Deck 10: Emotional Development

Question 1

Which child is most likely to succeed in school?

A)Chris,who is very active
B)Megan,who is easily distractible
C)Deshawn,who is very persistent
D)Juan,who is very shy

Answer 1

Deshawn,who is very persistent

Question 2

A social smile typically occurs when an infant

A)was recently fed.
B)is asleep.
C)sees another human face.
D)is at least 1 year of age.

Answer 2

sees another human face.

Question 3

Which of the following is a basic emotion?

A)pride
B)guilt
C)happiness
D)embarrassment

Answer 3

happiness

Question 4

According to Bowlby,during which phase of attachment does the infant engage in many behaviors,such as crying,smiling,and gazing intently,that elicit caregiving from an adult?

A)preattachment
B)attachment in the making
C)true attachment
D)reciprocal relationships

Question 5

Which of the following is NOT a complex emotion?

A)pride
B)guilt
C)fear
D)embarrassment

Question 6

Social smiles typically first appear at

A)birth.
B)2 months of age.
C)6 months of age.
D)18 months of age.

Question 7

In the first month,infants may smile

A)while asleep.
B)when asleep and when softly touched - serving as social smiles.
C)while asleep and when softly touched - reflexive responses to bodily states.
D)when they see another person.
)

Question 8

Basic emotions consist of a subjective feeling,an overt behavior,and

A)a physiological change.
B)an evaluative component.
C)a cultural-specific expression.
D)an advanced cognitive component.

Question 9

A set of expectations about parents' availability and responsiveness,generally and in times of stress is known as

A)an internal working model.
B)preattachment.
C)attachment in the making.
D)reciprocal relationships.

Question 10

Given an opportunity to play with both mothers and fathers,infants are more likely to choose

A)fathers.
B)mothers.
C)Infants are equally likely to choose fathers or mothers as they don't really have a preference.
D)Infants prefer to play with peers,and do not choose to play with mothers and fathers.

Question 11

According to Rothbart's theory of temperament,__________ refers to the extent to which a child is generally happy,active,vocal,and regularly seeks interesting stimulation.

A)negative affect
B)effortful control
C)activity level
D)surgency/extraversion

Question 12

Researchers often use __________ to assess an infant's emotional state.

A)facial expressions
B)subjective feelings
C)the Strange Situation
D)systematic desensitization

Question 13

Gabriel is upset when his mother drops him off at child care and seems upset and sometimes angry when she returns.His mother has a hard time consoling him.Gabriel most likely has what type of attachment?

A)secure
B)resistant
C)avoidant
D)disorganized (disoriented)

Question 14

Basic emotions

A)do not involve a physiological change.
B)are not expressed in an overt behavior.
C)vary from culture to culture.
D)involve a subjective feeling.

Question 15

Nine-month-old Jack sees a cat for the first time.As the cat approaches him,Jack looks toward his mother to see how she reacts to the cat.Jack uses his mother's emotions to determine his response to the cat,a tool known as

A)systematic desensitization.
B)complex emotions.
C)display rules.
D)social referencing.

Question 16

Which of the following emerges first?

A)anger
B)embarrassment
C)pride
D)fear

Question 17

All of the basic emotions are experienced by as early as

A)the first few months of life.
B)8 or 9 months of age.
C)18 to 24 months of age.
D)the preschool years.

Question 18

Which of the following is NOT a basic emotion?

A)happiness
B)anger
C)fear
D)embarrassment

Question 19

In their study of how temperament influences helping others,Young,Fox,and Zahn-Waxler found that

A)shy and outgoing children were equally likely to express concern,but outgoing children were more likely to help a stranger.
B)shy and outgoing children were equally likely to express concern,but shy children were more likely to help a stranger.
C)shy and outgoing children were equally likely to express concern and to help a stranger.
D)outgoing children were both more likely to express concern and more likely to help a stranger.

Question 20

Which of the following would be the element of a basic emotion referred to as a subjective feeling?

