Deck 15: Cognitive Development in Adolescence

Question 1

The language,terms,and jargon of a particular discipline,like child development,is called ____________. a.vocabulary
B)academic language
C)intersubjectivity
D)conceptual understanding

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Sixteen-year-old Katy believes she can't go to school because everyone will notice her "bad hair day." This is an example of _____________. a.egocentrism
B)imaginary audience
C)formal thought
D)logical thinking

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Joe and Don are working on a 100-item math test.When Don gets about halfway done with his,he notices that Joe is finished and doodling pictures.Information-processing theorists would conclude that Joe has quicker _____________ than Don. a.working memory
B)processing speed
C)inhibitory control
D)math facts in memory

Answer 3

B

Question 4

The ability to reason through a series of premises to reach a conclusion using logic even when the premise is false is known as ___________. a.conditional reasoning
B)logical necessity
C)hypothetical deductive reasoning
D)logical thinking

Question 5

"Bottom-up" reasoning is also known as ____________. a.inductive reasoning
B)conditional reasoning
C)logical necessity
D)hypothetical deductive reasoning

Question 6

Piaget said that all adolescents will reach formal thought by age 18.

Question 7

What begins with a series of abstract ideas and then uses logic to reach a conclusion? a.inductive reasoning
B)conditional reasoning
C)logical necessity
D)hypothetical deductive reasoning

Question 8

Piaget believed that children acquire cognitive abilities in an ordered and invariant manner.

Question 9

Who believed children learn cognitively through experiences with others and inner speech? a.Piaget
B)Vygotsky
C)Erickson
D)Kohlberg

Question 10

When Bill gets a new girl's phone number,he can memorize it immediately,but Frank has to write it down.Bill's ___________ seems to be working better than Frank's. a.working memory
B)processing speed
C)inhibitory control
D)hormones

Question 11

Suppose you are shown four cards and told that each card has a letter on one side and a number on the other.You can see only one side of each card.Card one has an E on it; card two has a K on it,card three has a 4 on it,and card four has a 7 on it.You must determine whether the following hypothesis is true or false: If there is a vowel on one side,then there is an even number on the other side.What is the minimum number of cards you must examine to test this hypothesis? a.1
B)2
C)3
D)4

Question 12

"Top-down reasoning" is also known as ______________. a.conditional reasoning
B)logical necessity
C)hypothetical deductive reasoning
D)logical thinking

Question 13

The stage of cognitive development that Piaget said is typical of teens is the ____________stage.

A) Sensorimotor
B) Preoperational
C) Concrete
D) Formal

Question 14

Training tutors to use a structured approach and ask certain types of questions helps the ______________ the most. a.tutee
B)tutor
C)both the tutee and the tutor
D)neither.It should be individualized.

Question 15

In Biology class in high school,Amy has been drawing her own models of how photosynthesis works.She is in the _________stage of learning this academic language. a.receptive understanding
B)conceptual understanding
C)interpretive understanding
D)expressive understanding

Question 16

Peer tutoring works well when the tutor and tutee share goals.This is called a.being on the same page.
B)intersubjectivity.
C)correspondence.
D)collaboration.

Question 17

Which Piaget stage involves the use of abstract reasoning and logical thinking? a.preformal
B)formal
C)concrete
D)hypodeductive

Question 18

When you memorized facts for this test,you were engaging in ____________ according to Roscoe and Chi. a.knowledge building
B)knowledge telling
C)scaffolding
D)short-term memory

Question 19

Making inferences based on the premise that if one event occurs,then another event will occur is known as ____________. a.conditional reasoning
B)logical necessity
C)hypothetical deductive reasoning
D)inductive reasoning

Question 20

Keith does not believe that bad things will happen to him.He thinks it is wrong for others to drink and drive but is okay for him because he is special and will not wreck.This is called ___________. a.imaginary audience
B)personal fable
C)egocentrism
D)logical necessity

Question 21

Jack's Trivia Master Team is awaiting its turn to answer the next question,but Jack knows the answer to the other team's question and he wants to say it out loud so badly he is squirming in his chair.So as to not give the answer away,Jack needs ______________. a.Ritalin
B)inhibitory control
C)excitatory process
D)social skills

Question 22

Girls read better than boys,in part,because girls___________. a.are smarter
B)mature earlier
C)use more reading strategies
D)have more cones in their eyes

