Deck 15: Influences Beyond the Family

Question 1

4 Parallel play involves

A)pretending.
B)assigning different roles for each child to play.
C)playing alone but maintaining interest in what other children are doing.
D)complex social and cognitive skills so it is not found in toddlers.

Answer 1

playing alone but maintaining interest in what other children are doing.

Question 2

10 In __________ play,children organize their play around a distinct theme and take on special roles based on the theme.

A)parallel
B)associative
C)cooperative
D)nonsocial

Answer 2

cooperative

Question 3

Children who only have opposite-sex friends are

A)no different than children who have same-sex and opposite sex friends.
B)unpopular.
C)less competent academically.
D)unpopular AND less competent academically.

Answer 3

unpopular AND less competent academically.

Question 4

1 Interactions with peers begin at approximately __________ of age.

A)2 months
B)6 months
C)18 months
D)2 years

Question 5

Which of the following is a myth (not supported by research)about the effects of TV?

A)Children who watch a lot of TV develop short attention spans.
B)Children who watch a lot of TV become passive,lazy thinkers who are less creative.
C)Children who spend a lot of time watching TV spend less time in more productive,valuable activities like reading,sports,and playing with friends.
D)Answers a,b,and c are all myths about TV that are not supported by research.

Question 6

The typical American high school graduate has watched how much TV over the course of his/her life?

A)about one full year of 24/7 TV
B)nearly two full years of 24/7 TV
C)about three full years of 24/7 TV
D)nearly four full years of 24/7 TV

Question 7

When children play alone or watch others play it is called

A)nonsocial play.
B)parallel play.
C)onlooker play.
D)associative play.

Question 8

7 When children engage in similar activities,talk,or smile at one another,and offer each other toys it is referred to as

A)associative play.
B)parallel play.
C)make-believe play.
D)cooperative play.

Question 9

6 Associative play usually begins at about

A)15 to 18 months.
B)2 to 3 years.
C)4 to 5 years.
D)6 to 7 years.

Question 10

3 Soon after the first birthday,children commonly engage in

A)cooperative play.
B)pretend play.
C)parallel play.
D)role-playing.

Question 11

Which child would probably do best staying home alone after school for a limited time?

A)Jessica,who is 7 years old and knows how to dial 911
B)Tommy,who is 9 years old,but not very responsible
C)Madeline,who is 12 years old and has been prepared for self-care by her parents
D)Vanessa,who is 14 years old,but is scared to stay home alone

Question 12

Rough-and-tumble play emerges in

A)infancy.
B)toddlerhood.
C)preschool.
D)elementary school.

Question 13

If you want your child to learn the most,who would be the best teacher for your child?

A)Mrs.Luthy,who believes in active,hands-on,constructivist learning
B)Mr.Keplinger,who believes in rote memorization and worksheets
C)Mrs.Renkwitz,who believes that students are responsible for their own learning
D)Mr.Becker,who spends a lot of time disciplining students and making them behave

Question 14

5 Maleah and Mara are sitting at a table playing with play dough.They are each playing alone,but occasionally look to see what the other is doing.Maleah and Mara are engaged in

A)parallel play.
B)associative play.
C)cooperative play.
D)make-believe play.

Question 15

9 Cooperative play is usually first seen around __________ of age.

A)1 year
B)2 years
C)4 years
D)5 years

Question 16

2 Which of the following is typically the first sign of peer interaction?

A)associative play
B)parallel play
C)pointing or smiling at a peer
D)make-believe play

Question 17

8 Laura and Kyle are sitting next to each other and are drawing pictures.Periodically,they will trade crayons and comment on the other's picture.This is an example of

A)parallel play.
B)associative play.
C)cooperative play.
D)pretend play.

Question 18

Which of the following is NOT a feature of quality child care?

A)Low adult-child ratios
B)Emphasis on early academics,like reading and writing
C)Warm,responsive caregivers
D)Age-appropriate activities designed to promote cognitive and social development

Question 19

Early dating with many different partners is associated with all of the following EXCEPT

A)drug use.
B)lower grades.
C)popularity.
D)less satisfying romantic relationships in adulthood.

