Deck 10: Section 5: Personality

Question 1

Ben's wife Rebecca is a field biologist who accepted a post at a remote research station in Antarctica and has been gone for over two months. Since Rebecca's departure, Ben has remodeled the kitchen, planted a vegetable garden, and is now hard at work building a new deck. Freud would probably describe Ben's burst of creative and productive activities as an example of:

A)rationalization.
B)sublimation.
C)projection.
D)reaction formation.

Answer 1

sublimation.

Question 2

According to _____, each person is highly motivated to act in a way that is consistent with his or her _____.

A)Albert Bandura; possible self
B)Carl Rogers; self-concept
C)Carl Jung; anima or animus
D)Raymond Cattell; surface traits

Answer 2

Carl Rogers; self-concept

Question 3

Of the following, which represents a key STRENGTH of the social cognitive perspective?

A)The social cognitive perspective evaluates unconscious drives and motivations.
B)Social cognitive concepts, such as self-efficacy, can be operationally defined and empirically tested.
C)The social cognitive perspective is closely aligned with behaviorism.
D)The social cognitive perspective helps explain individual differences in aggression, gender identity, and creativity.

Answer 3

Social cognitive concepts, such as self-efficacy, can be operationally defined and empirically tested.

Question 4

Basic anxiety is to _____ as feelings of inferiority is to _____.

A)Karen Horney; Alfred Adler
B)Alfred Adler; Karen Horney
C)Carl Rogers; Albert Bandura
D)Carl Jung; Hans Eysenck

Question 5

The successful resolution of the Oedipus complex involves the use of:

A)rationalization.
B)fixation at the oral stage.
C)identification.
D)regression.

Question 6

Reciprocal determinism explains personality as the interaction:

A)between genetics and environmental influences.
B)of behavioral, cognitive, and environmental factors.
C)of social, cultural, behavioral, and environmental factors.
D)between the actualizing tendency and the self-concept.

Question 7

Theo and Gy were debating what would happen to society if the government collapsed and the military and police were disbanded. Gy felt strongly that, although things would probably be chaotic at first, people would very naturally strive to help each other in constructive ways. Gy's views are MOST similar to those of:

A)Sigmund Freud.
B)Carl Rogers.
C)Alfred Adler.
D)Carl Jung.

Question 8

Which of the following perspectives on human personality emphasizes the study of individual differences?

A)psychoanalytic
B)social cognitive
C)trait
D)neo-Freudian

Question 9

Freud's famous technique known as _____ involved patients spontaneously reporting mental images, thoughts, and feelings as they came to mind.

A)dream interpretation
B)catharsis
C)free association
D)profiling

Question 10

Trait theorists are MOST likely to describe an individual in terms of his or her:

A)unique combination of characteristics or attributes.
B)unconscious conflicts and repressed wishes.
C)self-concept.
D)level of self-efficacy.

Question 11

_____ is considered the "third force" in psychology.

A)Humanistic psychology
B)Evolution
C)Psychoanalysis
D)Behaviorism

Question 12

During the _____ stage, sexual impulses become repressed and children develop same-sex friendships and focus their attention on school and other activities.

A)anal
B)oral
C)genital
D)latency

Question 13

According to Freud's psychoanalytic theory, _____ refers to behaviors that enhance our chances of survival, and _____ refers to aggressive, reckless, and dangerous behaviors that are life threatening.

A)Eros; Thanatos
B)rationalization; repression
C)the id; the ego
D)Thanatos; Eros

Question 14

In Freud's psychoanalytic theory of personality, which one of the following personality structures is entirely unconscious?

A)the id
B)the libido
C)the ego
D)the superego

Question 15

Personality theories:

A)cannot be empirically evaluated.
B)primarily focus on the development of personality disorders.
C)focus on personality types, rather than on personality traits and characteristics.
D)attempt to explain how and why people are similar and different.

Question 16

Why is it difficult to test many psychoanalytic ideas?

