Deck 4: Section 4: Consciousness and Its Variations

Question 1

Which of the following statements about dreaming is FALSE?

A)People usually have four or five dreaming episodes each night.
B)The first REM episode of the night is the shortest, lasting only about 10 minutes.
C)Early-morning dreams, which can last for 40 minutes or longer, are the dreams most likely to be remembered.
D)Most of our nighttime dreams are frightening and may signal early warning signs of depression or anxiety.

Answer 1

Most of our nighttime dreams are frightening and may signal early warning signs of depression or anxiety.

Question 2

Most people who are deprived of all environmental time cues tend to naturally follow a _____-hour sleep-wake cycle.

A)12
B)20
C)25.2
D)24.2

Answer 2

24.2

Question 3

According to _____, dreaming is the subjective awareness of the brain's internally generated signals during sleep.

A)the neodissociation model
B)Freud's psychoanalytic theory
C)the activation-synthesis model
D)social-cognitive theory

Answer 3

the activation-synthesis model

Question 4

According to Focus on Neuroscience: The Addicted Brain, alcohol, heroin, nicotine, cocaine, and the amphetamines primarily affect the:

A)suprachiasmatic nucleus.
B)left hemisphere of the brain.
C)areas of the brain responsible for balance.
D)dopamine reward system.

Question 5

_____ cannot be produced through hypnosis.

A)Temporary blindness or deafness
B)Temporary moments of superhuman strength
C)Relief from pain
D)Loss of sensation in a specific body area, such as an arm or a leg,

Question 6

Which of the following is/are necessary in order to stay precisely synchronized, or entrained, to a 24-hour-day?

A)medication
B)long periods of darkness
C)exposure to environmental time signals
D)naps

Question 7

Mandy is 8 months old, her mother Jennie is 40 years old, and her grandmother Matilda is 70 years old. During a typical 24-hour period, who experiences the HIGHEST proportion of REM to NREM sleep?

A)Jennie
B)Matilda
C)Mandy
D)Mandy, Jennie, and Matilda all experience the same approximate proportion of REM to NREM sleep during a typical 24-hour period.

Question 8

Biological processes that systematically vary over a 24-hour cycle are called _____ and are regulated by a cluster of neurons called the _____.

A)intrinsic rhythms; melatonin cluster
B)circadian rhythms; suprachiasmatic nucleus
C)circadian rhythms; pineal gland
D)brain waves; suprachiasmatic nucleus

Question 9

Which of the following lists the CORRECT sequence of sleep stages during the first 90 minutes of sleep?

A)stage 1 NREM, stage 2 NREM, stage 3 NREM, stage 4 NREM, REM sleep
B)REM sleep, stage 4 NREM, stage 3 NREM, stage 2 NREM, stage 1 NREM
C)stage 1 REM, stage 2 REM, stage 3 REM, stage 4 REM, NREM
D)wakefulness, drowsiness, dreaming, deep sleep, paradoxical sleep

Question 10

Long-term abuse of methamphetamines contribute to the most difficulty in which area?

A)balance
B)self-care needs
C)memory
D)language

Question 11

According to Focus on Neuroscience: The Sleep-Deprived Emotional Brain, which of the following is TRUE?

A)Research has clearly shown that watching unpleasant, disturbing images causes people to feel much more sleep-deprived and tired than when they watch neutral images.
B)People often react with greater emotionality when they are not getting adequate sleep.
C)Sleep deprived adults have considerably reduced blood flow in an area of the brain called the amygdala.
D)When people are consistently operating on too little sleep, their emotional reactions are considerably reduced.

Question 12

Sleepwalking and sleep terrors are _____ that tend to occur during _____.

A)parasomnias; stages 3 and 4 NREM sleep
B)parasomnias; REM sleep
C)dyssomnias; stages 1 and 2 NREM sleep
D)dyssomnias; REM sleep

Question 13

Which colors frequently appear in MOST people's dreams?