Question 20

In which country are popular children most likely to be shy?

A)Canada
B)China
C)United States
D)shyness is not a valued popularity trait in any country

Question 21

19 Four-year-old Mariana has an imaginary friend.Mariana

A)is an unusual preschooler.
B)probably has few real playmates.
C)is no more likely than a preschooler without an imaginary friend to confuse fantasy and reality.
D)has a developmental disorder.

Question 22

28 When children playfully chase,punch,kick,shove,fight,and wrestle with peers,it is referred to as

A)cooperative play.
B)simple social play.
C)rough-and-tumble play.
D)solitary play.

Question 23

15 __________ is a favorite theme of make-believe of European-American children while ___________ is a favorite theme of Korean American children.

A)family roles;fantasy
B)fantasy;adventure
C)adventure;family roles
D)family roles;everyday activities

Question 24

22 Parents get involved in the preschool children's play in several ways.When parents take on the role of playmate

A)their primary job is to resolve conflicts.
B)they have the opportunity to scaffold their children's play.
C)their children demonstrate only basic forms of play.
D)their children become less successful playing with other children.

Question 25

18 Preschoolers with imaginary companions

A)have fewer real friends than other preschoolers.
B)are more sociable than other preschoolers.
C)cannot distinguish fantasy and reality as well as other preschoolers.
D)have developmental problems.

Question 26

16 __________ play is often useful in helping children explore fearful topics.

A)Make-believe
B)Parallel
C)Cooperative
D)Associative

Question 27

13 As children go through the preschool years,__________ play becomes less common and __________ play becomes more common.

A)parallel;cooperative
B)cooperative;associative
C)make-believe;parallel
D)cooperative;parallel

Question 28

20 Madison,a -year-old is wandering aimlessly around the preschool classroom.As the preschool teacher,should you be worried?

A)Yes,wandering aimlessly is a sign that Madison is having trouble interacting with other kids.
B)Yes,wandering aimlessly is a sign that Madison has misbehaved and must be punished.
C)No,wandering aimlessly is a common healthy form of solitary play.
D)No,wandering aimlessly is Madison's way of engaging in parallel play.

Question 29

21 Solitary play

A)indicates a problem if it consists of wandering aimlessly around the room.
B)is not a problem if children hover and watch other children play.
C)such as drawing,assembling blocks,or solving puzzles is a sign of social maladjustment.
D)is always an indication of unhealthy peer relations.

Question 30

23 When parents attempt to mediate conflicts that arise between two young children who are playing,

A)the children will have greater difficulty solving conflicts on their own.
B)the children will become less cooperative with each other.
C)the children will play more cooperatively and longer.
D)it will have no effect on the children's play behavior.

Question 31

29 Girls' rough-and-tumble play tends to emphasize _________,whereas boys' rough-and-tumble play tends to emphasize _________.

A)running and chasing;wrestling and fighting
B)wrestling and fighting;running and chasing
C)wandering;hovering
D)smiling and laughing;yelling and crying

Question 32

26 Which of the following statements most accurately describes the relation between attachment to the mother as an infant and later peer relationships?

A)Securely attached children tend to have more successful relationships with peers.
B)Insecurely attached children tend to have more emotionally satisfying relationships with peers.
C)Insecurely attached infants tend to form peer relationships earlier than securely attached infants.
D)Security of attachment to the mother is unrelated to relationships with peers.

Question 33

25 Who is likely to have the best relationships with peers?

A)Jessie,who has an avoidant attachment relationship with her mother
B)Tyler,who has a resistant attachment relationship with his mother
C)Patrick,who has a disorganized attachment relationship with his mother
D)Shelby,who has a secure attachment relationship with her mother

Question 34

17 Make-believe play

A)is not related to the values of a child's culture.
B)is not a common part of preschoolers' play.
C)allows children to explore topics that frighten them.
D)does not involve imaginary companions.

