Deck 14: Section 3: Therapies

Question 1

Not all psychologists favor the idea of extending prescription privileges to qualified psychologists. Some argue that clinical psychologists should focus on what they do best: providing psychological interventions and treatments that help people acquire more effective patterns of thinking and behaving.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

Although they are of historical interest, Freud's techniques and assumptions are no longer influential in contemporary psychotherapy and research.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

Psychoanalysis was founded by Carl Rogers and is based on his theory of personality.

Answer 3

False

Question 4

Not all psychologists favor the idea of extending prescription privileges to qualified psychologists. These critics are concerned that the safety and well-being of patients could be at risk if psychologists receive inadequate training to prescribe psychotropic medications.

Question 5

Rather than focusing on relationships in the past or in early childhood, interpersonal therapy emphasizes current relationships and social interactions.

Question 6

Freud's technique of transference involves the therapist actively challenging the patient's irrational beliefs.

Question 7

Most of Sigmund Freud's patients completed psychoanalysis in as short a time period as six months as long as they had four or more sessions per week.

Question 8

The basic assumption of the biomedical therapies is that the symptoms of most psychological disorders involve biological factors, such as abnormal brain chemistry.

Question 9

Transference is said to be occurring when the patient unconsciously responds to the therapist as though the therapist were a significant person in the patient's life, usually a parent.

Question 10

Although the popular media and cartoon caricatures often show psychotherapy being conducted as the patient lies on a couch while the therapist sits in a chair and takes notes, it is a myth that Sigmund Freud had his patients lie on a couch.

Question 11

A counseling psychologist holds an academic doctorate and must be licensed to practice. This type of mental health specialist assesses and treats mental, emotional, and behavioral problems and disorders but usually disorders that are of lesser severity.

Question 12

Carl Rogers believed that it was essential for the therapist to actively direct the client so that psychotherapy sessions are productive and focused on the goals that the therapist has set for the client.

Question 13

Free association and dream interpretation are two important techniques in psychoanalysis.

Question 14

Traditional psychoanalysis calls for the psychoanalyst to meet with the patient no more than once a week for a period of six months to a year.

Question 15

Psychiatric nurses and licensed professional counselors can prescribe medications or other medical therapies for psychological disorders.

Question 16

Luke's therapist asked him to relax, close his eyes, and say whatever came into his mind. The therapist is using one of the main techniques of rational-emotive therapy.

Question 17

In contrast to a therapist practicing traditional psychoanalysis, the therapist in short-term dynamic therapy tends to take a more active and direct role in therapy sessions.

Question 18

In traditional psychoanalysis, the therapist strives to remain as neutral as possible to produce "optimal frustration" in the patient so that the patient transfers and projects unresolved conflicts onto the psychoanalyst.

Question 19

Although there are many different types of psychotherapy, they are all based on the assumption that psychological factors play a key role in troubling feelings, behaviors, or relationships.

Question 20

In all but a couple of states, clinical psychologists may prescribe medications, electroconvulsive therapy, and other medical procedures in the treatment of psychological disorders.

Question 21

In general, behavior therapy focuses on helping the client develop insight and understanding about the historical causes of maladaptive behaviors or feelings.

Question 22

Systematic desensitization is a type of behavior therapy based on classical conditioning principles that is used to treat phobias and other anxiety disorders.

Question 23

The therapy technique called systematic desensitization was developed by Mary Cover Jones and is an application of operant conditioning.

Question 24

Along with other techniques, Mary Cover Jones used observational learning and modeling to help a 3-year-old boy named Peter overcome his fear of rabbits.

Question 25

When Pilar said that her husband didn't love her anymore, her therapist, Dr. Wilkerson, said, "You feel that your husband no longer loves you?" and then sat quietly without saying anything more. Dr. Wilkerson is probably a behavior therapist.

Question 26

Most behavior therapists believe that achieving insight into the fundamental causes of problem behaviors is a necessary first step in changing those maladaptive behaviors to healthier patterns of behavior.