A)a smile
B)an increase in heart rate
C)bumping into a chair
D)being so happy you feel like you're floating on air

Question 21

Your niece is 7 months old and you are about to meet her for the first time.You are concerned that she will be afraid of you and want to minimize the chance that meeting you will cause her stranger anxiety.What would you do?

A)Greet her and give her your complete attention as soon as you meet her.
B)Arrange to see her for the first time in an environment that is familiar to her.
C)Meet her in an environment that is unfamiliar to her.
D)Pick her up right away when you meet her.

Question 22

Which of the following is most effective way to treat school refusal behavior?

A)Gradually expose the child to fear-provoking school situations.
B)Teach the child techniques for relaxation when confronting fear-provoking situations.
C)Reinforce the child for attending school.
D)All of the above are effective techniques used together for reducing school refusal behavior.

Question 23

The ability to recognize others' emotions

A)can be used in social referencing.
B)emerges after the first birthday.
C)is not related to the ability to discriminate different facial expressions.
D)decreases with age.

Question 24

Hezron has experienced basic emotions,such as happiness and anger,but he is unlikely to feel more complex emotions such as guilt,embarrassment,or pride until he

A)has some understanding of the self.
B)experiences a physiological reaction linked to his emotions.
C)displays overt behaviors associated with his subjective feelings.
D)goes through systematic desensitization.

Question 25

Six-month-old Wendy's mother is happy and smiles and talks to Wendy in a pleasant voice.Based on research reported in your text,you would expect Wendy

A)to be able to distinguish facial expressions associated with different emotions,but not to change her own emotions to match other people's emotions.
B)to be unaware of and unaffected by other people's emotions.
C)to match her emotion to her mother's and therefore be happy.
D)to become distressed.

Question 26

One of the first signs of fear in an infant often occurs when

A)infants are in the presence of an unfamiliar adult.
B)infants are picked up by a familiar adult.
C)a stranger talks to other adults instead of picking up the baby.
D)a favorite food or toy is taken away.

Question 27

Stranger wariness is a sign of

A)anger.
B)sadness.
C)fear.
D)happiness.

Question 28

Which fear is likely to occur at the youngest age?

A)fear of strangers
B)fear of the dark
C)fear of imaginary creatures
D)fear of snakes

Question 29

Unlike basic emotions,complex emotions

A)do not involve an evaluative component.
B)involve a physiological change.
C)involve a subjective feeling.
D)are triggered by different events in different cultures.

Question 30

Which of the following statements correctly illustrates the cultural differences in emotional expression for American and Asian children?

A)American elementary-school children are embarrassed by public displays of individual achievement,but show great pride when their entire class is honored for an achievement.
B)Asian elementary-school children often show pride at personal achievement,such as getting the highest grade on a test or being chosen student of the month.
C)In many Asian countries,outward displays of emotions are discouraged in favor of emotional restraint.
D)American preschool children are less like than Chinese preschool children to smile at funny pictures or express disgust after smelling vinegar.

Question 31

In social referencing

A)an infant has a preference for being with other people,rather than for being alone.
B)infants use their parents' facial expressions to help them interpret unfamiliar situations.
C)deep relaxation is associated with progressively more anxiety-producing situations.
D)an infant has a set of expectations about parents' availability and responsivity.

Question 32

All of the following are correct regarding school refusal behavior EXCEPT

A)sometimes reflects a child's desire to pursue enjoyable activities,such as playing video games,instead of aversive ones,such as doing schoolwork.
B)sometimes reflects a child's desire to avoid school-related situations that are frightening.
C)sometimes reflects an effort to get attention from parents.
D)sometimes reflects an inability to express self-conscious emotions.

Question 33

Seven-month-old Lydia looked away and started to fuss when her mother's college roommate,who hadn't visited since Lydia was born,got Lydia up from her nap.Lydia's reaction is most likely the result of

A)social referencing.
B)systematic desensitization.
C)insecure attachment.
D)stranger wariness.

Question 34

Complex emotions don't usually emerge until

A)4 to 6 months of age.
B)9 to 12 months of age.
C)18 to 24 months of age.
D)3 to 4 years of age.

Question 35

Who is experiencing a complex emotion?

