Deck 13: Solutions, Body Fluids, and Electrolytes

Question 1

What is the attractive force of solute particles in a concentrated solution?

A) Diffusion pressure
B) Gas pressure
C) Hydrostatic pressure
D) Osmotic pressure

Answer 1

D
Explanation: Osmotic pressure is the force produced by solvent particles under certain conditions.

Question 2

Temperature. Solubility of most solids increases with increased temperature. However, the solubility of gases varies inversely with temperature.

Question 3

What is the effect of osmotic pressure on solutions of different solute concentrations, separated by a semipermeable membrane?

A) Causes a net loss of fluid.
B) Equal distribution of solvent.
C) Has no effect in this situation.
D) Redistribution of the solute.

Answer 3

B
Explanation: Osmotic pressure tries to distribute solvent molecules so that the same concentration exists on both sides of the membrane.

Question 4

Temperature. Solubility of most solids increases with increased temperature. However, the solubility of gases varies inversely with temperature.

Question 5

Pressure. The solubility of solids and liquids is not greatly affected by pressure. The solubility of gases in liquids, however, varies directly with pressure.

Question 6

The ease with which a gas dissolves into a solvent is at least partially determined by which of the following?

A) Gas conductivity
B) Gas temperature
C) Level of 2,3-DPG
D) Solvent conductivity

Answer 6

Gas temperature

Question 7

The combination of red blood cells in plasma is a good example of what?

A) Colloid
B) Mixture
C) Solution
D) Suspension

Question 8

A solution holding the maximum amount of solute in a given volume at a constant temperature is said to be what?

A) Hypertonic
B) Hypotonic
C) Saturated
D) Supersaturated

Question 9

Concentration. The concentration of a solute or available solvent will have an effect of how much of the substance goes into solution.

Question 10

Which of the following is false regarding solubility?

A) Gas solubility varies directly with pressure.
B) Gas solubility varies directly with temperature.
C) Solvents vary in their ability to dissolve substances.
D) The solubility of solids increases with temperature.

Question 11

What is a uniform distribution of large molecules that attract and hold water?

A) Colloid
B) Mixture
C) Solution
D) Suspension

Question 12

Which of the following describes the most important physiological characteristic of solutions?

A) Their ability to exert pressure
B) Their ability to redistribute in blood
C) Their ability to vary concentration inversely with tonicity
D) Their ability to vary pressure inversely with temperature

Question 13

What is a stable mixture of two or more evenly dispersed substances?

A) Colloid
B) Mixture
C) Solution
D) Suspension

Question 14

Nature of the solvent. A solvent's ability to dissolve a solute depends on the bonds of the solvent-solvent molecules, and also varies widely.

Question 15

Gas transport in the body is most affected by changes in which of the following variables?

A) Ambient pressure
B) Inspired gas temperature
C) Oxygen's solubility coefficient
D) Water vapor pressure of inspired gases

Question 16

Nature of the solute. The ease with which substances go into a solution in a given solvent depends on the forces of the solute-solute molecules and varies widely.

Question 17

What type of solution could have 1 mol of solute per liter of solution?

A) Molal
B) Molar
C) Normal
D) Weight/volume

Question 18

Which of following are considered nonhydroxide bases?
1) Ammonia
2) Carbonates
3) Certain proteins
4) Ammonium

A)2 and 3 only
B)1, 2, and 3 only
C)1 and 4 only
D)1, 2, 3, and 4

Question 19

Pressure. The solubility of solids and liquids is not greatly affected by pressure. The solubility of gases in liquids, however, varies directly with pressure.

Question 20

What is the normal ratio of HCO₃^- to carbonic acid in healthy individuals?

A) 1:1
B) 2:1
C) 10:1
D) 20:1

Question 21

Concentration. The concentration of a solute or available solvent will have an effect of how much of the substance goes into solution.

Question 22

What type of solution could have 1 gEq of solute per liter of solution?

A) Molal
B) Molar
C) Normal
D) Weight/volume

Question 23

Nature of the solvent. A solvent's ability to dissolve a solute depends on the bonds of the solvent-solvent molecules, and also varies widely.

Question 24

If your objective were to draw water out of cells or tissues, you would expose them to what type of solution?

A) Hypertonic
B) Hypotonic
C) Isotonic
D) Normotonic

Question 25

A serum value of 140 mEq/L of Na is equivalent to how many mg/dl?

A) 14 mg/dl
B) 70 mg/dl
C) 280 mg/dl
D) 322 mg/dl

Question 26

What is the characteristic of an acid?

