Deck 5: The Eighteenth Century: an Age of Enlightenment

Question 1

What specific contributions did Montesquieu, Voltaire, and Diderot make to the age of the Enlightenment? Compare and contrast their political ideas with Thomas Hobbes and Machiavelli.

Answer 1

not answered

Question 2

In summary, what was the Enlightenment?

Answer 2

not answered

Question 3

Discuss the significance and the influence of John Locke and Isaac Newton on the Enlightenment.

Answer 3

not answered

Question 4

philosophes

Question 5

What role did women play in the development of the Enlightenment?

Question 6

To what extent did "high culture" and "popular culture" influence one another?

Question 7

Compare and contrast the contributions of the French philosophes and Britain's Enlightenment figures.How do they differ, if they do, and why?

Question 8

John Locke's tabula rasa

Question 9

Did the Enlightenment represent a new era for women?

Question 10

Essay Concerning Human Understanding

Question 11

James Cook's Travels

Question 12

Fontenelle's Plurality of Worlds

Question 13

Pierre Bayle

Question 14

Montesquieu's The Spirit of the Laws

Question 15

reason

Question 16

Define "high culture." In what ways was high culture expressed in the eighteenth century?

Question 17

How do the art and literature of the eighteenth century reflect the political and social life of the period?

Question 18

Immanuel Kant

Question 19

Compare deism to other strains of religiosity in the eighteenth century.

Question 20

What were the major ideas of Jean-Jacques Rousseau? In what ways were Rousseau's ideas unique, differing from those of his predecessors?

Question 21

IDENTIFICATIONS
Marie-Therese de Geoffrin

Question 22

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the salon and the coffeehouse

Question 23

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Condorcet and Baron d'Holbach

Question 24

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Rococo

Question 25

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Physiocrats

Question 26

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Antoine Watteau

Question 27

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Mary Astell's A Serious Proposal to the Ladies

Question 28

Voltaire's Treatise on Toleration

Question 29

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Mary Wollstonecraft

Question 30

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Vindication of the Rights of Woman

Question 31

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Denis Diderot's Encyclopedia

Question 32

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Adam Smith's Wealth of Nations

Question 33

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"science of man"

Question 34

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Francois Quesnay

Question 35

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American Philosophical Society

Question 36

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deism

Question 37

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Emile

Question 38

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Jean-Jacques Rousseau's The Social Contract and the general will

Question 39

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David Hume

Question 40

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laissez-faire

Question 41

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Carnival

Question 42

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Joseph II's Toleration Patent

Question 43

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pietism and the Moravian Brethren

Question 44

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Jacques-Louis David

Question 45

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Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

Question 46

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Edward Gibbon's Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire

Question 47

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Balthasar Neumann

Question 48

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Henry Fielding's History of Tom Jones, A Foundling

Question 49

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gin

Question 50

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Franz Joseph Haydn

Question 51

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Johann Sebastian Bach

Question 52

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newspapers and libraries

Question 53

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Addison and Steele's Spectator

Question 54

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Cesare Beccaria

Question 55

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chapbooks

Question 56

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Ashkenazic and Sephardic Jews

Question 57

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Neoclassicism

Question 58

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Realschule and Volkschulen

Question 59

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Samuel Richardson's Pamela

Question 60

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George Frederick Handel

Question 61

The purpose of Diderot's encyclopedia, according to him, was to

A) get the uneducated masses to respect authority.
B) usher in God's kingdom on earth.
C) dispute the claims of science.
D) exacerbate the hedonism of his peers.
E) change the general way of thinking.

Question 62

A major inspiration for travel literature in the eighteenth century were the Pacific Ocean adventures of

A) James Cook.
B) Ferdinand de Lesseps.
C) Zheng He.
D) David Hume.
E) Ferdinand Magellan.

Question 63

Denying Descartes' belief in innate ideas, John Locke argued that every person was born with

A) a passion for evil.
B) love in their heart.
C) the image of god in their mind's eye.
D) a blank slate.
E) a mixture of their parent's beliefs and values.

Question 64

The works of Fontenelle announce the Enlightenment because they

A) popularize a growing skepticism toward the claims of religion.
B) portray churches as allies of scientific progress.
C) discourage amateur conversations about scientific matters.
D) question the capacity of women to comprehend scientific discourse.
E) advocated the replacement of Catholicism with Protestantism because the latter was "freer."