Question 35

14 During the preschool years,cooperative play often takes on the form of ___________ play.

A)parallel
B)make-believe
C)solitary
D)controversial

Question 36

24 Which of the following is TRUE of the influence that parents have on peer relationships?

A)Parental mediation during play leads to more cooperative play and longer play between children.
B)The quality of the child's attachment to parents is not related to the child's quality of interaction with peers.
C)Parents have a direct influence,but not an indirect influence,on peer interactions.
D)Parents' use of more advanced forms of play usually does not influence their children's level of play.

Question 37

11 Playing "hide-and-seek" is an example of

A)make-believe play.
B)associative play.
C)parallel play.
D)cooperative play.

Question 38

30 Which of the following is the most important component of friendships for young children?

A)loyalty
B)intimacy
C)trust
D)common interests

Question 39

12 Ricky and Kyle are building a castle of blocks together in their kindergarten class.Ricky is building the turrets and Kyle is building the moat.This interaction illustrates

A)imitation.
B)parallel play.
C)pretend play.
D)cooperative play.

Question 40

27 During the elementary-school years,

A)peer relations involve more conflicts than they did during the preschool years.
B)friends most often spend time together participating in sports and academic activities.
C)the number of peer relationships is smaller than it was during the preschool years.
D)peers often engage in rough-and-tumble play.

Question 41

34 Elly is an African American girl who is 8 years old.Who is most likely to be her friend?

A)John,an African American boy who is 10 years old
B)Leah,an Asian American girl who is 8 years old
C)Sholonda,an African American girl who is 8 years old
D)Lafon,an African American girl who is 10 years old

Question 42

35 Children typically choose children who are __________ to be their friends.

A)older than they are
B)younger than they are
C)the opposite of themselves
D)like themselves

Question 43

45 Which teen is most likely to begin dating at an earlier age?

A)Young-shin,who is Asian American
B)Marta,who is Cuban American
C)Lupe,who is Mexican American
D)Jane,who is European American

Question 44

42 Which of the following is NOT correct regarding co-rumination?

A)It is when friends spend much of their time together discussing each other's personal problems.
B)Girls engage in co-rumination more than boys.
C)Co-rumination strengthens girls' friendships
D)Co-rumination reduces the risk of depression and anxiety for girls during adolescence.

Question 45

38 Which of the following statements is NOT correct about other-sex friendships?

A)Children with same- and other-sex friendships tend to be very well adjusted.
B)Children with only other-sex friendships tend to be unpopular and have lower self-esteem.
C)Children with both same- and other-sex friends are so socially skilled and popular that both boys and girls are to be their friends.
D)Children with only other-sex friendships are just as socially skilled as children with both same-sex and other-sex friendships.

Question 46

48 By the end of high school,about how many of American adolescents will have had sexual intercourse?

A)one-quarter
B)one-third
C)one-half
D)two-thirds

Question 47

37 John is an Asian American male who is interested in cars,plays tennis,and does well in school.Who is most likely to be his friend?

A)Julio,a Hispanic American male who plays tennis and gets good grades in school
B)Julie,an Asian American female who doesn't do well in school
C)Jules,a European American male who loves cars and does well in school
D)Julius,an Asian American male who likes cars and tennis

Question 48

50 Who is least likely to become a teenage mother?

A)an African American adolescent
B)an Asian American adolescent
C)a Hispanic American adolescent
D)a Native American adolescent

Question 49

40 Compared to children who lack friends,children with good friends

A)have higher self-esteem.
B)are more likely to be depressed.
C)are more likely to be lonely.
D)are less willing to share and cooperate with others.
Chapter Section: Peers

Question 50

43 Jaccard and his colleagues set out to determine whether close friends influence adolescents' sexual behavior.What were their results?

A)Close friendships have no impact on the likelihood of engaging in sexual activity.
B)Adolescents were more likely to be sexually active when their best friends were.
C)Adolescents were likely to delay becoming sexually active if their best friends were already sexually active.
D)Adolescents were more likely to be sexually active if their parents knew about their friends' sexual activity.

