Deck 13: The Beginning of the Twentieth-Century Crisis: War and Revolution

Question 1

Discuss the course of the first two years of World War I: Why did many people expect a short war? Why was it not a short war? Why did World War I become a "war of attrition"? Why did the warring nations, worn out by the end of 1916, not make peace?

Answer 1

not answered

Question 2

IDENTIFICATIONS
Black Hand

Answer 2

not answered

Question 3

IDENTIFICATIONS
the Schlieffen Plan

Answer 3

not answered

Question 4

Was World War I the end of an era or simply a continuation? Explain.

Question 5

What goals did the warring nations of Europe have as they entered the war, and did those goals change as the war progressed?

Question 6

Write a brief history of the Russian Revolution by discussing the following questions: What caused the Russian Revolution? How did Lenin and the Bolsheviks manage to seize and hold power despite their small numbers? How did the Bolsheviks secure their power during the civil war?

Question 7

IDENTIFICATIONS
No Man's Land

Question 8

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conscription

Question 9

Discuss the effects of World War I on political life, economic affairs, the social classes, and women.

Question 10

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Battles of Tannenberg and Masurian Lakes

Question 11

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Sarajevo

Question 12

IDENTIFICATIONS
"blank check"

Question 13

Who "won" World War I, and what did they "win"?

Question 14

Can the Treaty of Versailles be viewed as a successful settlement of the war? Why or why not?

Question 15

Why can 1917 be viewed as the year that witnessed the decisive turning point of World War I?

Question 16

Were there any realistic alternatives to the provisions of the Treaty of Versailles, given the causes and the consequences of the war and its impact upon western civilization?

Question 17

IDENTIFICATIONS
First Battle of the Marne

Question 18

Ignoring the assassination of Francis Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary, was World War I inevitable?

Question 19

How did wartime governments maintain public order and mobilize public opinion during the course of the war? Compare these actions with those taken by governments in previous wars.

Question 20

How did the Russian Revolution alter the dynamics of European statecraft and policy during the waning months of the war and into the time of the Paris Peace Conference?

Question 21

IDENTIFICATIONS
trench warfare

Question 22

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Nicholas II and Alexandra

Question 23

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Hindenburg and Ludendorf

Question 24

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Verdun and the Somme

Question 25

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Lawrence of Arabia

Question 26

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Petrograd

Question 27

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the Lusitania

Question 28

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"total war"

Question 29

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Britain's Ministry of Munitions

Question 30

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Georges Clemenceau

Question 31

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Germany's War Raw Materials Board

Question 32

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tanks

Question 33

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Central Powers

Question 34

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Rasputin

Question 35

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the Nineteenth Amendment

Question 36

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unrestricted submarine warfare

Question 37

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Defense of the Realm Act

Question 38

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Ireland's Easter Rebellion

Question 39

IDENTIFICATIONS
the machine gun and poison gas

Question 40

IDENTIFICATIONS
"Peace, land, and bread"

Question 41

IDENTIFICATIONS
Alexander Kerensky

Question 42

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Treaty of Versailles

Question 43

IDENTIFICATIONS
V.I.Lenin

Question 44

IDENTIFICATIONS
the Cheka

Question 45

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Karl Liebknecht and Rosa Luxemburg and the Free Corp

Question 46

IDENTIFICATIONS
"war communism"

Question 47

IDENTIFICATIONS
Second Battle of the Marne

Question 48

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Reds and Whites

Question 49

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November 11, 1918

Question 50

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Leon Trotsky

Question 51

IDENTIFICATIONS
reparations

Question 52

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Article 231

Question 53

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Woodrow Wilson's Fourteen Points

Question 54

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the "April Theses"

Question 55

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Bolsheviks

Question 56

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League of Nations

Question 57

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soviets

Question 58

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Treaty of Brest-Litovsk

Question 59

IDENTIFICATIONS
"dictated peace"

Question 60

IDENTIFICATIONS
Alexandra Kollontai and the Zhenotdel

Question 61

How many men died at the ten-month Battle of Verdun?

A) 10,000
B) 100,000
C) 500,000
D) 700,000
E) 1 million

Question 62

IDENTIFICATIONS
League of Nations' mandates

Question 63

Which of the following trends helped lead to the outbreak of the Great War?

A) conservative leaders hoped to crush internal democratic movements through war
B) European generals adopted new military policies
C) European states felt they had to uphold the power of their allies for their own internal security
D) the downward spiral of European economies
E) the dismantling of Europe's overseas empires

Question 64

What was the state that was a thorn in Austria-Hungary's side and a primary cause of World War I?

