Deck 7: Psychosocial Development in Infancy and Toddlerhood

Question 1

The first stage in Erikson's theory is

A) Autonomy versus Shame.
B) Trust versus Mistrust.
C) Autonomy versus Shame.
D) Initiative versus Guilt.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

According to attachment theory,if a child has a warm and responsive relationship with the mother in the first year of life,the rest of relationships throughout the life span should be positive.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

If a child is not stimulated appropriately during Freud's stages,the child becomes

A) hostile.
B) rebellious.
C) fixated.
D) regressed.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

After the long nine-month wait,Judy's baby finally arrived.But it has been three weeks now and she still feels sad and cries all the time.What is going on?

A) SIDS
B) baby blues
C) postpartum depression
D) SAD

Question 5

When babies become solidly attached to their caregivers,they develop separation anxiety.

Question 6

Erikson's theory is based on eight major ______________ that must be resolved.

A) crises
B) mind-body conflict
C) attachments
D) emotional constructions

Question 7

Who proposed the first theory that a child's early experiences with parents shape his emotions and personality?

A) Erikson
B) Piaget
C) Bowlby
D) Freud

Question 8

Freud believed that the __________ was the prototype for all love relationships in life.

A) Mother-child relationship
B) Father-child relationship
C) act of breastfeeding
D) grandparent relationship

Question 9

Mary is an adult who likes to bite her nails,chew gum and ice,and is a dental hygienist.Freud would say she is ____________in the __________stage.

A) stuck; anal
B) fixated; oral
C) still; baby
D) having problems; genital

Question 10

Each of Freud's ____________stages is based on _________.

A) six; a body part.
B) five; a pleasure center.
C) four; a pleasure center .
D) five; a body part.

Question 11

Postpartum depression poses risk only to the mother.

Question 12

According to the ideal in attachment theory,when little Donnie falls and hurts his knee,he will

A) seek out his mother for comfort.
B) punch his friend.
C) get up and keep playing.
D) say bad words.

Question 13

Freud proposed an) ______ theory,while Erikson proposed a ____________ theory.

A) psychosocial; psychosexual
B) psychosexual; psychosocial
C) eight-stage; five-stage
D) proven; hypothetical

Question 14

Erikson states that the first year and a half of life is vital for

A) learning independence.
B) establishing trust in others.
C) getting oral needs satisfied.
D) motor development.

Question 15

Baby Ladasha is almost a month old and is depressed and irritable.She has trouble regulating her emotions.What could be the problem?

A) She's an extrovert. .
B) She has SIDS.
C) Her mother did cocaine during her pregnancy.
D) Her mother is depressed.

Question 16

You can spoil a 2-year-old.

Question 17

As a baseball player "tags up" so that he is safe,so a child does with her mother or primary caregiver.This shows that the mother functions as _____________ for the child.

A) a game stop
B) a secure base
C) a toy
D) an analogy

Question 18

One big difference between Erikson and Freud's theories is that Erikson's

A) only went to puberty.
B) was psychoanalytic.
C) covered the whole life span.
D) did not include the influence of people.

Question 19

John Bowlby extensively studied the _____________between a child and caregiver.

A) genetics
B) attachment
C) stages
D) maternal care

Question 20

According to the experts,you cannot spoil a baby.

Question 21

Research shows that maltreated children have not only impaired attachments but also neurotransmitter changes and poor reactions to stress.

Question 22

Research studies have shown that infant attachment patterns continue into adulthood.

Question 23

The majority of children are ______________ attached to their parents.

A) securely
B) avoidantly
C) resistantly
D) not

Question 24

John had neglectful parents as a child,and now as an adult he finds he is not very trusting of others.He hopes counseling will help him so that he can get married one day.What would you say to John?

A) Your attachment style was set in infancy and it can't change.
B) Yes, it can change if you work through your issues.
C) Medication is a better alternative.
D) Very few people ever really change, so why try?

Question 25

One of the most often used measures of attachment is the ___________ developed by __________.

A) Q-sort; Ainsworth
B) Strange Situation : Ainsworth
C) Q-sort; Bowlby
D) Strange Situation; Bowlby

Question 26

Children who have a clear-cut attachment with a caregiver also have stranger anxiety.