A)Tim,who is happy
B)Todd,who is embarrassed
C)Ramon,who is disgusted
D)Victor,who is surprised

Question 36

Stranger wariness

A)emerges a few weeks after birth.
B)provides a natural restraint against the tendency for mobile infants to wander away from familiar caregivers.
C)is greater when infants are in a familiar environment.
D)is not related to the stranger's behavior.

Question 37

When 1-year-old Kim was shown a new toy,she looked at her mother who appeared to be afraid of the toy.Kim became distressed and moved away from the toy.Kim used __________ to regulate her own behavior.

A)an internal working model
B)systematic desensitization
C)social referencing
D)stranger anxiety

Question 38

The first distinct displays of anger typically occur

A)at birth.
B)between 4 and 6 months of age.
C)between 12 and 18 months of age.
D)during the preschool years.

Question 39

By __________ of age,infants begin to be able to distinguish facial expressions associated with different emotions.

A)1 month
B)6 months
C)12 months
D)24 months

Question 40

Complex emotions

A)emerge before basic emotions.
B)are universal.
C)involve feelings of success when one's standards or expectations are met and feelings of failure when they aren't.
D)include feelings of happiness,anger,and disgust.

Question 41

Results of the New York Longitudinal Study (NYLS)indicated that the largest group of babies was categorized as

A)easy babies.
B)difficult babies.
C)slow-to-warm-up babies.
D)average babies.

Question 42

Eight-year-old Megan reads the sentence such as "You are home all alone," and is asked how she would feel in the situation.Megan is likely to believe that this situation

A)cannot make a person feel more than one emotion at the same time.
B)cannot make a person experience two different emotions that differ in intensity at the same time.
C)can make a person feel both good and bad at the same time.
D)cannot influence how a person feels.

Question 43

Which infant is MOST likely to cry when getting a shot?

A)Lina,who is Japanese
B)Jiang,who is Chinese
C)Grace,who is European American
D)Lina,Jiang,and Grace are equally likely to cry when getting a shot

Question 44

Irina is a happy,cheerful baby who adjusts well to new situations.She sleeps,eats,and toilets on a regular schedule.Thomas and Chess would categorize Irina's temperament as

A)emotional.
B)easy.
C)slow-to-warm-up.
D)difficult.

Question 45

Walter is an infant who is angry,fearful,frustrated,and not easily soothed.According to Mary Rothbart,Walter would be high on which dimension of temperament?

A)surgency/extraversion
B)negative affect
C)effortful control
D)helpful behavior

Question 46

According to Thomas and Chess's temperament categories,a difficult baby and a slow-to-warm-up baby would be alike in that they both would

A)usually be unhappy.
B)be relatively active.
C)respond intensely when they disliked something.
D)be upset by unfamiliar situations.

Question 47

Which of the following children is demonstrating the use of display rules?

A)Maddie hides her eyes when she is feeling shy.
B)Cliff tries really hard to control his anger because he likes you.
C)Jasmine stops her temper tantrum because her mother threatens punishment.
D)Warren looks at his grandmother to see if she looks angry before he jumps off the couch.

Question 48

An infant's consistent mood and style of behavior is called

A)emotionality.
B)rhythmicity.
C)temperament.
D)intensity of reaction.

Question 49

Temperament is defined as

A)the amount of physical and motor activity an infant exhibits in daily situations.
B)the ease with which an infant adjusts to changes in the environment.
C)an infant's regularity in eating,sleeping,and toileting.
D)an infant's behavior style that is stable across situations and biologically based.

Question 50

The regulation of emotions

A)doesn't begin until children are about 2 years old.
B)is not related to the quality of interactions and relationships with one's peers.
C)involves the use of cognitive strategies (e.g. ,reminding oneself to ignore something)in school-age children and adolescents.
D)involves the use of physical strategies (e.g. ,moving closer to a parent)in school-age children and adolescents.

Question 51

Studies of temperament in twins have found that

A)fraternal twins are more alike in temperament than are identical twins.
B)identical twins are more alike in temperament than are fraternal twins.
C)there are no differences in the degree of similarity in temperament in fraternal and identical twins.
D)heredity does not seem to influence temperament.