A)black and red
B)dark blue and emerald green
C)pastel colors
D)neon colors

Question 14

According to the _____ theory of hypnosis, people who are hypnotized are not in any special state of consciousness but are simply highly motivated to respond to the demands of the hypnotist and the situation.

A)neodissociation
B)imaginative suggestibility
C)social-cognitive
D)activation-synthesis

Question 15

Techniques for focusing attention, which are found in most cultures and many religions, that induce an altered state of focused attention and heightened awareness are called:

A)stimulus control strategies.
B)imaginative suggestibility strategies.
C)hypnosis techniques.
D)meditation techniques.

Question 16

In a meditation training study where participants learned to meditate over the course of eight weeks, researchers found that:

A)the new meditators showed gray-matter density increases in several cortical areas.
B)cortical thickness was negatively correlated with meditation experience.
C)meditation does not alter the brain.
D)the new meditators showed gray-matter density decreases in several cortical areas.

Question 17

The activation of the _____ area(s) in the brain reflect the emotional qualities of dreams.

A)prefrontal cortex
B)limbic system
C)language
D)left hemisphere

Question 18

Sleep restriction studies have shown that:

A)research participants adapted to the four-hour-per-night sleep schedule by the end of the first week and showed no cognitive or physical impairments over the course of the experiments.
B)there were some beneficial effects in terms of memory consolidation, reaction time, and immune system functioning.
C)immune system functioning, concentration, vigilance, reaction time, memory skills, and ability to gauge risk were all diminished.
D)there is no evidence to support the notion that REM and NREM sleep deprivation result in REM and NREM rebound effects.

Question 19

_____, a famous American psychologist, described consciousness as being like a river or a stream.

A)William James
B)Erik Erikson
C)J) Allan Hobson
D)Sigmund Freud

Question 20

Westerbrook did not notice when his wife, Priscilla, got her hair cut because he wasn't paying attention to her appearance when she walked into the house. Mr. Westerbrook's failure to notice that Priscilla cut her hair is most likely an example of:

A)attention deficit.
B)change blindness.
C)the cocktail party effect.
D)mindfulness.

Question 21

Which of the following is a category of addictive drugs that mimic the properties of natural brain substances called endorphins?

A)depressants
B)tranquilizers
C)psychedelics
D)opiates

Question 22

Whenever Lloyd uses his favorite drug, he experiences intense euphoria, mental alertness, and increased self-confidence. These psychological responses occur because the drug he takes blocks the reuptake of dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine, which potentiates the effects of these neurotransmitters. Lloyd's favorite drug is:

A)caffeine.
B)cocaine.
C)heroin.
D)marijuana.

Question 23

Physically addictive depressant drugs include:

A)cocaine, caffeine, and heroin.
B)heroin, opium, and "downers," or barbiturates.
C)alcohol, tranquilizers, and barbiturates.
D)heroin, morphine, and LSD.

Question 24

Chris drinks coffee frequently. If she tries to get through the day without a cup of coffee, she feels tired and groggy. Chris's feelings of fatigue and drowsiness are MOST likely _____ symptoms that are caused by a phenomenon called the _____ effect.

A)psychological; placebo
B)withdrawal; drug rebound
C)addictive; stimulant-induced
D)withdrawal; dissociative

Question 25

The Psych for Your Life section provides a number of tips to help minimize sleep problems. Which of the following is NOT one of those recommendations?

A)Use stimulus-control therapy.
B)Engage in regular daytime exercise.
C)Use depressant drugs, such as alcohol or barbiturates, that cause drowsiness.
D)Develop a consistent sleep-wake cycle.

Question 26

_____ promote(s) wakefulness, mental alertness, vigilance, and faster thought processes by stimulating the release of dopamine in the brain's prefrontal cortex and by blocking adenosine's sleep-inducing effects.

A)Nicotine
B)Caffeine
C)Cocaine
D)Amphetamines