Deck 6: Marine Microbes

Question 1

A viral lysogenic cycle is characterized by:

A) rapid infection and emergence.
B) rapid infection, replication of nucleic acids and proteins, assembly of virions and release by rupture.
C) a virus remaining in the host cell then being released.
D) a viral nucleic acid being inserted into the host genome and possibly residing through multiple cell divisions prior to lytic.

Answer 1

D

Question 2

The process of producing food from inorganic compounds using high energy compounds as a source of energy is called:

A) photosynthesis.
B) chemosynthesis.
C) heterotrophy.
D) grazing.
E) solar irradiation.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Bacteria reproduce by:

A) meiosis.
B) cell fusion.
C) binary fission.
D) cloning.
E) auxospore formation.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

A virus's nucleocapsid is sometimes covered with a(n):

A) capsid.
B) virion.
C) organic material.
D) envelope.
E) membrane.

Question 5

The combination of a virus's genetic material and protein is called the

A) capsid.
B) virion.
C) nucleocapsid.
D) envelope.
E) transfer RNA.

Question 6

Viruses are not considered "living" by some biologists because they

A) have no metabolism.
B) do not reproduce.
C) cannot move.
D) contain protein.

Question 7

Bacteria belong to the domain

A) Eubacteria.
B) Eukarya.
C) Archaea.
D) Animalia.
E) Protista.

Question 8

Some viruses can change geochemical cycles leading to:

A) a change in seawater pH.
B) reduction in surface oxygen.
C) modification of salinity.
D) an effect on global warming.
E) increased geothermal activity.

Question 9

The most abundant microbes in the marine environment are:

A) bacteria.
B) diatoms.
C) foraminiferans.
D) viruses.
E) dinoflagellates.

Question 10

Virus replication only occurs

A) when conditions stress the virus.
B) at regular intervals.
C) inside a host cell.
D) outside of eukaryote cells.
E) when virus particles undergo binary fission.

Question 11

You are a virologist studying a particularly pathogenic virus that infects sea turtles. In the course of your research, you discover that the virus is destroyed by a protein-digesting enzyme. The structure most vulnerable to this enzyme must be the viral

A) membrane.
B) envelope.
C) DNA.
D) capsid.

Question 12

A virus with a capsid with twenty triangular faces is called:

A) icosahedral.
B) helical.
C) binal.
D) filamentous.
E) dodecahedral.

Question 13

The abundance and diversity of marine viruses are considered

A) low abundance with high diversity.
B) high abundance and low diversity.
C) low abundance and low diversity.
D) high abundance and high diversity.

Question 14

Outside a host cell a virus is called a(n):

A) capsid.
B) virion.
C) nucleocapsid.
D) envelope.
E) glochidia.

Question 15

Virus size is

A) 300 to 400 $\mu$ m.
B) 10 to 400 mm.
C) 10 to 200 cm.
D) 10 to 400 nm.
E) 300 to 400 mm.

Question 16

The process of producing high-energy foods from inorganic compounds using sunlight energy is called:

A) heterotrophy.
B) chemosynthesis.
C) photosynthesis.
D) grazing.
E) solar irradiation.

Question 17

A phage

A) can be found in all living organisms.
B) is specific to a particular organism.
C) is found in mammals.
D) is specific for bacteria.
E) is specific for vertebrates.

Question 18

A viral lytic cycle is characterized by:

A) rapid infection and emergence.
B) rapid infection, replication of nucleic acids and proteins, assembly of virions and release by rupture.
C) a virus remaining in the host cell then being released.
D) a viral nucleic acid being inserted into the host genome and possibly residing through multiple cell divisions prior to lytic.

Question 19

The protein coat covering the nucleic acid core of the virus is called the

A) capsid.
B) virion.
C) nucleocapsid.
D) envelope.
E) membrane.

Question 20

Viruses can control host population

A) by reducing their numbers.
B) by modifying their growth rate.
C) by increasing their capacity to expand.
D) by making them more attractable to predators.
E) by attaching to the host membrane, causing the host cell to sink.

Question 21

Nitrogen fixation is carried out by:

A) nitrifying bacteria.
B) prochlorophytes.
C) cyanobacteria.
D) all heterotrophic bacteria.
E) only spirilli-shaped bacteria.

Question 22

A spherical shaped bacteria is called:

A) coccus.
B) auxospore.
C) bacillus.
D) bacteria phage.
E) spirillus.

Question 23

An important role of bacteria is:

A) primary producers.
B) decomposers.
C) nitrogen fixation.
D) all of the above

Question 24

A structure formed from the combination of cyanobacterial microbes and sediments is called:

A) a coral reef.
B) a bacteria reef.
C) a stromatolite.
D) a stalactite.
E) a stalagmite.