Question 27

To help promote self-directed change in the client, a client-centered therapist strives to display genuineness, unconditional positive regard, and empathic understanding.

Question 28

Like Freud, Carl Rogers believed that psychological problems were the result of repressed, unconscious conflicts and wishes.

Question 29

Rather than interpreting the client's thoughts and behaviors, the client-centered therapist tries to create a warm, accepting climate that allows the client the freedom to explore troubling feelings and thoughts.

Question 30

Mary Cover Jones was the first female psychoanalytic therapist.

Question 31

Client-centered therapy is a type of short-term dynamic therapy.

Question 32

According to Carl Rogers, change occurs in psychotherapy when the person's self-concept becomes less distorted in the therapeutic atmosphere of unconditional positive regard, genuineness, and empathic understanding.

Question 33

Usually lasting only a session or two, motivational interviewing (MI) is more directive than traditional client-centered therapy.

Question 34

Exposure therapy is a relatively new, untested approach to treating phobias and posttraumatic stress disorder.

Question 35

Motivational interviewing (MI) is one of the most popular short-term psychodynamic therapies in use today.

Question 36

Free association, transference, and dream interpretation are three techniques that are central to both cognitive therapy and client-centered therapy.

Question 37

Because he thought that the word patient implied that the person entering therapy was sick and needed to be cured by an authority figure, Carl Rogers preferred to use the word client to refer to the person seeking therapy.

Question 38

To treat a 3-year-old named Peter who was fearful of a tame rabbit, Mary Cover Jones gradually conditioned a positive response that was incompatible with Peter's negative response of fear.

Question 39

Motivational interviewing (MI) uses client-centered techniques to help the client explore his or her own values, motivation, and commitment to change.

Question 40

The central goal for most behavior therapists is to modify specific problem behaviors, not overhaul the entire personality.

Question 41

Eye-movement desensitization reprocessing therapy (EMDR) was originally offered as a one-session cure for posttraumatic stress disorder.

Question 42

Virtual reality therapy uses computer-generated images of spiders, enclosed places, heights, and flying to help people overcome their fear of these objects or situations.

Question 43

Eye-movement desensitization therapy (EMDR) is more effective in relieving symptoms in people who suffer from anxiety disorders than no treatment at all. However, EMDR is no more effective than other standard treatments for anxiety disorders, such as exposure therapy or cognitive-behavioral therapy.

Question 44

Virtual reality (VR) therapy is primarily used to reduce maladaptive, habitual behaviors, such as cigarette smoking, binge eating, or excessive alcohol consumption.

Question 45

Contingency management involves reinforcing carefully specified behaviors with concrete rewards that are "earned" by the individuals enrolled in outpatient treatment programs.

Question 46

The text described the successful use of operant conditioning techniques in the treatment of a 4-year-old girl with various bedtime and sleep-related problem behaviors.

Question 47

Eye-movement desensitization reprocessing therapy (abbreviated EMDR) involves a person holding a vivid mental image of a traumatic or troubling memory and visually following the therapist's waving finger or being exposed to some other form of bilateral stimulation, such as tones in alternating ears.

Question 48

Several research studies have demonstrated that virtual reality therapy is an effective treatment for many common phobias.

Question 49

Although virtual reality therapy is an interesting attempt to use computer technology in psychotherapy, research has shown that it is not very effective in helping people overcome anxiety, phobias, or PTSD.

Question 50

Virtual reality refers to the intensely realistic hallucinations that are sometimes experienced during an episode of schizophrenia.

Question 51

Token economies have been used in institutional settings, such as psychiatric hospitals, classrooms, juvenile correctional facilities, and prisons.

Question 52

Unlike token economies, which cover many behaviors, contingency management strategies are typically more narrowly focused on one or a small number of specific behaviors.

Question 53

The primary goal of systematic desensitization is to help clients recognize and challenge their own irrational thoughts and beliefs.

