Deck 23: Dark Matter, Dark Energy, and the Fate of the Universe

Question 1

Which of the following statements about rich clusters of galaxies (those with thousands of galaxies)is not true?

A)They are sources of X-ray emission due to the presence of hot,intergalactic gas.
B)There likely have been numerous collisions among the member galaxies at some time in the past.
C)Galaxies in the central regions are predominantly spirals,while elliptical galaxies roam the outskirts.
D)They often have a very large,central dominant galaxy near their center,perhaps formed by the merger of several individual galaxies.
E)The speeds of the galaxies in the cluster indicate that most of the cluster mass is dark matter.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

How do we determine the amount of dark matter in elliptical galaxies?

A)We measure the orbital velocities of star-forming gas clouds around the outer portions of the galaxy.
B)We measure the speeds of stars at different radii from the galactic center and determine how much mass is interior to the orbit.
C)We count the number of stars in the galaxy and determine its volume,so that we can calculate the galaxy's density.
D)We search for dark lanes of dust and black holes within the galaxy.
E)We measure how fast the galaxy rotates as a whole.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Why wasn't the intracluster medium in galaxy clusters discovered until the 1960s?

A)We did not know how much dark matter existed before then.
B)We didn't have the resolution to observe galaxy clusters until then.
C)The Milky Way was blocking our view of distant galaxy clusters.
D)The medium emits X-rays,which are blocked by the Earth's atmosphere and require X-ray satellites in space in order to be observed.
E)Radiation emitted by the medium was so dim that we couldn't detect it until we built much larger telescopes.

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Why do we believe 90 percent of the mass of the Milky Way is in the form of dark matter?

A)The orbital speeds of stars far from the galactic center are surprisingly high,suggesting that these stars are feeling gravitational effects from unseen matter in the halo.
B)Although dark matter emits no visible light,it can be seen with radio wavelengths,and such observations confirm that the halo is full of this material.
C)Theoretical models of galaxy formation suggest that a galaxy cannot form unless it has at least 10 times as much matter as we see in the Milky Way disk,suggesting that the halo is full of dark matter.
D)Our view of distant galaxies is sometimes obscured by dark blotches in the sky,and we believe these blotches are dark matter located in the halo.

Question 5

Why do we call dark matter "dark"?

A)It emits no visible light.
B)We cannot detect the type of radiation that it emits.
C)It emits no or very little radiation of any wavelength.
D)It blocks out the light of stars in a galaxy.

Question 6

When we see that a spectral line of a galaxy is broadened,that is,spanning a range of wavelengths,we conclude that

A)we do not have very good resolution of a star's orbital velocity.
B)there are many stars traveling at extremely high orbital velocities.
C)there are different Doppler shifts among the individual stars in the galaxy.
D)we are actually measuring the orbital velocity of a cloud of atomic gas.
E)we are actually measuring the orbital velocity of dark matter.

Question 7

What is meant by "dark energy"?

A)the energy associated with dark matter through E=mc²
B)any unknown force that opposes gravity
C)the repulsive agent causing the universal expansion to accelerate
D)highly energetic particles that are believed to constitute dark matter
E)the total energy in the Universe after the Big Bang but before the first stars

Question 8

If there is no dark matter in the Milky Way Galaxy,what is the best alternative explanation for the observations?

A)We are not measuring the orbital velocities of atomic clouds and stars properly.
B)We are not measuring the distances to atomic clouds and stars properly.
C)We are not attributing enough mass to the visible or "bright" matter.
D)We are not observing all the visible or "bright" matter in the galaxy.
E)Our understanding of gravity is not correct for galaxy-size scales.

Question 9

Which of the following methods used to determine the mass of a cluster does not depend on Newton's laws of gravity?

A)measuring the orbital velocities of galaxies in a cluster
B)measuring the temperature of X-ray gas in the intracluster medium
C)measuring the amount of distortion caused by a gravitational lens
D)none of the above

Question 10

Compared to the central regions of spiral galaxies,we expect elliptical galaxies to have

A)higher mass-to-light ratios because stars in elliptical galaxies are dimmer than those in spirals.
B)lower mass-to-light ratios because stars in elliptical galaxies are dimmer than those in spirals.
C)higher mass-to-light ratios because stars in elliptical galaxies do not have high orbital velocities.
D)lower mass-to-light ratios because elliptical galaxies have less gas and dust than spirals.
E)the same mass-to-light ratio because they are made of the same material,stars and dark matter.