Question 51

39 Lon's parents are worried about him because he doesn't seem to have any good friends.What could you tell them about children without friends?

A)Having friends doesn't have any significant benefits other than occasionally keeping children from
Being lonely.
B)Children without friends are the same as children with friends in terms of being cooperative and sharing with others.
C)Children without friends have a harder time dealing with life stresses.
D)Children without friends usually have high self-esteem.

Question 52

36 Jennifer and Mike are concerned because their son Stephen has developed friendships only with other European American boys like himself.They would like him to have a more diverse group of friends.What could they do to make it more likely that he would develop interracial friendships?

A)Move to an integrated neighborhood in a school district where classes are small and contain children from different ethnic groups.
B)Move to an integrated neighborhood in a school district where classes are large and contain children from different ethnic groups.
C)Move to a segregated neighborhood in a school district where classes are small and contain children from different ethnic groups.
D)Move to a segregated neighborhood in a school district where classes are large and contain children from different ethnic groups.

Question 53

32 For which pair of friends is intimacy most likely to be an important part of their friendship?

A)Timmy and Jordan,5-year-old boys
B)Caitlin and Alyssa,6-year-old girls
C)Lacy and Meredith,13-year-old girls
D)Brad and Michael,14-year-old boys

Question 54

44 Tom,who enjoys school,likes to read,and plans to go to Harvard,loathes Barry,who thinks that school is stupid,listens to his iPod constantly,and plans to quit high school to become a rock star.Barry feels the same way about Tom.What is correct about Tom and Barry's relationship?

A)It is a good example of a one-sided antipathy.
B)It is a good example of a mutual antipathy.
C)It is a good example of co-rumination.
D)It is a good example of a rough-and-tumble friendship.

Question 55

41 Having good friends is associated with

A)lower rates of depression.
B)low self-esteem.
C)greater difficulty coping with stressful situations.
D)lower rates of prosocial behavior.

Question 56

47 Which of the following statements best describes teenage sexual behavior?

A)By the end of adolescence,roughly two-thirds of American teens have had intercourse at least once.
B)Most American adolescents have never had intercourse.
C)Asian American teens are more likely than African American or Hispanic American teens to become pregnant.
D)Sexually active American teens usually use contraceptives.

Question 57

46 Romantic relationships during adolescence

A)are associated with higher self-confidence and self-esteem.
B)tend to begin at the same age in all ethnic groups.
C)usually involve being part of a well-defined couple when they first begin.
D)involve sexual exploration but not friendship,trust,or support.

Question 58

31 Friendships during adolescence

A)are no different from those of younger children.
B)are not as important as friendships in younger children.
C)do not place an emphasis on loyalty.
D)are characterized by intimacy and trust.

Question 59

33 Who is most likely to rely on friends rather than family for emotional support?

A)7-year-old Adam
B)10-year-old Abe
C)14-year-old Damian
D)neither Adam,Abe,nor Damian is likely to rely on friends instead of family

Question 60

49 Adolescents are more likely to have intercourse

A)if their parents and peers have permissive attitudes about sexuality.
B)if they feel guilty about having intercourse.
C)if they are concerned about getting pregnant.
D)if they are afraid of getting a sexually transmitted disease.

Question 61

62 Who is MOST likely to be in the "druggie" crowd?

A)Tony,whose parents emphasize achievement
B)Sam,whose parents are neglectful and permissive
C)Greg,whose parents include him in joint decision-making
D)Tony,Sam,and Greg are equally likely to be in the "druggie" crowd

Question 62

55 Current research suggests that sexual orientation is most clearly influenced by

A)having a domineering mother and a weak father.
B)being raised by lesbian or gay parents.
C)being seduced by an older person of the same sex.
D)heredity and hormones.

Question 63

68 When dominance hierarchies form in girls' groups,the girls at the top of the hierarchy

A)are the smartest.
B)have the skills that are the most valuable to the group.
C)are the most intimidating physically.
D)are the friendliest.