Question 52

According to Mary Rothbart,infants who are high on effortful control tend to be

A)high on surgency/extraversion and low on negative affect.
B)low on surgency/extraversion and high on negative affect.
C)high on surgency/extraversion and high on negative affect.
D)low on surgency/extraversion and low on negative affect.

Question 53

You have noticed that your sister's baby,Carrie,is relatively inactive and is typically unhappy.She typically shows a mild dislike for new foods and unfamiliar places.After reading about Thomas and Chess's temperament classifications,you decide that Carrie has a(n)__________ temperament.

A)easy
B)slow-to-warm-up
C)sociable
D)difficult

Question 54

Your friend,Sandy,interacts with her baby abruptly and lacks confidence.You would expect her baby to be

A)more likely to develop an intense,difficult temperament.
B)less likely to develop an intense,difficult temperament.
C)temperamentally unaffected by how his mother interacts with him,because temperament is determined by heredity.
D)temperamentally unaffected by how his mother interacts with him,because temperament does not develop until later in childhood.

Question 55

Adriana often cries,responds intensely to new situations,does not have regular eating and sleeping schedules,and is very active.Adriana most closely fits Thomas and Chess's __________ temperament classification.

A)slow-to-warm-up
B)sociable
C)difficult
D)easy

Question 56

Cross-cultural studies of temperament have shown

A)that Japanese and Chinese babies are more emotional in stressful situations than European
American babies.
B)that European American babies are more emotional in stressful situations than Asian babies.
C)that any cultural differences in emotionality cannot be explained by the behavior of the mothers.
D)no differences in emotionality between Asian and American babies.

Question 57

During the elementary school years,children

A)become less likely to modify their behavior according to other people's emotions.
B)begin to realize that people can have "mixed feelings."
C)become less able to recognize other people's emotions.
D)show little change in understanding the emotions of others.

Question 58

Emotion regulation begins in

A)infancy.
B)the preschool years.
C)the school-age years.
D)adolescence.

Question 59

Asian infants tend to be __________ than European American infants.

A)less sociable
B)more active
C)more distractible
D)less emotional

Question 60

Culturally specific standards for appropriate expressions of emotion in a particular setting or with a particular person or persons are known as

A)display rules.
B)emotional regulation.
C)self-conscious emotions.
D)systematic desensitization.

Question 61

A study of helping behavior in 2-year-olds who are shy and those who are outgoing indicated that

A)outgoing children were more likely than shy children to help their mothers when they were hurt.
B)shy children expressed more concern for both their mothers and a stranger than did outgoing children.
C)shy children were more likely to help the hurt stranger than were outgoing children.
D)shy and outgoing children did not differ in their concern for the hurt stranger.

Question 62

Nicolette is starting to respond preferentially to her mother than to other people.She is soothed more quickly by her mom,but still enjoys attention from almost anyone.She does not yet exhibit stranger anxiety.Bowlby would consider Nicolette to be in which stage of the development of attachment?

A)preattachment
B)attachment in the making
C)true attachment
D)reciprocal relationships

Question 63

__________ is used to study attachment relationships.

A)A social smile
B)Systematic desensitization
C)Stranger anxiety
D)The Strange Situation

Question 64

After reading about research on temperament and developmental outcomes,which of the following children would most surprise you?

A)Kyle,an active and distractible child who has difficulty in school.
B)Lonnie,a shy and inhibited child who has difficulty interacting with his peers.
C)Richie,an anxious and fearful child who often breaks his parents' rules.
D)Brian,a persistent child who does well in school.

Question 65

Which of the following statements about temperament is TRUE?

A)The influence of temperament depends on the environment in which children develop.
B)Infants and toddlers who temperamentally resist control tend to be prone to behavior problems when they are older if their mothers try to exert control over them.
C)Adolescents who are temperamentally cheerful are more affected by life stressors and,therefore,more likely to drink,smoke,or use drugs.
D)Temperament is the sole determining factor of many aspects of development.

Question 66

During what stage of attachment development do infants begin to understand parents' feelings and goals and sometimes use this knowledge to guide their own behavior?