A) Absorbs H⁺ ions.
B) Accepts a proton.
C) Is a proton donor.
D) Produces OH^- ions.

Question 27

Nature of the solute. The ease with which substances go into a solution in a given solvent depends on the forces of the solute-solute molecules and varies widely.

Question 28

In which of the following types of solutions is the relationship of solute to solvent expressed as a proportion?

A) Normal
B) Percent
C) Ratio
D) Weight/volume

Question 29

You add 50 ml of water to 150 ml of a 6% solution. What is the new concentration?

A) 3.0%
B) 4.5%
C) 7.5%
D) 12.0%

Question 30

Positive ions are referred to as:

A) anions.
B) cations.
C) covalents.
D) electrolytes.

Question 31

Which of the following is an isotonic solution?

A) 0.09% NaCl
B) 0.90% NaCl
C) 9.00% NaCl
D) 19.0% NaCl

Question 32

Identify the definition for a base substance.

A) Compound that will donate a H⁺ ion
B) Any compound that will accept a proton
C) Only substances that contain a hydroxyl group
D) Substances that contain Na⁺ ions

Question 33

Which of the following is true regarding osmotic pressure?

A) Osmotic pressure depends on the number of particles in solution.
B) Osmotic pressure varies inversely with temperature.
C) Osmotic pressure is highest in dilute solutions.
D) Osmotic pressure varies inversely with tonicity.

Question 34

A 3% NaCl solution is referred to as:

A) hypertonic.
B) hypotonic.
C) isotonic.
D) normotonic.

Question 35

What is the gEq weight of an acid?

A) Amount of the acid containing 1 mol of replaceable H⁺ ions.
B) Amount of the acid containing 1 mol of replaceable OH^- ions.
C) Gram atomic weight of the acid times its valence.
D) Milligrams of acid per deciliter (dl) of normal solution.

Question 36

You prepare a solution by dissolving 5 g of glucose in 100 ml of solution. What type of solution are you making?

A) Normal
B) Percent
C) Ratio
D) Weight/volume

Question 37

If a 60% solution (A) were exposed to a 10% solution (B) across a semipermeable membrane, what would be the strength of each solution following equilibrium?

A) Solution A 10%/solution B 60%
B) Solution A 35%/solution B 35%
C) Solution A 50%/solution B 20%
D) Solution A 60%/solution B 10%

Question 38

How is the gram-equivalent (gEq) weight of a substance computed?

A) Dividing its gram atomic weight by its valence
B) Dividing its valence by its gram atomic weight
C) Multiplying its atomic number times its atomic weight
D) Multiplying its gram atomic weight times its valence

Question 39

You prepare a solution by combining 5 g of glucose with 95 g of water. What type of solution are you making?

A) Normal
B) Percent
C) Ratio
D) Weight/volume

Question 40

In which of the following solutions do the molecules of solute remain intact?

A) Electrolytic
B) Electrovalent
C) Nonpolar covalent
D) Polar covalent

Question 41

Where does ammonia play its most important role as a base buffer?

A) Kidney
B) Liver
C) Lung
D) Vasculature

Question 42

Which of the following describes an aspect of pH?

A) Any solution with a pH of 7.0 is neutral.
B) A pH of 7.0 describes an acidotic solution.
C) A pH change from 7.0 to 8.0 equals a two-fold increase in H⁺ ion concentration.
D) The pH is the log of the OH^- ion concentration.

Question 43

Pick the correct statement as it relates to hemoglobin and acid-base buffering.

A) Deoxygenated hemoglobin acts as an acid at the tissue level.
B) Deoxygenated hemoglobin is a fairly strong base.
C) Hemoglobin contributes more H⁺ in the face of increased histidine.
D) In an alkaline environment, hemoglobin becomes an ineffective base.

Question 44

Which of the following are true regarding water in the human body?
1) The more fatty tissue there is, the greater is the percentage of body water.
2) Total body water depends on an individual's weight and sex.
3) Water constitutes approximately 45% to 80% of an individual's body weight.
4) Water content is highest in the aged.

A)1 and 2 only
B)2 and 4 only
C)3 and 4 only
D)2 and 3 only

Question 45

Insensible water loss occurs through what organs?
1) Gastrointestinal tract
2) Kidneys
3) Lungs
4) Skin

A)3 and 4 only
B)1, 2, and 4 only
C)2 and 3 only
D)2 and 4 only

Question 46

Which of the following are major extracellular electrolytes?
1) Cl^-
2) HCO₃^-
3) K⁺
4) Na⁺

A)1, 2, and 3 only
B)2, 3, and 4 only
C)1, 3, and 4 only
D)1, 2, and 4 only

Question 47

An adult's insensible water loss averages what level?