Question 23

In contrast to Piaget's __________ model,information-processing theorists emphasize the ___________ nature of cognition. a.stage; continuous
B)stage; bidirectional
C)bidirectional; intuitive
D)bidirectional; maturational

Question 24

Teens use more of their brains but less efficiently than do adults.The way a teen's brain activates is called ___________. a.haphazard
B)myelination
C)functional connectivity
D)cortical connectivity

Question 25

Teens tend to make the riskiest decisions when ___________. a.with parents
B)alone
C)with peers
D)All the time

Question 26

If you know facts,opinions,and theory related to adolescent development,you are operating at the _____________according to Kuhn. a.metacognitive level
B)procedural metalevel
C)declarative metalevel
D)strategic level

Question 27

Biology is destiny.

Question 28

Zoe is 16 and is at a party serving alcohol.When her friends ask her to drink,she immediately thinks: "okay,no one here has a problem and they will think I'm cool." But then she thinks about driving home and what her parents will say,so she ends up declining.She has just ___________. a.committed social suicide
B)used the dual-process model of decision making
C)used reactive reasoning
D)made her friends mad

Question 29

Actual changes in brain structure occur with repeated use of neural circuits.

Question 30

Improved neural efficiency is due to _______________. a.pruning
B)myelination
C)executive functioning
D)maturation

Question 31

For a teen,the ability to engage in deliberative decision making is linked to __________. a.good emotional regulation
B)taking time to learn from parents
C)peer pressure
D)alcohol

Question 32

When making a risky decision,most teens tend to have ______________. a.a negative bias
B)an optimistic bias
C)peer influence
D)trouble

Question 33

Your brain is not fully developed until you are about 25.

Question 34

Research has shown that teens put more effort into cognitive processing than adults do.

Question 35

The elimination of weak and poorly developed synapses is called __________. a.brain reorganization
B)superfluous removal
C)synaptic pruning
D)neural trimming

Question 36

If you take time to thoroughly read a test question and think about the answer you are engaging in ______________ decision making. a.deliberative
B)reactive
C)thoughtful
D)responsive

Question 37

Most of an adolescent's life requires ___________ decision making. a.deliberative
B)reactive
C)thoughtful
D)responsive

Question 38

The reason the brain clips off unused synapses is ___________________. a.faster neural processing
B)to make room for new learning
C)a result of not using the brain
D)common in the uneducated

Question 39

If Mike looks at pornography every day for a year,his brain will be irreversibly changed.

Question 40

Boys do better than girls in ___________ and girls beat boys in _________tasks. a.verbal tasks; spatial
B)spatial tasks; verbal
C)hands on; language
D)reasoning; word

Question 41

If you think that intelligence can change,then you believe that intelligence is __________. a.fixed
B)incremental
C)stable
D)an entity

Question 42

Not only do girls read better than boys but they are also better at _________. a.math
B)writing
C)social studies
D)geography

Question 43

Students who choose a course based on how much they like the subject,if they think they will do well,and if it seems important to the future are using ______________. a.intrinsic motivation
B)extrinsic motivation
C)academic motivation
D)expectancy value theory

Question 44

How much effort you put into studying for this test is an example of ___________. a.academic motivation
B)intrinsic motivation
C)extrinsic motivation
D)expectancy value theory

Question 45

Susie is skimming the assigned chapter looking for contextual cues; what reading strategy is she using? a.global strategies
B)problem-solving strategies
C)support-reading strategies
D)college student strategy

Question 46

Girls have more equal distribution of gray matter over both brain hemispheres.

Question 47

Sarah,a senior in high school,has decided to take an Advanced Writing class instead of Calculus because she thinks she will not do will in Calculus and she won't need it in life.This is an example of ______________. a.learned helplessness
B)expectancy value theory
C)gender preferences
D)academic motivation

Question 48

If your professor gives you $50.00 if you get an A on this test,you have ________. a.intrinsic motivation
B)extrinsic motivation
C)a rich prof
D)self-motivation

Question 49

David thought it would be cool to learn to speak Russian,so he downloaded a program and is teaching himself in his spare time.What type of goal is this? a.mastery
B)performance approach
C)performance avoidance
D)unbelievable

Question 50

If you believe you have the skills necessary to succeed at learning a new task,Bandura would say you have ____________. a.self-efficiency
B)efficacy expectations
C)motivation
D)modeling skills

Question 51

When a student who belongs to a group with a negative stereotype fears doing poorly in school,they have demonstrated ____________. a.a self-fulfilling prophecy
B)a stereotype threat
C)confirmed expectations
D)laziness

Question 52

According to Bandura,if you believe you are capable of succeeding then you have _____________. a.self-efficacy
B)self-esteem
C)extrinsic motivation
D)innate ability

Question 53

A student with an incremental view of intelligence will tend to focus on _________ goals. a.mastery
B)performance approach
C)performance avoidance
D)easily attainable

Question 54

Research has shown that one of the best ways to succeed in college is to believe you can.