A)preattachment
B)attachment in the making
C)true attachment
D)reciprocal relationships

Question 67

Researchers who studied inhibition and helping in 2-year-olds found that

A)shy children were more likely to help both their mothers and the experimenters when they feigned injury.
B)shy and outgoing children were equally likely to help both their mothers and the experimenters when they feigned injury.
C)outgoing children were more likely to help the experimenters when they feigned injury,but shy and outgoing children were equally likely to help the mothers.
D)outgoing children were more likely to help the mothers when they feigned injury,but shy and outgoing children were equally likely to help the experimenters.

Question 68

Which of the following statements about temperament and other aspects of development is TRUE?

A)Children who are capable of greater effortful control,as 3- and 4-year-olds,have higher scores on measures of working memory.
B)Children who are not frequently angry or fearful are more prone to depression.
C)Anxious,fearful children are less likely to comply with a parent's rules and requests.
D)Persistent children are less likely to succeed in school.

Question 69

According to __________ theory,children who form an attachment to an adult are more likely to survive.

A)evolutionary
B)psychodynamic
C)behavioral
D)Piagetian

Question 70

Temperament from infancy to childhood is

A)completely unrelated.
B)very unstable.
C)somewhat stable.
D)very stable.

Question 71

If Bill and Mary are typical parents of a baby,which of the following is most likely to be true?

A)Their baby is likely to become attached to Mary,but not to Bill.
B)Bill is likely to spend more time playing with their baby than taking care of him.
C)Bill and Mary are likely to spend equal amounts of time reading and talking to their baby.
D)Their infant is likely to prefer Mary over Bill as a playmate.

Question 72

Fathers

A)interact with their babies in the same ways that mothers do.
B)are more likely to engage in physical play with their babies than are mothers.
C)are more likely than mothers to be a source of comfort when babies are distressed.
D)spend more time taking care of their children than playing with them.

Question 73

Infants usually form attachments

A)only to mothers.
B)only to fathers.
C)to mothers and fathers.
D)to only one person,whoever is the primary caregiver.

Question 74

The evolutionary perspective on attachment is that it

A)is learned through reinforcement and punishment.
B)is the result of the resolution of conflicts that are centered on various parts of the body.
C)increases the infant's likelihood of survival.
D)was important to human evolution but has no value in modern society.

Question 75

Studies of links between temperament and developmental outcomes have found

A)distractible children are more likely to succeed in school.
B)anxious children are less likely to comply with parents' rules.
C)shy children often have problems interacting with peers.
D)persistent children are less likely to succeed in school.

Question 76

Temperament is moderately stable throughout infancy,childhood,and adolescence.Given this,which of the following DOES NOT correctly demonstrates this stability?

A)Newborns who cry under moderate stress tend,as 5-month-olds,to cry when they are placed in stressful situations.
B)When inhibited toddlers are adults,they respond more strongly to unfamiliar stimuli.
C)Outgoing 2-year-olds tend to be more reserved 8-year-olds.
D)Inhibited 2-year-olds tend to be shy 4-year-olds.

Question 77

Who is most likely to have just recently singled out an attachment figure?

A)Felicity,who is 1 month of age
B)Samantha,who is 3 months of age
C)Addy,who is 7 months of age
D)Molly,who is 1 year of age

Question 78

Mia is a European American mother.Seiko is a Japanese mother.Compared to Mia,Seiko is

A)likely to spend more time in close physical contact with her baby.
B)likely to spend less time in close physical contact with her baby.
C)less likely to attempt to soothe her baby.
D)likely to exhibit no differences in how she interacts with her baby.

Question 79

The infant singles out the attachment figure at approximately what age?

A)4 weeks
B)2 months
C)7 months
D)1 year

Question 80

Which of the following is INCORRECT regarding the DRD4 gene?

A)It is a temperament gene.
B)It is linked to behaviors that make up temperament (e.g. ,novelty seeking,fearfulness).
C)It is linked to brain systems that regulate attention,motivation,and reward.
D)One allele for this gene is associated with novelty-seeking in adults.