Question 27

Cultural research in attachment has shown that ___________infants are more upset than _________infants when separated from their caregivers.

A) American; Japanese
B) Japanese; American
C) English; Japanese
D) Irish; Japanese

Question 28

Children with ____________attachment are not distressed when mother leaves the room and are disinterested upon her return

A) secure
B) insecure-avoidant
C) insecure-resistant
D) disorganized

Question 29

Mothers who work full time during their child's first year have children who

A) are no different than children who have nonworking mothers.
B) have more behavioral problems and higher stress levels than children of unemployed moms.
C) have higher HOME scores.
D) are more likely to be immunized.

Question 30

Most children are securely attached to their caregivers.

Question 31

Somewhere between __________ and _____________ babies show a clear-cut attachment

A) 0; 6 weeks
B) 6 weeks; 8 months
C) 8 months; 24 months
D) 24 months; 4 years

Question 32

Children with ___________ attachment are distressed when mother leaves,and when she returns they gesture to be held but they try to pull away at the same time.

A) secure
B) insecure-avoidant
C) insecure-resistant
D) disorganized

Question 33

Eight-month-old Reagan never minded a babysitter until now.When the sitter picks her up,she cries and reaches for Mommy.It is clear that

A) the sitter has abused her.
B) Mom spoils her.
C) she has an attachment in the making.
D) she has stranger anxiety and is attached to her mother.

Question 34

A child with an insecure attachment may have trouble with moral behavior as an adult.

Question 35

Secure attachment characteristics such as independence,openness,and sociability are valued by all cultures worldwide.

Question 36

If you were an insecurely attached infant,you will have insecure relationships throughout life because that does not change.

Question 37

The Strange Situation has been used and validated around the world.

Question 38

During the Strange Situation,observers are most interested in

A) the stranger.
B) how the stranger and baby interact.
C) How the mother and baby interact.
D) what the baby does when Mom returns.

Question 39

The benefit of using the Attachment Q sort over the Strange Situation is that

A) it isn't as subjective.
B) it is less stressful for the child.
C) no strangers are involved, so it is safer.
D) it is more valid.

Question 40

Children with __________ attachment show confused and contradictory behavior when reunited with their mothers.

A) secure
B) insecure-avoidant
C) insecure-resistant
D) disorganized

Question 41

Children who can regulate their emotions tend to have more friends and make better grades than those who have

Question 42

Sarah's brows are lowered and her lips are pulled to the side.What emotion does this expression convey?

A) happiness
B) crying face
C) anger
D) pride

Question 43

Self-conscious emotions are so named because

A) they are embarrassing.
B) they require self-awareness.
C) others can notice them nonverbally.
D) others can notice them verbally.

Question 44

As compared to children who are not abused,abused children are more likely to

A) be more vulnerable to stress.
B) have difficulty with emotional regulation.
C) experience neurochemical changes in the brain.
D) All of these

Question 45

Betsye's son can change from being happy one minute to putting on a temper tantrum the next and she is worried.What do you tell her?

A) Take him to a psychiatrist now!
B) He is spoiled.
C) That is SO normal . . .no worries.
D) He needs a time out.

Question 46

Which part of the brain is vital to emotional development?

A) hippocampus
B) medulla
C) cerebral cortex
D) limbic system

Question 47

The primary emotions include

A) joy, sadness, anger, and fear.
B) joy, sadness, embarrassment, and fear.
C) joy, jealousy, pride, and sadness.
D) joy, fear, anxiety, and sadness.

Question 48

Both pride and distress appear regularly around

A) 5-6 months.
B) 7-8 months.
C) 10-13 months.
D) 15-18 months.

Question 49

The __________ theory says each emotion has distinctive features in all cultures.

A) primary emotion
B) discrete emotion
C) secondary emotion
D) fundamental emotion

Question 50

The terms secondary emotions,self-conscious emotions,and cognitive dependent emotions all mean the same thing.

Question 51

___________ refers to the two-way emotional access parents and children have to each other.

A) Emotional availability
B) Emotional regulation
C) Emotional access
D) Emotional bidirectionality

Question 52

A child experiences many more emotions around 6 months because of

A) parents.
B) stranger anxiety.
C) separation anxiety.
D) massive brain growth.