Question 65

IDENTIFICATIONS
John Wesley and Methodism

Question 66

A key new type of enlightened writing fueling skepticism about the "truths" of Christianity and European society was

A) psychological autobiography.
B) travel reports and comparative studies of old and new world cultures.
C) ribald stories of peasant ignorance.
D) aristocratic joke books showing the bad humor of supposed social elites.
E) scientific treatises based upon philosophical induction.

Question 67

The scientist-philosopher who provides a link between the scientists of the 17th century and the philosophes of the next was

A) Voltaire.
B) Diderot.
C) Hume.
D) Beccaria.
E) Fontenelle.

Question 68

In The Spirit of the Laws, Montesquieu argued that the best political system in a modern society is one where

A) the legislature exercises absolute and unlimited power.
B) the king exercises absolute and unlimited power.
C) power is divided between the three branches of government.
D) the nobility is uninvolved.
E) all government resources are focused on military power.

Question 69

The French philosophes

A) flourished in an atmosphere of government support.
B) sought no extension of Enlightenment to other disciplines.
C) were literate intellectuals who meant to change the world through reason and rationality.
D) supported state censorship of ideas contrary to their own.
E) were widely influenced by Jean Jacques Rousseau and his emphasis upon emotions.

Question 70

European intellectual life in the eighteenth century was marked by the emergence of

A) anti-Semitism and sharper persecution of minorities.
B) secularization and a search to find the natural laws governing human life.
C) sophism and the mockery of past traditions.
D) monastic schools and medieval modes of training religious thinkers.
E) the complete separation of church from state.

Question 71

The leader of the Physiocrats and their advocacy of natural economic laws was

A) Denis Diderot.
B) Adam Smith.
C) Francois Quesnay.
D) Cesare Beccaria.
E) David Hume.

Question 72

The belief in natural laws underlying all areas of human life led to

A) scientific theism.
B) an abandonment of the scientific method.
C) intellectual stagnation.
D) the formation of several agnostic religious movements.
E) the social sciences.

Question 73

Voltaire was best known for his criticism of

A) the German monarchical system.
B) the separation of church and state.
C) religious intolerance.
D) Plato and the Greeks.
E) Chinese civilization.

Question 74

Immanuel Kant, a German philosopher, defined the Enlightenment as

A) "man's leaving his self-caused immaturity."
B) "the end of tyranny."
C) "a new era of equality for all."
D) "a false intimation of future woes."
E) "the proxy for real progress"

Question 75

Isaac Newton and John Locke

A) created two antagonistic religious systems of thought.
B) provided inspiration for the Enlightenment by arguing that through rational reasoning and the acquisition of knowledge one could discover natural laws governing all aspects of human society.
C) claimed that mathematics and science would bring about the cure for the evils of society but only very slowly.
D) said the philosophes were the prophets of the future and that their rejection of the scientific revolution was justified.
E) had little influence on the later Enlightenment as they were perceived to be figures of the "old" seventeenth century.

Question 76

The French philosophes mostly included people from

A) the nobility and the middle class.
B) the lower class and the lower middle class.
C) aristocracy and nobility.
D) urban artisans and craftsmen.
E) the universities.

Question 77

Enlightened thinkers can be understood as secularists because they strongly recommended

A) the application of the scientific method to the analysis and understanding of all aspects of human life.
B) the rational dismantling of all churches and their competing but empty ideologies.
C) a complete stop to all efforts at the reform of justice.
D) rigorous state control of all forms of education.
E) the establishment of democratic republics throughout Europe.

Question 78

The recognized capital of the Enlightenment was

A) Geneva.
B) Berlin.
C) London.
D) Vienna.
E) Paris.

Question 79

An early female philosophe who published a translation of Newton's Principia and who was the mistress of Voltaire was

A) Mary Wollstonecraft.
B) Marie Antoinette.
C) Mary Astell.
D) Catherine the Great.
E) the Marquise du Chatelet.

Question 80

Deism is the belief that

A) religion is fairy tales to frighten the superstitious.
B) if God exists, he has no interest in the world.
C) God created the universe but does not actively run it
D) a transcendent spirit controls every event.
E) praying matters.