasts for about a half second.

Question 16

Which stage of memory can be thought of as the "workshop" of consciousness?

A)short-term memory or working memory
B)auditory sensory memory
C)visual sensory memory
D)long-term memory

Question 17

As James watched Haley wave the 4th of July sparkler back and forth, he noticed that the sparkler seemed to produce a trailing afterimage that faded within a split second. Which type of sensory memory can account for the quickly fading afterimage of the sparkler?

A)echoic memory
B)the déjà vu experience
C)prospective memory
D)iconic memory

Question 18

Psychologist George Sperling:

A)conducted research on forgetting in the late 1800s, using himself as the sole subject.
B)spent almost 30 years studying the famous patient known as H. M.
C)is a nationally recognized expert on the memory errors that can occur with eyewitnesses.
D)studied the characteristics of visual sensory memory.

Question 19

Participants in Sperling's experiment stared at a screen on which three rows of letters were flashed for just one-twentieth of a second. If Sperling sounded a high-pitched, medium-pitched, or low-pitched tone within _____, the person could recall the letters in the upper, middle, or lower row.

A)1 minute
B)30 seconds
C)3 seconds
D)one-third of a second

Question 20

Which stage of memory enables us to perceive the world around us as continuous, rather than as a series of disconnected visual images or disjointed sounds?

A)working memory
B)short-term memory
C)long-term memory
D)sensory memory

Question 21

In order for chunking to work:

A)information must be processed by prospective memory before being sent to short-term memory.
B)sensory memory information must be encoded differently than other types of information.
C)retrieval of meaningful long-term memory information is often necessary.
D)the information must be processed a bit differently, with retrieval preceding storage.

Question 22

What happens to information in short-term memory that is not further processed or rehearsed?

A)The information moves back into sensory memory.
B)The information is transferred to working memory.
C)The information is sent to long-term memory.
D)The information fades or decays.

Question 23

Merely repeating information over and over is called _____, while focusing on the meaning of the information to help encode and transfer it to long-term memory is called _____.

A)clustering; chunking
B)chunking; clustering
C)elaborative rehearsal; maintenance rehearsal
D)maintenance rehearsal; elaborative rehearsal

Question 24

Maintenance rehearsal:

A)keeps information in long-term memory organized.
B)helps encode information for storage in long-term memory.
C)is a common strategy for holding information in sensory memory.
D)is a common strategy for holding information in short-term memory.

Question 25

According to George Miller, the capacity of short-term memory is:

A)about 13 items at one time.
B)about seven items at one time.
C)about 11 items at one time.
D)unlimited.

Question 26

According to the working memory model developed by British psychologist Alan Baddeley, the "central executive":

A)is in charge of controlling attention, integrating information, and initiating retrieval.
B)is involved in organizing information in a complex network.
C)is specialized for spatial and visual material.
D)is specialized for verbal material.

Question 27

Mentally add 37 + 65, then subtract 11. To perform this task, the information must be held and processed in your _____ memory.

A)long-term
B)auditory sensory
C)visual sensory
D)short-term

Question 28

Rather than simply repeating key terms and concepts, Jeremy focused on the meaning of the information in the chapter and tried to generate examples of concepts from his own experiences. Jeremy was using _____ to help encode information into his long-term memory.

A)contextual cues
B)elaborative rehearsal
C)the serial position effect
D)maintenance rehearsal

Question 29

What was psychologist George Miller describing in his paper entitled "The Magical Number Seven, Plus or Minus Two"?

A)the average duration of echoic memory in seconds
B)the duration in years before most of the current information in long-term memory is forgotten
C)the number of trials it takes a typical student to memorize a list of 13 nonsense syllables
D)the number of items or bits of information that can be held in short-term memory at one time

Question 30

Jamie found the ISBN of the book she wanted to order in the Books in Print Catalog. To remember the 11-digit number, 19772552901, she thought of the number as the year her best friend was born (1977) and her aunt's phone number (255-2901). Jamie was using the strategy of _____ to help her remember the ISBN number.

A)source monitoring
B)distributed practice
C)clustering
D)chunking

Question 31

According to the working memory model developed by British psychologist Alan Baddeley, the _____ is to verbal material as the _____ is to visual or spatial material.

A)central executive; phonological loop
B)phonological loop; visuospatial sketchpad
C)visuospatial sketchpad; phonological loop
D)phonological loop; central executive

Question 32

Because she didn't have a piece of paper handy, Mary mentally repeated the long-distance phone number over and over. Mary was trying to keep this information in her _____ memory.

