Deck 4: Section 5: Consciousness and Its Variations

Question 1

According to the activation-synthesis model of dreaming, what is "synthesized" in dreaming?

A)limbic system neurotransmitters, especially dopamine
B)the various sexual and aggressive impulses that are symbolically expressed in the dream's manifest content
C)various memories and sensations that are internally generated by the brain
D)melatonin, which is normally produced by the pituitary gland

Answer 1

various memories and sensations that are internally generated by the brain

Question 2

Sleep researchers who study disruptions in the amount, quality, or timing of sleep, including insomnia, obstructive sleep apnea, and narcolepsy, are interested in a broad category of sleep disorders called:

A)parasomnias.
B)dissociative states.
C)dyssomnias.
D)lucid dreaming states.

Answer 2

dyssomnias.

Question 3

After traveling overseas to visit his family, Sanjay experienced _____, a condition that can occur when circadian rhythms are drastically out of synchronization with daylight and darkness.

A)jet lag
B)narcolepsy
C)insomnia
D)rebound sleep

Answer 3

jet lag

Question 4

Mac has been driving for almost 30 hours straight because he was promised a $1,000 bonus if he delivers his truckload of refrigerated roses by 5:00 A.M. the next morning. As Mac drives through the night and gets progressively more tired, he is likely to experience:

A)a surge in brain levels of hypocretin.
B)very brief episodes of sleep called microsleeps.
C)a sleep-related eating disorder.
D)cataplexy.

Question 5

While taking his psychology quiz, Walter was keenly aware of his thoughts, sensations, memories, and different aspects of the surrounding environment. Collectively, this awareness is referred to as one's:

A)consciousness.
B)subconscious.
C)perception.
D)unconscious.

Question 6

REM stands for:

A)rapid equilibrium motion.
B)rapid eye movements.
C)restless eye movements.
D)random eye motion.

Question 7

According to the activation-synthesis model, _____ represents the process by which the brain synthesizes and integrates fragments of memories, emotions, and sensations that are internally generated.

A)REM sleep
B)NREM stage 1 slow-wave sleep
C)NREM stage 2 slow-wave sleep
D)dreaming

Question 8

Research indicates that yawning is:

A)caused by an overproduction of carbon dioxide in the body.
B)not contagious.
C)caused by too little oxygen in a person's blood.
D)generally followed by an increase in activity level.

Question 9

Keagan is experiencing the effects of posthypnotic suggestions. If Keagan is like the average person, these effects will:

A)usually last for about a year.
B)become permanent.
C)typically last for only a few hours or days.
D)reach peak levels in about six months.

Question 10

_____ is an unfolding sequence of perceptions, thoughts, and emotions during sleep that is experienced as a series of real-life events.

A)A dream
B)Meditation
C)A hypnagogic hallucination
D)Hypnosis

Question 11

Ava is a newborn baby. About how much time does Ava spend in REM sleep?

A)about 10 percent of her sleep time
B)less than 20 percent of her sleep time
C)about 50 percent of her sleep time
D)nearly 90 percent of her sleep time

Question 12

Which of the following is an example of a parasomnia?

A)insomnia
B)narcolepsy
C)obstructive sleep apnea
D)sleep-related eating disorder (SRED)

Question 13

Mike suffers from narcolepsy. Sometimes when he is very excited or experiencing intense emotions, he suddenly loses voluntary muscle strength and control and collapses, a phenomenon called:

A)cataplexy.
B)dissociative anesthesia.
C)sleep paralysis.
D)somnambulism.

Question 14

During his therapy session, Brent told his psychotherapist that he had a recurring dream in which he was fighting a pilot on an airplane and struggling to take over the controls. In terms of Freud's psychoanalytic view of dreams, the airplane, the pilot, and fighting would all be considered to be the dream's _____ content.

A)latent
B)manifest
C)activated
D)synthesized

Question 15

A lucid dream is a dream:

A)that occurs during periods of sleep deprivation.
B)with very clear content that you can recall in the morning.
C)that is filled with a black and red color scheme.
D)in which you become aware that you are dreaming while you are still asleep.