Question 64

60 Which adolescent is likely to have the highest self-esteem?

A)James,who is in a high-status crowd
B)Evan,who is in a medium-status crowd
C)Derrick,who is in a low-status crowd
D)Dustin,who is not a member of a crowd

Question 65

70 Peer influence is stronger when

A)peers have low status.
B)peers are not friends.
C)the standards for appropriate behavior are clear-cut.
D)youth are younger and more socially anxious.

Question 66

67 In groups of young boys,the leader is most often determined on the basis of

A)size and strength.
B)grades in school.
C)attractiveness.
D)creativity.

Question 67

57 Blythe,Amy,Candi,and Holly are all 12-year-old European American girls who are good friends.They enjoy spending time together and tend to dress alike and act alike.The four girls would be considered

A)a clique.
B)a crowd.
C)a dominance hierarchy.
D)unusual.

Question 68

51 Which of the following is NOT one of the reasons teens give for failing to use effective birth control?

A)Teens say that they cannot afford contraceptives.
B)Teens often don't know the facts regarding conception.
C)Teens may feel awkward buying contraceptives.
D)Teens often believe that becoming pregnant is a way to have "someone to love them."

Question 69

56 Based on current research which of the following is FALSE?

A)Children raised by gay or lesbian parents usually adopt their parents' sexual orientation.
B)Girls become lesbians when their father is their primary role model.
C)Sons become gay when raised by a domineering mother and a weak father.
D)They are all false.

Question 70

52 What type of program is most effective at reducing adolescent sexual behavior and teen pregnancy?

A)one that focuses primarily on abstinence
B)a comprehensive program that teaches the biological aspects of sex and emphasizes responsible sexual behavior or abstaining from premarital sex
C)one that does not tell adolescents about the facts of conception
D)no programs have been found to be effective

Question 71

58 In what way does a crowd differ from a clique?

A)A crowd is a larger group than a clique.
B)A crowd is a smaller group than a clique.
C)Members of a crowd tend to have similar interests,but members of a clique do not.
D)Crowds are common during adolescence,but cliques are not.

Question 72

53 Roughly what percentage of teens experience a period of sexual questioning,during which they sometimes report emotional and sexual attractions to members of their own sex?

A)10%
B)15%
C)20%
D)25%

Question 73

66 In groups with a dominance hierarchy,

A)all members have equal status.
B)there is an increased incidence of conflict.
C)members are usually unsure of their status within the group.
D)there is a leader to whom all other group members defer.

Question 74

61 Carly's parents place a high emphasis on achievement.Carly is LEAST likely to be a member of the __________ crowd.

A)jock
B)normal
C)druggie
D)popular

Question 75

63 Adolescents are more likely to be in a "druggie" crowd when their parents

A)emphasize academic achievement.
B)use the authoritative style of parenting.
C)fail to monitor their out-of-school behavior.
D)include them in joint decision making.

Question 76

65 Ned's parents are quite permissive with him.This makes it more likely that Ned will become involved with which crowd?

A)"normals"
B)"jocks"
C)"brains"
D)"druggies"

Question 77

69 In a group of girls who formed an informal "tennis club," the leader of the group is most likely to be

A)Lela,who is the most talkative.
B)Casey,who is the best tennis player.
C)Jenny,who is the nicest.
D)Lacey,who is the strongest.

Question 78

59 A __________ is a large group of older children or adolescents that have similar values and attitudes and are known by a common label.

A)crowd
B)clique
C)dominance hierarchy
D)class

Question 79

54 Which of the following probably has a role in the development of a homosexual sexual orientation?

A)Sons become gay when they have a domineering mother and a weak father.
B)Heredity and hormones seems to influence sexual orientation.
C)Girls are more likely to become lesbians if their fathers are their primary role models.
D)Children who are raised by gay and lesbian parents usually become homosexual.

Question 80

64 Children whose parents use an __________ parenting style are most likely to be in a crowd that endorses adult standards of behavior.

A)indulgent-permissive
B)indifferent-uninvolved
C)authoritarian
D)authoritative