Question 25

The pigment ____ is commonly found in bacteria but not land plants.

A) chlorophyll a
B) chlorophyll b
C) xanthophyll
D) phycocyanin
E) carotene.

Question 26

Nutrient recycling in the marine environment is performed by:

A) cyanobacteria.
B) heterotrophic bacteria.
C) autotrophic bacteria.
D) purple bacteria.
E) sulfur bacteria.

Question 27

Anaerobic organisms live in ____ areas.

A) nitrogen-free.
B) oxygen-rich.
C) oxygen-free.
D) hydrogen-free.
E) carbon-free.

Question 28

Facultative anaerobic bacteria

A) do not tolerate oxygen.
B) respire in low oxygen.
C) are chemosynthetic.
D) require oxygen to perform photosynthesis.
E) are common in open water samples.

Question 29

Heterotrophic bacteria are able to break down large food items

A) by ingesting them with pseudopods.
B) with exoenzymes.
C) by breaking them up with cilia.
D) by crushing with their larger relative size.
E) by using their cell membranes to pinch the food into smaller pieces.

Question 30

Chemosynthetic bacteria are unique:

A) in not requiring CO₂.
B) because they use energy derived from chemicals.
C) because they can produce food with low light.
D) and are very common in the twilight depths.
E) because many forms are also bioluminescent.

Question 31

A special structure on certain cyanobacteria for nitrogen fixation is called a(n):

A) ammonia cyst.
B) homocyst.
C) heterocyst.
D) nematocyst.
E) pneumatocyst.

Question 32

A bacteria sample is taken from the immediate vicinity of a hydrothermal vent. You would expect for it to most likely contain

A) diatoms.
B) hyperthermophiles.
C) lignicolous fungi.
D) cyanobacteria.

Question 33

Harmful algal bloom toxins are produced by:

A) diatoms.
B) coccolithophores.
C) amoebas.
D) dinoflagellates.
E) radiolarians.

Question 34

Which primary producer listed below is considered the most abundant life form in the sea?

A) Dunaliella
B) Synechoccus
C) Methanococcus
D) Pryolobus
E) Prochlorococcus

Question 35

Zooxanthellae are members of the following group of Eukaryotes:

A) diatoms.
B) coccolithophores.
C) amoebas.
D) dinoflagellates.
E) ciliates.

Question 36

Nitrogen fixation and nitrification are directly important processes for:

A) heterotrophic animals.
B) heterotrophic bacteria.
C) autotrophic organisms.
D) fungi.
E) viruses.

Question 37

The absorption of external organic matter by bacteria is called:

A) heterotrophy.
B) autotrophy.
C) tertiary.
D) osmotrophy.
E) omnivory.

Question 38

The process where DNA is duplicated and then the cell divides into two cells is called:

A) mitosis.
B) meiosis.
C) binary fusion.
D) auxospore.
E) fusion.

Question 39

Accessory photosynthetic pigments are important because:

A) they can capture different light wavelengths.
B) they enable chromatic adaptation with depth and seasons.
C) they shield the cell against damaging wavelengths.
D) all the above.

Question 40

A rod-shaped bacteria is called:

A) coccus.
B) auxospore.
C) bacillus.
D) bacteriophage.
E) spirillus.

Question 41

Pseudopods are structures that are primarily found in:

A) silicoflagellates.
B) amoeboid protozoans.
C) coccolithophores.
D) diatoms.
E) dinoflagellates.

Question 42

A very close association with two species is called:

A) adjoining.
B) symbiosis.
C) predator -prey.
D) host-fungus.
E) competition.

Question 43

Fungi are surrounded by a cell wall made of chitin.

Question 44

Since purple and green bacteria do not use water in their autotrophic processes, they are not photosynthetic.

Question 45

Diatoms reproduce by binary fission.

Question 46

You add a weak acid solution to a sample of foraminifera shells, and they bubble and fizz. This tells you that the external shells of foraminiferans are composed of:

A) silica.
B) protein.
C) cellulose.
D) calcium carbonate.
E) starch.

Question 47

Diatoms, coccolithophores and silicoflagellates all belong to the domain:

A) Eukarya.
B) Eubacteria.
C) Archaea.
D) Anthophyta.
E) Protista.

Question 48

All of following marine microbes have hard skeletal parts that sink to the bottom, forming oceanic sediments, except

A) radiolarians.
B) coccolithophores.
C) foraminiferans.
D) diatoms.
E) fungi.

Question 49

The ecological role of fungi is that of:

A) decomposers.
B) producers.
C) grazers.
D) predators.
E) herbivores.