Question 11

Which of the following is not evidence for dark matter?

A)the flat rotation curves of spiral galaxies
B)the broadening of absorption lines in an elliptical galaxy's spectrum
C)X-ray observations of hot gas in galaxy clusters
D)gravitational lensing around galaxy clusters
E)the expansion of the universe

Question 12

The distribution of the dark matter in a spiral galaxy is

A)approximately spherical and about the same size as the galaxy halo.
B)approximately spherical and about ten times the size of the galaxy halo.
C)flattened in a disk and about the same size as the stellar disk.
D)flattened in a disk but about ten times larger than the stellar disk.
E)predominantly concentrated in the spiral arms.

Question 13

If a galaxy's overall mass-to-light ratio is 100 solar masses per solar luminosity,and its stars account for only 5 solar masses per solar luminosity,how much of the galaxy's mass must be dark matter?

A)100 percent
B)95 percent
C)80 percent
D)50 percent
E)5 percent

Question 14

What evidence suggests that the Milky Way contains dark matter?

A)We observe clouds of atomic hydrogen far from the galactic center orbiting the galaxy at unexpectedly high speeds,higher speeds than they would have if they felt only the gravitational attraction from objects that we can see.
B)We see many lanes of dark material blocking out the light of stars behind them along the band of the Milky Way.
C)We see many dark voids between the stars in the halo of the Milky Way.
D)When we observe in different wavelengths,such as infrared or radio,we see objects that don't appear in visible-light observations.
E)When we look at the galactic center,we are able to observe a large black hole that is composed of dark matter.

Question 15

Gravitational lensing occurs when

A)massive objects bend light beams that are passing nearby.
B)massive objects cause more distant objects to appear much larger than they should and we can observe the distant objects with better resolution.
C)dark matter builds up in a particular region of space,leading to a very dense region and an extremely high mass-to-light ratio.
D)telescope lenses are distorted by gravity.

Question 16

How do we know that there is much more mass in the halo of our galaxy than in the disk?

A)There are so many globular clusters in the halo that their total mass is greater than the mass of stars in the disk.
B)Stars in the outskirts of the Milky Way orbit the galaxy at much higher speeds than we would expect if all the mass were concentrated in the disk.
C)Although the question of mass in the halo was long mysterious,we now know it exists because we see so many brown dwarfs in the halo.
D)The recent discovery of photinos,combined with theoretical predictions,tells us that there must be a huge mass of photinos in the halo.
E)We don't know that there is more mass in the halo;it is only a guess based on theory.

Question 17

What is the mass-to-light ratio for the inner region of the Milky Way Galaxy,in units of solar masses per solar luminosity?

A)1,000
B)600
C)100
D)6
E)0.1

Question 18

How are rotation curves of spiral galaxies determined beyond radii where starlight can be detected?

A)by extrapolation
B)through observations of the 21 cm line of atomic hydrogen
C)through observations of spectral lines of dark matter
D)by watching the galaxies rotate over a period of years
E)by measuring the broadening of absorption lines

Question 19

A large mass-to-light ratio for a galaxy indicates that

A)the galaxy is very massive.
B)the galaxy is not very massive.
C)on average,each solar mass of matter in the galaxy emits less light than our Sun.
D)on average,each solar mass of matter in the galaxy emits more light than our Sun.
E)most stars in the galaxy are more massive than our Sun.

Question 20

Which of the following particles are baryons?

A)electrons
B)neutrinos
C)protons
D)quarks
E)photons

Question 21

Based on current evidence concerning the amount of deuterium in the universe,we can conclude that

A)ordinary (baryonic)matter makes up most of the mass of the universe.
B)neutrons greatly outnumber protons in the universe.
C)most of the deuterium that was created during the era of nucleosynthesis has since been destroyed.
D)the density of ordinary (baryonic)matter is between 1 percent and 10 percent of the critical density.
E)we live in a critical-density universe.

Question 22

What do peculiar velocities reveal?

A)the amount of dark matter in a galaxy
B)the distribution of dark matter in large-scale structures
C)the composition of dark matter
D)the error in our observations of Hubble's law
E)the critical density of the universe

Question 23

Which of the following are candidates for dark matter?

A)brown dwarfs
B)Jupiter-size objects
C)WIMPs
D)faint red stars
E)all of the above

Question 24

What fraction of the mass needed to halt expansion is known to exist in the form of visible mass in the universe?