Question 53

Children who are not as adversely affected by maltreatment are described as

A) hardy.
B) survivors.
C) resilient.
D) unaware.

Question 54

A child's experiences during the first year of life form his or her emotional foundation.

Question 55

An awakening of sociability and the social smile occur about when?

A) right after birth
B) 2-3 months
C) 5-6 month transition
D) 10-13 months

Question 56

The __________ is responsible for conscious emotions.

A) lower limbic system
B) limbic cortex
C) deep limbic system
D) entire limbic system

Question 57

It isn't until about _________ that a child adds conscious emotions to the primary ones.

A) 3 months
B) 6 months
C) 1 year D They are present at birth

Question 58

Many children who are abused may end up depressed or with developmental delays.

Question 59

Discuss the similarities and difference in the upper and lower limbic systems and include primary emotions and self-conscious emotions.

Question 60

The facial expressions of the primary emotions are the same worldwide.

Question 61

Two-year-old Stephen can decode others' facial expressions and can use other people's reactions to determine his feelings.A psychologist would say that Stephen is

A) autistic.
B) socially competent.
C) emotionally aware.
D) an out of sync child.

Question 62

Research suggests that children with a disorder on the autism spectrum may have problems with this area of the brain:

A) hippocampus.
B) cerebellum.
C) frontal lobe.
D) amygdala.

Question 63

Laurie hears her first loud thunderstorm.She looks anxiously to her Mom who calmly tells her not to worry,God is just rearranging the furniture.Laurie goes back to playing.What just happened?

A) mimicry
B) facial decoding
C) social competence
D) social referencing

Question 64

Two-year-old Leah likes to say "mine" so much her mother is annoyed.What would the psychologist say about this?

A) She is spoiled.
B) She has a good sense of self.
C) She needs a sibling so she can learn to share.
D) Put her in time out.

Question 65

Research on day care shows that __________ is are) the most important influence on a child's development.

A) caregiver quality
B) parents
C) number of hours spent in day care
D) staff turnover

Question 66

Erikson's ______________stage is when toddlers learn their sense of self.

A) 1st
B) 2nd
C) 3rd
D) 4th

Question 67

Prior to the DSM-V,a child had severe deficits in social interaction,communication,and restricted interests,he may have been diagnosed with

A) Autism
B) Asperger's.
C) Pervasive Developmental Disorder NOS
D) any of these.

Question 68

Daniel Stern theorizes that by the time a child turns 2 the ___________self is apparent.

A) emergent
B) subjective
C) verbal
D) reflective

Question 69

Research into empathy and morality suggests that these qualities are

A) learned through the environment.
B) developed through experience.
C) passed down through the generations.
D) inborn.

Question 70

Which parent tends to be more physically stimulating when playing?

A) Mom
B) Dad
C) Grandma
D) Babysitter

Question 71

The strongest risk factor for autism is

A) parental coldness.
B) having an autistic sibling.
C) parental social skills.
D) warmth in parenting during the first year.

Question 72

In order to become socially competent,a child needs to learn these skills:

A) decoding facial expressions; social referencing.
B) mutual gaze, trust.
C) emotional communication, social interaction.
D) stranger anxiety, decoding faces.

Question 73

In the United States,the role of _________ as caregivers to young children has been dramatically increasing.

A) parents
B) cousins
C) grandparents
D) siblings

Question 74

If a parent is very critical of her child's "accidents' during toilet training,the child may develop a sense of

A) autonomy.
B) mistrust.
C) guilt.
D) shame.

Question 75

List and discuss six "red flags" that may signal autism in a child.

Question 76

Fathers who participate in caring for their children have better marriage relationships.

Question 77

Fourteen-month-old Betty Jane has red blush on her nose.When she looks in a mirror,she will

A) touch her own nose.
B) touch the mirrored baby's nose.
C) cry.
D) look away.

Question 78

There is so much overlap in Western and non-Western parenting values that there really is not much difference between the two.

Question 79

Even infants can demonstrate empathy.

Question 80

__________ says children are born with an emergent sense of self.

A) Erik Erikson
B) Daniel Stern
C) Jean Piaget
D) Sigmund Freud