A) 300 ml/day
B) 500 ml/day
C) 700 ml/day
D) 900 ml/day

Question 48

Hyponatremia can lead to which of the following problems?
1) Impaired cognitive function
2) Negative effects on gait stability
3) Renal insufficiency
4) Cerebral edema

A)1 and 3 only
B)2 and 3 only
C)1, 2, and 4 only
D)1, 2, 3, and 4

Question 49

Intracellular water represents approximately what proportion of total body water?

A) Approximately one-third of the total body water
B) Approximately one-quarter of the total body water
C) Approximately one-half of the total body water
D) Approximately two-third of the total body water

Question 50

If a patient's pH were to drop from 7.40 to 7.10, the H⁺ concentration will increase by how much?

A) 0.2
B) 0.3
C) 0.5
D) 0.10

Question 51

Water can be lost from the body through what organ systems?
1) Gastrointestinal tract
2) Liver
3) Lungs
4) Skin

A)1, 2, and 3 only
B)1, 3, and 4 only
C)2 and 4 only
D)1, 2, 3, and 4

Question 52

Which of the following is a facet of blood proteins?

A) Blood proteins are composed of amino acids held together by fatty acids.
B) Deoxygenated hemoglobin (Hb) is unable to accept H⁺ ions.
C) In an alkaline environment, blood proteins can act as bases.
D) The imidazole group on amino acids is the key binding site for other amino acids.

Question 53

What is the relation between pure water and acid-base balance?

A) A solution with an OH^- concentration greater than that of water acts as an acid.
B) Pure water is slightly acidic solution.
C) The concentrations of both H⁺ and OH^- ions are equal.
D) The H⁺ concentration of water can be designated as 1 nmol/L.

Question 54

What is the smallest fluid subcompartment of extracellular water?

A) Interstitial
B) Intraorganelle
C) Intravascular
D) Transcellular

Question 55

An adult's insensible water through the lungs averages what level?

A) 100 ml/day
B) 200 ml/day
C) 300 ml/day
D) 400 ml/day

Question 56

What is the average urine output in a healthy adult?

A) 600 to 800 ml/day
B) 800 to 1000 ml/day
C) 1000 to 1200 ml/day
D) 1200 to 1400 ml/day

Question 57

What are the main intracellular electrolytes?
1) K⁺
2) Na⁺
3) Phosphate
4) Sulfate

A)1, 3, and 4 only
B)2, 3, and 4 only
C)1 and 2 only
D)1, 2, 3, and 4

Question 58

Which of the following is false regarding body fluids and electrolytes?

A) Interstitial fluid contains substantially more protein than does plasma.
B) Intravascular and interstitial fluid have similar electrolyte compositions.
C) Osmotic pressure helps to determine fluid distribution between compartments.
D) Proteins account for the high colloid osmotic pressure of plasma.

Question 59

What maintains the volume and composition of body fluids?
1) Filtration and reabsorption of sodium by the kidneys
2) Regulation of water balance by vasopressin (ADH)
3) Gastrointestinal filtration and excretion of chloride

A)1 and 2 only
B)1 and 3 only
C)2 and 3 only
D)1, 2, and 3

Question 60

How is pH defined?

A) Log of the dissociation constant of the weak acid in a solution.
B) Negative logarithm of the H⁺ ion concentration of a solution.
C) Point at which an electrolyte solution is exactly 50% dissociated.
D) Ratio of a solution's weak acid concentration to its conjugate base pair.

Question 61

What is a normal range for serum Cl^-?

A) 3.5 to 4.8 mEq/L
B) 98.0 to 106.0 mEq/L
C) 137.0 to147.0 mEq/L
D) 150.0 to 220.0 mEq/L

Question 62

Describe the normal pressures or flows at the arterial end of the capillary.

A) Electrolytes move from the interstitium into the capillary.
B) Hydrostatic pressure is approximately 24 mm Hg.
C) Osmotic pressure is approximately 30 mm Hg.
D) Plasma minus the proteins flows into the interstitium.

Question 63

Which of the following correctly describes a facet of chloride?

A) A loss of Cl^- is equivalent to a gain in acid.
B) Cl^- is usually excreted with H⁺ as HCl.
C) Cl^- levels vary inversely with HCO₃^- levels.
D) Cl^- plays a key role in acid-base buffering.