Question 50

Ciliates are autotrophic members of the phytoplankton community.

Question 51

Nitrifying bacteria are important in the conversion of nitrogen gas to usable forms of nitrogen.

Question 52

The toxins of dinoflagellates are destroyed by cooking or heating.

Question 53

The following amoeboid protozoans are important sources of silica deposits in some areas of the world:

A) diatoms.
B) silicoflagellates.
C) radiolarians.
D) foraminiferans.
E) ciliates.

Question 54

The frustule of diatoms is made of:

A) cellulose.
B) calcium carbonate.
C) silica.
D) protein.
E) starch.

Question 55

The only autotrophic bacteria are chemosynthetic bacteria.

Question 56

Deep-sea vent bacteria do not rely on the sun as a source of energy.

Question 57

Tintinnids are examples of the following protozoans:

A) radiolarians.
B) ciliates.
C) diatoms.
D) foraminiferans.
E) dinoflagellates.

Question 58

Amoeboid protozoans are autotrophic.

Question 59

Chemosynthesis is less efficient than photosynthesis.

Question 60

The deposits of the following phytoplankton are used commercially in polishes and filtering devices:

A) dinoflagellates.
B) foraminiferans.
C) coccolithophores.
D) diatoms.
E) radiolarians.

Question 61

Match the description with the most closely associated word.
a.DHA fatty acid
b.planktonic decomposer
c.wasting disease
Labyrinthulids

Question 62

Match the characteristic with its most closely associated organisms.
a.disc-shaped calcareous scales
b.membranous sacs
c.silicon frustules
Diatoms

Question 63

Match the words with the most closely associated words.
a.NH₄⁺ to NO₂^- and NO₃^-
b.can break the bonds in N₂ molecules
c.N₂ to NH₃
Nitrification

Question 64

Match the words with the most closely associated phrase.a.conidiospores
b.budding
c.ascocarp
Filamentous marine fungi asexual reproduction

Question 65

Match the words with the most closely associated words.
a.NH₄⁺ to NO₂^- and NO₃^-
b.can break the bonds in N₂ molecules
c.N₂ to NH₃
Nitrogenase

Question 66

Match the characteristic with its most closely associated organisms.
a.disc-shaped calcareous scales
b.membranous sacs
c.silicon frustules
Coccoliths

Question 67

MATCHING
Match the description with the most closely associated term.
a.icosahedral heads with helical tails
b.protein subunit of the capsid spiral around the central core of the nucleic acid
c.capsid with twenty triangular faces
Helical

Question 68

MATCHING
Match the description with the most closely associated term.
a.icosahedral heads with helical tails
b.protein subunit of the capsid spiral around the central core of the nucleic acid
c.capsid with twenty triangular faces
Binal

Question 69

Match the words with the most closely associated words.
a.NH₄⁺ to NO₂^- and NO₃^-
b.can break the bonds in N₂ molecules
c.N₂ to NH₃
Nitrogen fixation

Question 70

Match the dinoflagellate characteristic with those it is most closely associated with.
a.either osmotrophy or phagotrophy
b.important symbionts of coral
c.paralytic shellfish poisoning
Zooxanthellae

Question 71

Match the bacteria-caused process with the most closely associated characteristic.
a.alteration of the electrical charge
b.settling out of large particles
c.alteration of the pH
Sedimentation

Question 72

Match the characteristic with its most closely associated organisms.
a.disc-shaped calcareous scales
b.membranous sacs
c.silicon frustules
Alveolates

Question 73

Match the description with the most closely associated word.
a.DHA fatty acid
b.planktonic decomposer
c.wasting disease
Schizochytrium

Question 74

MATCHING
Match the description with the most closely associated term.
a.icosahedral heads with helical tails
b.protein subunit of the capsid spiral around the central core of the nucleic acid
c.capsid with twenty triangular faces
Icosahedral

Question 75

Match the words with the most closely associated phrase.a.conidiospores
b.budding
c.ascocarp
Filamentous sexual reproduction

Question 76

Match the bacteria-caused process with the most closely associated characteristic.
a.alteration of the electrical charge
b.settling out of large particles
c.alteration of the pH
Consolidation

Question 77

Fungi are usually found in pelagic habitats.

Question 78

Match the description with the most closely associated word.
a.DHA fatty acid
b.planktonic decomposer
c.wasting disease
Thraustochytrids

Question 79

Match the bacteria-caused process with the most closely associated characteristic.
a.alteration of the electrical charge
b.settling out of large particles
c.alteration of the pH
Lithification

Question 80

Match the words with the most closely associated phrase.a.conidiospores
b.budding
c.ascocarp
Marine yeast asexual reproduction