Question 55

Of the students in the last three questions,Leah,David,and Doug,which one is most likely to feel anxious and fearful? a.Leah
B)David
C)Doug
D)Can't tell from this information

Question 56

Doug works hard in school so that his friends won't think he is stupid.His goal is _________. a.mastery
B)performance approach
C)performance avoidance
D)self-centered

Question 57

What country has the highest secondary school enrollment? a.United States
B)Africa
C)Asia
D)Sweden

Question 58

Leah likes to get high test scores and a high GPA so that she can beat her peers and get their admiration.What type of goal is this called? a.mastery
B)performance approach
C)performance avoidance
D)supercompetitive

Question 59

If you studied hard for this test because you love learning and like doing well,then you have _______________. a.intrinsic motivation
B)extrinsic motivation
C)desire for tangible reward
D)no money

Question 60

A student who believes intelligence is _________ will be ________ motivated in the classroom. a.entity; more
B)entity; equally
C)incremental; more
D)incremental; less

Question 61

The majority of students who drop out of high school will return to get their GED.

Question 62

According to Piaget,children in the concrete operation stage are able to correctly answer a question such as: "Are there more roses or flowers?"

Question 63

Anxiety over trying to disprove a stereotype can cause a student to perform more poorly.

Question 64

When Susan was in elementary school,she could recite the words to the Pledge of Allegiance but did not understand the meaning.Now as an adolescent she can explain liberty and justice and freedom.Susan ____________ according to Piaget. a.Is in the concrete operational stage
B)is in the formal operation stage
C)has grown up
D)is in the heteronomous morality stage

Question 65

In most states,adolescents must be at least ______years old to work most jobs. a.14
B)16
C)18
D)19

Question 66

What are the three traits of parenting that are critical to their teen students' achievement? a.warmth,responsiveness,and autonomy granting
B)warmth,discipline,and responsiveness
C)warmth,discipline,and autonomy granting
D)warmth,supervision,and autonomy granting

Question 67

Research shows that ________levels of employment during high school may produce positive skills. a.minimum
B)moderate
C)intensive
D)maximum

Question 68

When stereotype threat is ________,students use ________ mental strategies. a.high,more
B)low; more
C)high; fewer
D)low; fewer

Question 69

Name two reasons not all people attain formal thinking. a.genetics and education
B)parenting and environment
C)innate talent and environment
D)biology and parenting

Question 70

Joe's grandmother lives with his family.Both of his parents work,and on days she is sick,Joe has to stay home from school to care for her.This is an example of the ____________. a.exosystem
B)mesosystem
C)microsystem
D)macrosystem

Question 71

Having a job during high school becomes more detrimental than beneficial to the student if the student works more than ________hours per week. a.16
B)20
C)24
D)32

Question 72

Which students have the highest graduation rates? a.white
B)African American
C)Hispanic
D)Asian

Question 73

What are the two forms of adolescent egocentricity? a.grandiosity and egocentrism
B)personal fable and imaginary audience
C)personal audience and imaginary fable
D)self-centeredness and defiance of authority

Question 74

According to Brofenbrenner,the relationships between the student and the teacher make up part of the student's ____________. a.microsystem
B)mesosystem
C)exosystem
D)chronosystem

Question 75

One reason explaining why secondary school represents a

Question 76

The committee that establishes policies and procedures about student retention is part of the____________. a.microsystem
B)mesosystem
C)exosystem
D)macrosystem

Question 77

Eccles feels that most schools do a pretty good job fitting the student's developmental stage to the environment.

Question 78

By the 11th grade,most students who are employed work more than __________-hours per week. a.8
B)12
C)16
D)20

Question 79

What technique has research shown to be effective in reducing the effects of stereotype threat? a.self-affirmation
B)self-esteem
C)group counseling
D)individual counseling

Question 80

Eccles says that if a school environment fits a student's developmental needs,then there is _________. a.success
B)stage-environment fit
C)motivation
D)self-efficacy