Question 16

_____ is the capacity to selectively focus your senses on particular stimuli or aspects of the environment.

A)Consciousness
B)Awareness
C)Attention
D)Memory

Question 17

German psychiatrist Hans Berger advanced the scientific study of sleep when he:

A)invented the electroencephalograph.
B)discovered the PET scan.
C)performed the first fMRI.
D)identified patterns of REM sleep in primates and humans.

Question 18

Which of the following is TRUE?

A)Circadian rhythms are regulated by the release of the neurotransmitter melatonin by the suprachiasmatic nucleus.
B)Circadian rhythms remain stable regardless of the sleep-wake schedule people adopt.
C)There are more than 100 different bodily processes that systematically vary over the course of each day, including blood pressure, the secretion of hormones, and pain sensitivity.
D)There are two important neurotransmitters, serotonin and dopamine, that regulate the 24-hour biological clock.

Question 19

Research indicates that nightmares:

A)are a strong indication that the individual is at risk for or currently experiencing major depression.
B)are not an indication of psychological or sleep disorders unless they occur frequently, cause difficulties returning to sleep, or cause daytime distress.
C)primarily occur during NREM slow-wave sleep.
D)are the most common type of parasomnia.

Question 20

A state of increased physiological arousal along with a sensation of falling refers to a condition called:

A)narcolepsy.
B)obstructive sleep apnea.
C)sleep terrors.
D)somnambulism.

Question 21

Which of the following is a derivative of opium?

A)mescaline
B)cocaine
C)psilocybin
D)codeine

Question 22

Along with attending 18 hours of college classes, Tolek is working full time at his uncle's hardware store. When Tolek complained to a friend about how tired he was all the time, his friend offered to sell him some methamphetamines. "They give you more energy," his friend explained. Tolek has been using the methamphetamines almost daily for the last two weeks. If Tolek continues his chronic use of methamphetamines, he is likely to experience:

A)a significant increase in the number of dopamine receptors and dopamine transporters in his brain.
B)an increase in the synaptic levels of dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine because methamphetamines block their reuptake and potentiate their effects.
C)frequent bouts of delirium tremens (DTs).
D)permanent destruction of brain tissue.

Question 23

Levi has been experiencing insomnia for about a month. Thanks to advice from his physician, Levi is monitoring his intake of stimulants, creating conditions for a restful sleep and establishing a consistent sleep-wake schedule. This technique is referred to as _____ therapy.

A)stimulus control
B)hypnotic association
C)REM
D)meditative

Question 24

Caffeine:

A)is the most widely used psychoactive drug in the world.
B)gets its stimulant effects by promoting the release of adenosine in the brain's prefrontal cortex.
C)achieves its stimulant effects by blocking the reuptake of dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine.
D)is the most widely used non-physically addictive drug in the world.

Question 25

After a day of NOT smoking, Brody starts to experience an intense craving for a cigarette, agitation, and a pounding headache. Brody is experiencing:

A)psychoactive effects.
B)physical dependence effects.
C)withdrawal symptoms.
D)tolerance symptoms.

Question 26

According to Focus on Neuroscience: The Addicted Brain, _____ have a profound and long-lasting effect on the brain's dopamine reward system.

A)lucid dreams
B)hypnotic suggestions
C)addictive drugs
D)vitamins

Question 27

The notion that hypnosis can allow you to relive early childhood experiences is called:

A)repression.
B)dissociation.
C)hypermnesia.
D)age regression.

Question 28

According to the Critical Thinking box, psychologists Irving Kirsch and Wayne Braffman propose that many highly suggestible participants are just as responsive to suggestions when they have not been hypnotized as when they have been hypnotized. They note that hypnosis does not reflect a distinct brain state but rather individual differences in the degree to which a person is able to experience an imaginary state of affairs as if it were real. Their explanation of hypnosis is called the:

A)neodissociation theory.
B)imaginative suggestibility view.
C)activation-synthesis model.
D)social-cognitive theory.

Question 29

Meditation techniques that involve focusing your awareness on an image, a word, a phrase, or your breathing are referred to as _____ techniques.

A)stimulus control
B)dissociative
C)free association
D)focused attention