A)1 percent
B)4 percent
C)22 percent
D)74 percent
E)100 percent

Question 25

What is the evidence for an accelerating universe?

A)White-dwarf supernovae are the same brightness regardless of redshift.
B)White-dwarf supernovae are slightly brighter than expected for a coasting universe.
C)White-dwarf supernovae are slightly dimmer than expected for a coasting universe.
D)The Andromeda Galaxy is moving away from the Milky Way at an ever-increasing speed.
E)There is far more dark matter than visible matter in the universe.

Question 26

What are peculiar velocities?

A)velocities perpendicular to our line of sight
B)velocities directly along our line of sight
C)velocities that we cannot explain by only the force of gravity
D)velocities caused by the expansion of the universe
E)velocities of distant objects that are not caused by the expansion of the universe

Question 27

If all the "dark matter" in the Universe were to be,somehow,instantaneously removed,which of the following would not happen?

A)The Solar System would fly apart.
B)The Milky Way would fly apart.
C)Clusters of galaxies would fly apart.
D)The Universe would expand forever.
E)all of the above

Question 28

Recent measurements of the expansion rate of the universe reveal that the expansion rate of the universe is doing something astronomers did not expect.What is that?

A)The measurements show that the universe may not be expanding at all.
B)The measurements show that the universe may be shrinking rather than expanding.
C)The measurements show that the expansion is accelerating,rather than slowing under the influence of gravity.
D)The measurements indicate that the universe is at least 30 billion years old,meaning that more than 10 billion years passed between the Big Bang and the formation of the first stars and galaxies.
E)The data show that the expansion rate varies widely in different parts of the universe.

Question 29

How do astronomers create three-dimensional maps of the universe?

A)through comparison of computer models of the structure formation with observations
B)by using the position on the sky and the redshift to determine a distance along the line of sight
C)by using the position on the sky and the galaxy brightness as a measure of distance along the line of sight
D)by interpreting the peculiar velocities of each galaxy
E)by carefully measuring the parallax of each galaxy

Question 30

Which of the following is an example of baryonic matter?

A)you
B)the particles produced by physicists in particle accelerators
C)electrons and positrons produced by pair production
D)WIMPs
E)neutrinos

Question 31

Why do we expect WIMPs to be distributed throughout galactic halos,rather than settled into a disk?

A)They are light enough that they have expanded out into the halo.
B)WIMPs were produced at the early stages of galaxy evolution,and objects in the halo,such as globular clusters,were formed at the beginning of the galaxy.
C)Since they do not interact with the electromagnetic force,they do not feel friction or drag and hence do not contract with the rest of the protogalactic cloud.
D)Shock waves from supernovae have blown the WIMPs out into the halo.
E)Jets from the early active stage of a galaxy's life shot out most of the WIMPs from the disk.

Question 32

What do we mean when we say that a particle is a weakly interacting particle?

A)It interacts only through the weak force.
B)It interacts only through the weak force and the force of gravity.
C)It is so small that it doesn't affect objects in the universe.
D)It doesn't interact with any type of baryonic matter.
E)It is the only type of particle that interacts through the weak force.

Question 33

Measuring the amount of deuterium in the universe allows us to set a limit on

A)the temperature of the universe at the end of the era of nuclei.
B)the total amount of mass in the universe.
C)the density of ordinary (baryonic)matter in the universe.
D)the expansion rate of the universe.
E)the current age of the universe.

Question 34

Why isn't space expanding within systems such as our solar system or the Milky Way?

A)Hubble's law of expansion applies only to the space between galaxies.
B)We are so close to these systems that we don't observe their expansion.
C)The universe is not old enough yet for these objects to begin their expansion.
D)Their gravity is strong enough to hold them together against the expansion of the universe.

Question 35

What is the ultimate fate of an open universe?

A)the Big Crunch
B)Stars will expand away from each other and galaxies effectively "evaporate."
C)All matter decays to a low-density sea of photons and subatomic particles.
D)All matter eventually ends up in massive black holes.
E)Individual stars die but their gas is recycled through the interstellar medium and new stars form in a never-ending process.

Question 36

What might be causing the universe to accelerate?

A)WIMPs
B)neutrinos
C)white-dwarf supernovae
D)dark gravity
E)We don't know!-but we call it "dark energy."

Question 37

Which model of the universe gives the youngest age for its present size?