A)iconic
B)sensory
C)long-term
D)short-term

Question 33

Not every researcher accepts that short-term memory is limited to exactly seven items, plus or minus two. Recent research suggests that the true "magical number" is more likely to be:

A)four, plus or minus one.
B)10, plus or minus two.
C)no more than two items.
D)12, plus or minus three.

Question 34

Consider this sentence: "Sean was able to get the dog to come out from under the abandoned house by shaking a bag of dog food." In order for you to consciously make sense of the sentence, the information was processed in your _____ memory.

A)auditory sensory
B)short-term
C)visual sensory
D)long-term

Question 35

At an auto parts store, Adam looked up an oil filter number in the parts catalog. Adam mentally repeated the number, PF3807A, as he searched the shelves for the correct oil filter for his car. Adam was using _____ to keep the information in his short-term memory.

A)maintenance rehearsal
B)elaborative rehearsal
C)distributed practice
D)source monitoring

Question 36

When studying for a test in his Lifespan Development class, Mario tries to apply the information to his own life in order to better retain the material. Mario is demonstrating:

A)the self-reference effect.
B)procedural memory.
C)maintenance rehearsal.
D)episodic memory.

Question 37

The "phonological loop," "visuospatial sketchpad," and "central executive" are:

A)the three main components of the semantic network model.
B)three mnemonic devices that can be used to help you remember a list of unrelated items, such as nonsense syllables.
C)three different interview strategies developed by psychologist Elizabeth Loftus to investigate eyewitness testimony and the development of false memories.
D)the three main components in the model of working memory developed by British psychologist Alan Baddeley.

Question 38

How can you increase the length of time that you can hold information in your short-term memory?

A)Use maintenance rehearsal by repeating the information.
B)Use a process called clustering.
C)Move the information into sensory memory.
D)Use iconic memory to hold the memory longer.

Question 39

According to the working memory model developed by British psychologist Alan Baddeley, the "phonological loop":

A)controls attention, integrates information, and initiates retrieval.
B)is involved in organizing information in a complex network.
C)is specialized for spatial and visual material.
D)is specialized for verbal material.

Question 40

British psychologist and memory researcher Alan Baddeley developed:

A)an influential model of working memory.
B)an influential model of long-term memory called the semantic network model.
C)the "lost-in-the-mall" technique to investigate false memories of childhood events that never happened.
D)research techniques for investigating the duration of visual sensory memory.

Question 41

Explicit memory is to _____ as implicit memory is to _____.

A)nondeclarative memory; declarative memory
B)procedural information; episodic information
C)prospective remembering; retrospective remembering
D)declarative memory; nondeclarative memory

Question 42

Which of the following statements about long-term memory is FALSE?

A)Information stored in long-term memory can potentially last a lifetime.
B)The amount of information that can be held in long-term memory is limitless.
C)One effective strategy for encoding information into long-term memory is maintenance rehearsal.
D)One category of long-term memory is semantic memory.

Question 43

The amount of information that can be held in long-term memory:

A)depends on the amount of maintenance rehearsal performed on the information.
B)seems to be limitless.
C)is seven items or bits of information, plus or minus two.
D)is four items or bits of information, plus or minus one.

Question 44

Which of the following statements about long-term memory is TRUE?

A)Long-term memory is best described as a unified memory system with no subsystems.
B)Echoic memory and iconic memory are two subsystems of long-term memory.
C)As a subsystem of long-term memory, implicit memories cannot be consciously recalled but still affect your behavior, knowledge, or performance on some tasks.
D)Episodic and semantic information are types of information reflected in implicit memory processes.

Question 45

Another name for explicit memory is _____ memory.

A)nondeclarative
B)iconic
C)declarative
D)procedural

Question 46

Researchers found that for Chinese and Taiwanese respondents, early autobiographical memories tended to focus on:

A)identifying objects with the correct words.
B)individual accomplishments and challenges.
C)discrete events and emotional reactions to them.
D)routine activities done in the company of others.

Question 47

To help remember the key terms used to describe Pavlov's conditioning a dog to salivate to the sound of a bell, Joshua vividly imagined that he was an experimental subject in Pavlov's laboratory, and that Dr. Pavlov was conditioning him to salivate. Joshua was using _____ to help encode the information into long-term memory.

A)the encoding specificity principle
B)state-dependent retrieval
C)visual imagery
D)maintenance rehearsal

Question 48

Knowledge of how to perform different skills and actions is called _____ memory while knowledge of facts, concepts, and ideas is called _____ memory.

A)semantic; episodic
B)episodic; procedural
C)procedural; semantic
D)procedural; episodic

Question 49

Brandon vividly remembers when he had to go to the emergency room for stitches on his left thigh. This is an example of which type of long-term memory?