A) Slovenia
B) Bulgaria
C) Greece
D) Italy
E) Serbia

Question 65

IDENTIFICATIONS
Yugoslavia

Question 66

Before the outbreak of World War I in 1914, the general outlook for the future by most Europeans was

A) highly optimistic with material progress expected to create an earthly utopia.
B) one of extreme indifference and reckless abandon.
C) extremely negative, with most people believing that Armageddon was near.
D) largely determined by state agencies.
E) b and d

Question 67

The First World War not only killed millions of human beings, it also destroyed one of the basic intellectual precepts upon which recent Western Civilization had been founded:

A) the concept of a benevolent God
B) the belief in progress
C) the conviction of the enlightened spirit of man
D) the belief in justice for all
E) that spiritual beliefs and religious faith could overcome all challenges

Question 68

The most important consequence of the first year of World War I was

A) a deadly stalemate on the western front as a result of the failure of German war plans.
B) Italy's decision to switch sides to the German-Austrian alliance.
C) the collapse of German armies on the Russian front.
D) Serbia's rapid advance into Austria-Hungary.
E) the Ottoman Empire's decision to join the Triple Entente.

Question 69

During 1914, in contrast to events in Western Europe, the war in the east

A) was marked by immobility.
B) was marked by mobility.
C) developed methodically and took months to get heated.
D) was marked by careful diplomacy.
E) involved smaller numbers of troops.

Question 70

The development of trench warfare in France was characterized by

A) quick advances and seizures of enemy trenches.
B) fewer casualties due to thick fortifications.
C) long periods of boredom broken by artillery barrages and frontal assaults by enemy troops.
D) high morale and assurance of victory among the troops whose use of modern weapons reduced casualty rates.
E) fraternization between the opposing armies.

Question 71

Most Europeans believed that the Great War would

A) be much like the American Civil War in length.
B) be an exciting, emotional release from the otherwise dull and boring existence of mass society.
C) last for years creating a rousing state of perpetual heroics as proclaimed by Nietzsche in his writings on the "superman."
D) ultimately bring about the unification of Europe in one centralized and highly militarized government.
E) result in a new balance of power throughout all of Western Civilization.

Question 72

On the eve of the outbreak of war in Europe in 1914, William II of Germany

A) was plotting the overthrow of Nicholas II in Russia.
B) was intentionally provoking the Russians to attack Austria and set off a world war.
C) attempted to engage Nicholas II in a diplomatic dialogue to possibly avoid war.
D) sent ultimatums to England and France that were so clumsy and insulting as to make war inevitable.
E) abdicated in favor of his son, the Crown Prince, and sought exile in Belgium.

Question 73

The Schlieffen Plan was designed to prevent

A) America's entry into the war.
B) war.
C) a prolonged two-front war.
D) a war of attrition.
E) a European-wide war.

Question 74

In August 1914, the perception of the upcoming war among Europeans was that

A) it would be the dawn of a new socialist Europe.
B) the war would be very short, possibly only weeks in duration.
C) it would mark the end of European civilization.
D) its long-term nature would revive Europe's suffering economy.
E) it would be avoided at the last minute, once the diplomats finally met together.

Question 75

The "blank check" had the effect of

A) assuring Russia a sufficient supply of guns.
B) making the war vastly more expensive than it had to have been.
C) making it impossible for England to enter the war.
D) encouraging Austria to attack Serbia.
E) demonstrating Germany's desire for peace.

Question 76

What underlying motive led Great Britain to declare war on Germany?

A) the German invasion of Belgium
B) a desire to plunder on the continent
C) the desire to maintain world power
D) fear of German intentions in France
E) a love of war

Question 77

As early as July 28, 1914, European diplomats were becoming incapable of slowing a rush toward war mainly because

A) European kings, tsars, and emperors were too bent on war to heed their advice.
B) the complex, rigid, and demanding mobilization plans devised by European army generals made immediate military action essential.
C) ordinary people everywhere went to the polls and voted for immediate opening of the war on all fronts.
D) European industrialists, seeking to profit from mass destruction, induced the politicians they owned through bribery to push declarations of war through all European legislatures.
E) the slowness of communications in a pre-computer era.

Question 78

Which pair of nations had not practiced conscription prior to World War I?

A) Germany and Austria-Hungary
B) Great Britain and the United States
C) France and Great Britain
D) Italy and Germany
E) Russia and France

Question 79

The immediate cause of World War I was

A) an uprising of Catholic peasants in Bavaria.
B) the assassination of Austrian Archduke Francis Ferdinand in Sarajevo.
C) the German invasion of Poland.
D) the German naval blockage of Britain.
E) the French occupation of the Ruhr.

Question 80

Among nineteenth-century European political movements, the one most responsible for triggering World War I was

A) nationalism.
B) liberalism.
C) conservatism.
D) socialism.
E) modernism.