A)a recollapsing universe
B)a coasting universe
C)a critical universe
D)an accelerating universe
E)all models give the same age

Question 38

Based on inventoried matter in the universe,including dark matter known to exist in galaxies and clusters,the actual density of the universe is what fraction of the critical density?

A)1 percent
B)10 percent
C)26 percent
D)74 percent
E)100 percent

Question 39

What does the universe look like on very large scales?

A)Galaxies are uniformly distributed.
B)Galaxies are randomly distributed.
C)Galaxies are distributed in a hierarchy of clusters,superclusters,and hyperclusters.
D)Galaxies appear to be distributed in chains and sheets that surround great voids.
E)Galaxies are distributed in a great shell expanding outward from the center of the universe.

Question 40

Why can't the dark matter in galaxies be made of neutrinos?

A)There are not enough neutrinos to make up all the dark matter.
B)Neutrinos do not have any mass;they interact only through the weak force.
C)We know that dark massive objects such as planets and neutron stars are not made of neutrinos.
D)Neutrinos travel at extremely high speeds and can escape a galaxy's gravitational pull.
E)Big Bang nucleosynthesis constrains how many neutrinos there are in the Universe.

Question 41

Briefly describe two different ways of measuring the mass of a cluster of galaxies.

Question 42

Individual galaxies generally have higher mass-to-light ratios than clusters of galaxies.

Question 43

Explain why observations suggest the presence of dark energy in the universe.?

Question 44

By definition,our Sun has a mass-to-light ratio of 1 solar mass per solar luminosity.

Question 45

One possible ingredient of dark matter is known as WIMPs,or weakly interacting massive particles.WIMPs probably are made of protons and neutrons.

Question 46

Dark matter is purely hypothetical,because we have no way of detecting its presence.

Question 47

The visible parts of galaxies contribute about one-tenth of the critical density of the universe.

Question 48

What is not a main source of evidence for the existence of dark matter?

A)massive blue stars
B)rotation curves of disk galaxies
C)stellar motions in elliptical galaxies
D)velocities and positions of galaxies in clusters of galaxies
E)gravitational lensing by clusters of galaxies

Question 49

Approximately 90 percent of the mass of the Milky Way is located in the halo of the galaxy in the form of dark matter.

Question 50

How do mass-to-light ratios for the inner regions of galaxies compare to the mass-to-light ratios we find when we look farther from a galaxy's center? What does this tell us about dark matter in galaxies?

Question 51

How do we know that there is an insignificant amount of dark matter in the solar system?

Question 52

Some galaxy clusters are still growing today.

Question 53

The only possible geometry of an accelerating universe is open.

Question 54

Our universe will end in a big crunch.

Question 55

Although we don't know exactly when clusters,galaxies,or stars began forming,we do know that clusters came first,with galaxies and stars forming later.

Question 56

Briefly describe how we can use the orbital characteristics of stars at many distances from the galactic center to determine the distribution of mass in the Milky Way.

Question 57

Suppose you discovered a galaxy with a mass-to-light ratio of 0.1 solar mass per solar luminosity.What would this measurement say about the nature of the stars in this galaxy?

Question 58

If we learn that the universe is a recollapsing universe,it will mean that the universe is presently contracting,rather than expanding as generally believed.

Question 59

If the universe is accelerating,it will expand forever.

Question 60

What is Einstein's cosmological constant?

A)the value of the expansion rate of the universe
B)the value of the acceleration of the universe
C)the value that measures the strength of gravity across the universe
D)the size of the cosmological horizon
E)a repulsive force that counteracts gravity and was introduced to allow for a static universe

Question 61

Is it likely that dark matter is not actually responsible for the acceleration of the Universe,and that the problem actually is with our understanding of gravity?

Question 62

Briefly explain how dark matter affects the expansion rate of the universe and the significance of the term critical density in the absence of any mysterious repulsive force.

Question 63

Process of Science: Evidence for dark matter in galaxy clusters can be seen in observations of the motions of individual galaxies,X-ray observations of hot intra-cluster gas,and gravitational lensing.What is different about lensing that further strengthens the case that dark matter really does exist.

Question 64

For a given value of Hubble's constant,how does the age of the universe depend on the overall density of the universe?

Question 65

Briefly describe the four possible expansion patterns of the universe.