Question 54

The process of systematic desensitization involves pairing deep relaxation with imagining a progression of specific anxiety-provoking scenes.

Question 55

During systematic desensitization, tokens or points are awarded to the patient as positive reinforcers for desirable behaviors and withheld or taken away from the patient for undesirable behaviors.

Question 56

One of the most widely used behavior therapy techniques is aversive conditioning, which has been shown to be effective in modifying a diverse range of maladaptive behaviors in both children and adults.

Question 57

The token economy is an example of the use of operant conditioning techniques to modify behavior.

Question 58

Virtual reality therapy is a form of exposure therapy in which watching realistic videos of frightening scenes over and over again eventually extinguishes the fear response in phobic individuals.

Question 59

According to the behavior therapists, one of the most effective treatments for dealing with phobias and other anxiety disorders is aversive conditioning.

Question 60

When EMDR is compared with a "sham EMDR" or placebo treatment that does not include bilateral stimulation, authentic EMDR produces a much higher rate of success in relieving symptoms of various psychological disorders.

Question 61

The basic premise of Albert Ellis's rational-emotive therapy is that people's psychological problems are caused by their irrational beliefs and expectations.

Question 62

The main goal of contingency management is to encourage and strengthen the client's self-motivating statements or "change talk," which are expressions of the client's need, desire, and reasons for change.

Question 63

In rational-emotive behavior therapy (REBT), the therapist's role is to actively confront and challenge a person's irrational beliefs and expectations.

Question 64

In Albert Ellis's rational-emotive behavior therapy (REBT), believing the following statement would be considered irrational: "I must be thoroughly competent, adequate, and achieving in all possible respects if I am to consider myself worthwhile."

Question 65

Contingency management interventions are especially effective in the outpatient treatment of people who are addicted to heroin, cocaine, alcohol, or multiple drugs.

Question 66

The cognitive psychotherapies are based upon the assumption that problematic emotions and behaviors are due to a distorted self-concept and the absence of unconditional positive regard.

Question 67

Identifying negative automatic thoughts and irrational beliefs is a key first step in establishing an anxiety hierarchy for use in systematic desensitization.

Question 68

In Albert Ellis's "ABC" model, the (A) stands for anger, the (B) stands for bias, and the (C) stands for catharsis.

Question 69

According to the "ABC" model, which forms the foundation of rational-emotive therapy, activating events (A) trigger beliefs (B) which cause emotional consequences (C).

Question 70

According to Aaron Beck, people are depressed because they have a negative cognitive bias that causes them to distort their perceptions of themselves and their situations.

Question 71

Cognitive-behavioral therapy combines techniques from behavior therapy and cognitive therapy and takes a pragmatic approach to treatment.

Question 72

Cognitive-behavioral therapy has been used to help reduce delusions and hallucinations in patients with schizophrenia.

Question 73

According to psychologist Albert Ellis, irrational beliefs tend to reflect "must" and "should" statements that are absolutes, such as "I should become extremely upset over other people's problems."

Question 74

Rational-emotive behavior therapy (REBT) is generally effective for the treatment of major depressive disorder, social anxiety disorder, and some other anxiety disorders.

Question 75

Beck's cognitive therapy (CT) is not an effective treatment for major depressive disorder, anxiety disorders, or eating disorders.

Question 76

Both Albert Ellis and Aaron Beck were originally trained as psychoanalysts.

Question 77

The therapist who uses Beck's cognitive therapy (CT) establishes an atmosphere of collaboration and tries to show clients how to test the accuracy of automatic thoughts, especially negative or upsetting thoughts.

Question 78

Cognitive-behavioral therapy is effective in its treatment of many disorders, including major depressive disorder, eating disorders, substance use disorder, and anxiety disorders.

Question 79

Albert Ellis believes that psychological problems inevitably result when people do not experience unconditional positive regard from family members, friends, and other significant people in their lives.

Question 80

One key idea in cognitive-behavioral therapy is that changes in behavior can cause changes in moods and thoughts.