A)procedural memory
B)semantic memory
C)spatial memory
D)episodic memory

Question 50

Characteristics of earliest autobiographical memories for European American college students tended to reflect a relatively _____ relationship of the self to society.

A)patriotic
B)collectivistic
C)individualistic
D)personalistic

Question 51

Implicit memory is:

A)memory that cannot be consciously recollected.
B)a category of long-term memory that includes memories of particular events.
C)memory that can be consciously recollected.
D)a category of long-term memory that includes memories of general knowledge of facts, names, and concepts.

Question 52

Conner vividly remembers details from earlier in the day when he was mistakenly pulled over by a highway patrolman and briefly arrested for armed robbery. Conner's memory of this event is stored in his _____ memory.

A)iconic
B)short-term
C)long-term
D)sensory

Question 53

Explicit memory:

A)is also known as nondeclarative memory.
B)is a category of long-term memory that includes memories of different skills, operations, and actions.
C)can be defined as memory with awareness.
D)can be defined as memory without awareness.

Question 54

As you are taking this exam, you are actively retrieving information that you have learned and stored in your long-term memory. The information that you are able to consciously recall is an example of which subsystem of long-term memory?

A)explicit memory
B)implicit memory
C)procedural memory
D)nondeclarative memory

Question 55

When asked for the definition of a dependent variable, Mohammed replied, "It's the factor in an experiment that is observed and measured for change." Mohammed's answer reflects which category of long-term memory?

A)procedural memory
B)semantic memory
C)prospective memory
D)episodic memory

Question 56

Your general knowledge of words, facts, names, definitions, and other assorted trivia reflects which type of long-term memory?

A)procedural memory
B)spatial memory
C)semantic memory
D)episodic memory

Question 57

Researchers hypothesized that cultural differences in the characteristics of earliest autobiographical memories might be related to cultural differences in:

A)gene expression.
B)neurotransmitters.
C)the sense of self.
D)moral development.

Question 58

Implicit memory is to _____ as explicit memory is to _____.

A)procedural information; episodic and semantic information
B)declarative memory; nondeclarative memory
C)memory with awareness; memory without awareness
D)episodic and semantic information; procedural memory

Question 59

Although she had not made one in years, Evelyn carefully folded the paper to make a paper airplane for her grandson. Evelyn's ability to perform this task is an example of which type of long-term memory?

A)semantic memory
B)procedural memory
C)episodic memory
D)prospective memory

Question 60

Which of the following are thought to be subsystems of long-term memory?

A)explicit memory and implicit memory
B)iconic memory and echoic memory
C)short-term memory and working memory
D)retroactive memory and proactive memory

Question 61

During the short-answer essay part of the examination, Ethan was absolutely certain that he knew the definition of "long-term potentiation" but he could not think of it. Which of the following is the most likely explanation for Ethan's inability to retrieve the information from his long-term memory?

A)the misinformation effect
B)prospective memory failure
C)source confusion
D)retrieval cue failure

Question 62

Much of your sense of self is derived from memories of your unique life experiences. These particular kinds of memories are referred to as _____ memories.

A)implicit
B)autobiographical
C)sensory
D)semantic

Question 63

_____ is the process of accessing information stored in long-term memory.

A)Retrieval
B)Encoding
C)Storage
D)Consolidation

Question 64

In comparing the earliest memories of European American college students and Chinese and Taiwanese college students, psychologist Qi Wang found that the earliest memories of certain groups tended to focus on general, routine activities involving family or community members, such as playing in the park or eating with family members. Which of the following is correct?

A)Neither the European American nor Chinese and Taiwanese college students had such memories.
B)Both the Chinese and Taiwanese college students had such memories.
C)Both the European American and the Chinese and Taiwanese college students had these types of memories.
D)The European American college students had such memories.

Question 65

Which of the following statements about the effectiveness of retrieval cues is TRUE?

A)Retrieval cues work better with procedural memories than with semantic long-term memories.
B)Short-term memory is usually nondeclarative unless prompted by retrieval cues.
C)Short-term memory is no different than long-term memory except in the types of retrieval cues.
D)With the right retrieval cue, people can often access stored information that seemed to be inaccessible.

Question 66

Compared to Asian mothers, when engaging in shared reminiscing with their children, Western mothers tend to emphasize the child's:

A)sense of community with others.
B)ability to use language correctly.
C)individual activities and emotional reactions.
D)relationships with other children the same age.

Question 67

The semantic network model suggests that:

A)semantic information is organized in a network, but episodic information is organized chronologically.
B)when the conditions of information retrieval are similar to the conditions of information encoding, retrieval is more likely.
C)distortions in memory can occur when the true source of the memory is forgotten.
D)information in long-term memory is organized in a complex system of associations.