Question 66

The text states that luminous matter in the Milky Way seems to be much like the tip of an iceberg.This refers to the idea that

A)luminous matter emits white light,much like the light reflected from icebergs.
B)black holes are much more interesting than ordinary stars that give off light.
C)dark matter represents much more mass and extends much further from the galactic center than the visible stars of the Milky Way.
D)the luminous matter of the Milky Way is essentially floating on the surface of a great sea of dark matter.

Question 67

What is a rotation curve?

A)a precise description of the shape of a star's orbit around the center of the Milky Way Galaxy
B)a graph showing how orbital velocity depends on distance from the center for a spiral galaxy
C)a curve used to decide whether a star's orbit places it in the disk or the halo of a spiral galaxy
D)a graph that shows a galaxy's mass on the vertical axis and size on the horizontal axis

Question 68

In general,when we compare the mass of a galaxy or cluster of galaxies to the amount of light it emits (that is,when we look at it mass-to-light ratio),we expect that

A)the higher amount of mass relative to light (higher mass-to-light ratio),the lower the proportion of dark matter.
B)the higher the amount of mass relative to light (higher mass-to-light ratio),the greater the proportion of dark matter.
C)the amount of light should be at least one solar luminosity for each solar mass of matter (mass-to-light ratio less than or equal to 1).
D)the higher the amount of mass relative to light (higher mass-to-light ratio),the older the galaxy or cluster.

Question 69

Although we know less about dark matter in elliptical galaxies than in spiral galaxies,what does current evidence suggest?

A)Elliptical galaxies probably contain about the same proportion of their mass in the form of dark matter as do spiral galaxies.
B)Elliptical galaxies probably contain far less dark matter than spiral galaxies.
C)Elliptical galaxies probably contain far more dark matter than spiral galaxies.
D)Unlike the broad distribution of dark matter in spiral galaxies,elliptical galaxies probably contain dark matter only near their centers.

Question 70

What do we mean by the critical density of the universe?

Question 71

When we say that a cluster of galaxies is acting as a gravitational lens,what do we mean?

A)It magnifies the effects of gravity that we see in the cluster.
B)It is an unusually large cluster that has a lot of gravity.
C)It bends or distorts the light coming from galaxies located behind it.
D)The overall shape of the cluster is that of a lens.

Question 72

What is the primary way in which we determine the mass distribution of a spiral galaxy?

A)We calculate its mass-to-light ratio.
B)We apply Newton's version of Kepler's third law to the orbits of globular clusters in the galaxy's halo.
C)We count the number of stars we can see at different distances from the galaxy's center.
D)We construct its rotation curve by measuring Doppler shifts from gas clouds at different distances from the galaxy's center.

Question 73

Why does the value of Hubble's constant alone not tell us the fate of the universe?

Question 74

Which of the following is not one of the three main strategies used to measure the mass of a galaxy clusters?

A)measuring the speeds of galaxies orbiting the cluster's center
B)studying X-ray emission from hot gas inside the cluster
C)observing how the cluster bends light from galaxies located behind it
D)measuring the temperatures of stars in the halos of the galaxies

Question 75

Explain how observations of white-dwarf supernovae provide information on the expansion of the universe when it was younger.

Question 76

Which of the following best summarizes what we mean by dark energy?

A)It is a name given to whatever is causing the expansion of the universe to accelerate with time.
B)It is the energy contained in dark matter.
C)It is the energy of black holes.
D)It is a type of energy that is associated with the "dark side" of The Force that rules the cosmos.

Question 77

What do we mean when we say that the rotation curve for a spiral galaxy is "flat"?

A)The amount of light emitted by stars at different distances is about the same throughout the galaxy.
B)Gas clouds orbiting far from the galactic center have approximately the same orbital speed as gas clouds located further inward.
C)The disk of a spiral galaxy is quite flat rather than spherical like the halo.
D)All the galaxy's mass is concentrated in its flat,gaseous disk.

Question 78

Process of Science: Scientists have not been able to observe the ultimate fate of our universe.On what evidence do they base the idea that it will expand forever?

Question 79

Process of Science: Given that Einstein's equations naturally showed the possibility of an accelerating Universe,why have astronomers only recently found strong evidence for dark energy?

Question 80

Which of the following best summarizes what we mean by dark matter?

A)matter that we have identified from its gravitational effects but that we cannot see in any wavelength of light
B)matter that may inhabit dark areas of the cosmos where we see nothing at all
C)matter consisting of black holes
D)matter for which we have theoretical reason to think it exists,but no observational evidence for its existence