A)Most of the techniques require extensive, specialized training.
B)Ethical guidelines prohibit this kind of research.
C)Most adults refuse to participate in psychoanalytic research.
D)They cannot be operationally defined and objectively measured.

Question 17

Hannah would like to be a professional musician one day. According to Albert Bandura, the BEST way for her to strengthen her sense of self-efficacy in this particular realm of behavior is:

A)through unconditional positive regard and developing a congruent self-concept.
B)through observational learning and mastery experiences.
C)by adopting the ego defense mechanisms of sublimation and displacement.
D)by developing a more positive "possible self" and daydreaming of making her debut at Carnegie Hall.

Question 18

Both the social cognitive and humanistic perspectives on personality emphasize:

A)unconscious beliefs and feelings.
B)the importance of conscious thoughts about the self.
C)genetic influences on development.
D)positive aspects of aggression.

Question 19

According to Carl Rogers, the fully functioning person experiences:

A)high levels of incongruence.
B)a deep need to move toward other people as a defense against basic anxiety.
C)a superiority complex because of success in overcoming challenges and developing a high level of self-actualization.
D)congruence.

Question 20

_____ contended that, "I dare to believe that when the human being is inwardly free to choose whatever he deeply values, he tends to value those objects, experiences, and goals that will make for his own survival, growth, and development, and for the survival and development of others."

A)Carl Jung
B)Carl Rogers
C)Anna Freud
D)Alfred Adler

Question 21

Westasia is a graduate student who is interested in personality tests that involve the interpretation of ambiguous images in an effort to assess unconscious motivations and conflicts. Westasia is interested in:

A)projective tests.
B)self-report inventories.
C)trait theories.
D)graphology tests.

Question 22

Research on personality traits has demonstrated that:

A)personality traits are flexible and can vary greatly from one situation to another.
B)many personality traits can be associated with particular unconscious conflicts or fixation at a particular psychosexual stage.
C)the actualizing tendency is the most fundamental personality trait.
D)personality traits are remarkably consistent over the lifespan.

Question 23

Which of the following is a self-report test designed to assess personality types rather than personality traits?

A)Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire (16PF)
B)California Personality Inventory (CPI)
C)Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)
D)Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)

Question 24

_____ are aspects of the self-concept that reflect images that people hope, fear, or expect to become in the future.

A)Personality factors
B)Personality traits
C)Possible selves
D)Heritability ratings

Question 25

According to Eysenck's theory, which individual is MOST likely to avoid stimulating environments?

A)Sheila, who is an extravert
B)Manual, who describes himself as neurotic
C)Parker, who is an introvert
D)Monica, who is psychotic

Question 26

In a research study described in your text, trained graphologists evaluated handwriting samples of 170 people. What were the findings of that study?

A)Graphology was found to provide a valid assessment of occupational aptitude and was the best predictor of vocational success.
B)The trained graphologists were highly accurate in identifying the actors, actresses, and psychologists in the pool of participants but were unable to identify those who were nuns, monks, or librarians.
C)Although the graphologists predicted that they would be 100 percent accurate in distinguishing among the participants, they were not much more accurate than people with no training in graphology.
D)Graphology was found to be highly accurate in distinguishing among people in different occupational groups and in identifying several personality traits.

Question 27

Brain-imaging research on the Big Five personality traits suggests that _____ is related to structural differences in brain systems related to sensitivity to threat and punishment.

A)extraversion
B)agreeableness
C)neuroticism
D)conscientiousness

Question 28

Thousands of research studies have established the reliability and validity of the following self-report personality tests EXCEPT the:

A)Myer-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI).
B)Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI).
C)California Personality Inventory (CPI).
D)Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire (16PF).

Question 29

According to Table 10.5 in the textbook, Robert McCrae and Paul Costa, Jr., are key personality theorists associated with the _____ perspective.

A)trait
B)psychoanalytic
C)humanistic
D)social-cognitive

Question 30

Which of the following is NOT one of the five factors in the five-factor model of personality?

A)psychoticism
B)neuroticism
C)openness to experience
D)agreeableness