Question 64

According to the Starling equilibrium equation, which of the following will facilitate fluid filtration from the capillaries into the interstitial space?

A) Low capillary hydrostatic pressure
B) Low capillary permeability
C) High capillary osmotic pressure
D) High interstitial osmotic pressure

Question 65

What is a normal range for serum sodium?

A) 3.5 to 4.8 mEq/L
B) 67.0 to 75.0 mEq/L
C) 98.0 to 105.0 mEq/L
D) 136.0 to 145.0 mEq/L

Question 66

What is the net effect of the hydrostatic pressure gradient between the capillary and interstitial space?

A) It tends to push water into the capillaries.
B) It tends to push water into the interstitial spaces.
C) The pressure gradient is zero so fluid movement is due to osmosis.
D) It tends to push water into the cells.

Question 67

The alveolar interstitial region of the lungs remains relatively "dry" primarily because of what?

A) Low capillary hydrostatic pressure
B) Low capillary osmotic pressure
C) Low capillary permeability
D) Low interstitial osmotic pressure

Question 68

What best describes an aspect of the movement of fluid and solutes between the capillaries and the interstitial space?

A) At the tissue level, osmotic pressure tends to draw water into the interstitial space.
B) Electrolytes move freely across the capillary wall into the interstitium.
C) The capillary and interstitial hydrostatic pressures are approximately equal.
D) The interstitial fluid has a relatively high protein concentration.

Question 69

What is a common cause for pulmonary edema due to increased hydrostatic pressure?

A) Alveolar-capillary damage
B) Chronic liver disease
C) Failing left ventricle
D) Failing right ventricle

Question 70

What does the Donnan effect describe?

A) How Cl^- exchanges for HCO₃^- in RBCs at the tissue level.
B) How proteins attract cations, which increase capillary osmotic pressure.
C) Relationship between colloidal osmotic pressure and fluid movement at tissue.
D) Relationship between osmotic and hydrostatic pressure at the capillary.

Question 71

Na⁺ reabsorption in the kidneys is governed mainly by the level of what hormone?

A) ADH
B) Aldosterone
C) Angiotensin
D) Insulin

Question 72

Patients with what condition are prone to evaporative water loss through the lungs?
1) Artificial airways
2) Hypothermia
3) Increased ventilation

A)1 and 2 only
B)1 and 3 only
C)2 and 3 only
D)1, 2, and 3

Question 73

Which of the following would cause an abnormal loss of Na⁺ (hyponatremia)?
1) Ascites
2) Excessive sweating or fever
3) Use of certain diuretics
4) Steroid therapy

A)1 and 4 only
B)1, 2, and 4 only
C)1, 2, and 3 only
D)1, 2, 3, and 4

Question 74

During recovery from a serious surgery or trauma, how much water is likely to be produced in a 24-hr period by the catabolism of fat and proteins?

A) 300 ml
B) 500 ml
C) 750 ml
D) 1000 ml

Question 75

By what process is water replenished?
1) Absorption
2) Ingestion
3) Metabolism

A)1 and 2 only
B)1 and 3 only
C)2 and 3 only
D)1, 2, and 3

Question 76

Which of the following factors contributes to reabsorption of tissue fluid in dependent regions of the body?

A) Hydrostatic pressure of 100 mm Hg
B) Low capillary permeability
C) Low interstitial osmotic pressure
D) Pumping action of skeletal muscles

Question 77

Under normal circumstances, a small amount of fluid is filtered from the capillary in excess of that which is absorbed. What prevents edema from occurring under these conditions?

A) The lymphatic system absorbs it and returns it to the circulatory system.
B) Tissue cells absorb this fluid and use it in the metabolic process.
C) Wandering macrophages use this excess fluid in hydrolyzing invaders.
D) Waste products dilute this, maintaining eutonic conditions.

Question 78

Pick the statement that best describes the relationship between infants and their body fluids.

A) Fluid loss or lack of intake depletes infants of water slower than it does adults.
B) Infants have proportionately less body water than do adults.
C) Infants' higher metabolic rates necessitate greater urinary excretion compared with adults.
D) Under normal circumstances, infants' water loses are three times those of adults.

Question 79

What is the most prominent anion in the body?

A) Chloride
B) Bicarbonate
C) Phosphate
D) Sulfate

Question 80

What establishes the capillary colloidal osmotic pressure?

A) Presence of electrolytes in plasma
B) Presence of plasma proteins in blood
C) Presence of RBCs in whole blood
D) Presence of WBCs in whole blood