Question 68

Compared to Chinese and Taiwanese college students, earliest autobiographical memories for European American students tended to concern _____ events.

A)routine
B)continuous
C)current
D)discrete

Question 69

Compared to European American students, earliest autobiographical memories for Chinese and Taiwanese college students were more likely to include:

A)other people.
B)animals.
C)the first use of language.
D)vivid detail.

Question 70

You are conducting a study on the organization of information in long-term memory. In the study, participants are told to say the first word that comes to their mind in response to the stimulus words "day," "woods," and "time." Many participants responded "night," "trees," and "clock." In your write-up of the study, you note that the participants' responses seem to support:

A)interference theory.
B)the notion of the serial position effect.
C)mood congruence.
D)the semantic network model.

Question 71

"My first memory? I can remember when I was almost three years old and going to my mom's hospital room just after my little brother was born. My aunt handed me my little brother all wrapped in a blanket and I remember just looking at him for the longest time, and thinking how he was so little." According to the research discussed in the Culture and Human Behavior box, memories like this one that focus on a specific event and the person's feelings about the event were most likely to be:

A)a false memory.
B)reported by European American college students.
C)the result of imagination inflation.
D)reported by Chinese and Taiwanese college students.

Question 72

As described in the Culture and Human Behavior box, developmental psychologist Qi Wang investigated the earliest memories of European American and Chinese and Taiwanese college students. Which of the following statements best summarizes Wang's findings?

A)The first memories of the Chinese and Taiwanese college students tended to be brief and focused on routine group activities, while the first memories of the European American college students tended to be about a specific event and more self-focused.
B)Although both the European American college students and the Chinese and Taiwanese college students were equally confident in the accuracy of their memories, the American college students were actually much more accurate in the details they remembered.
C)With the exception of the Chinese and Taiwanese college students tending to have their first memories about a year earlier than the European American college students, there were very similar themes in the first memories reported by the two groups.
D)The first memories of the European American college students tended to be brief and focused on routine group activities, while the first memories of the Chinese and Taiwanese college students tended to be about a specific event and more self-focused.

Question 73

After being presented with a list of 30 random words, Jennifer was asked to recall as many words as she could. In recalling the words, Jennifer remembered groups of related words, such as harp, flute, and piano. Jennifer's pattern of answers during recall demonstrates:

A)the self-reference effect.
B)clustering.
C)the serial position effect.
D)autobiographical memory.

Question 74

Brenda's Aunt Shelby got to the point where she just couldn't recall any more details. "Honestly, that's all I can remember about being in the same first-grade class as Bruce Springsteen. It was just too long ago," Shelby explained to her disappointed niece. That Shelby was unable to recall her other long-term memories about attending elementary school with Bruce Springsteen is most likely an example of:

A)absentmindedness.
B)retrieval cue failure.
C)source confusion.
D)anterograde amnesia.

Question 75

Chloe could not remember the name of the husband of a very important client. So, Chloe began reciting the alphabet until a letter triggered her memory, and she could remember the name. The letter of the alphabet:

A)served as a retrieval cue.
B)served as a prospective memory cue.
C)triggered a déjà vu experience.
D)triggered long-term potentiation.

Question 76

The Culture and Human Behavior box featured a study by developmental psychologist Qi Wang, who compared the earliest memories of European American college students and Taiwanese and Chinese college students. Wang found that the earliest memories of the Taiwanese and Chinese college students:

A)occurred much later than the memories of European American college students.
B)occurred at about the same age as the memories of European American college students.
C)occurred much earlier than the memories of European American college students.
D)were almost identical in content to European American college students' memories.

Question 77

Which model or theory describes the way that information is organized in long-term memory?

A)the interference model
B)the serial position model
C)decay theory
D)the semantic network model

Question 78

The average age for the earliest autobiographical memories reported by European American college students tended to be _____, compared to those reported by Chinese and Taiwanese college students.

A)younger
B)older
C)about the same
D)of doubtful validity

Question 79

Characteristics of earliest autobiographical memories for Chinese and Taiwanese college students tended to reflect a relatively _____ relationship of the self to society.

A)patriotic
B)individualistic
C)collectivistic
D)personalistic

Question 80

In a study investigating the earliest memories of European American and Chinese and Taiwanese college students, psychologist Qi Wang found:

A)no cultural differences in the earliest memories of either group.
B)that the earliest memories of the Chinese and Taiwanese college students tended to be longer, more self-focused, and more elaborate than those of the European American college students.
C)that the earliest memories of the European American college students tended to be longer, more self-focused, and more elaborate than those of the Chinese and Taiwanese college students.
D)that the European American students were more likely to develop false memories than the Chinese and Taiwanese students.