Deck 8: Intelligence and Individual Differences in Cognition

Question 1

According to the method that Terman used to score the early versions of the Stanford-Binet,a child with a chronological age of 10 years and a mental age of 13 years would have an IQ of

A)83.
B)100.
C)113.
D)130.

Answer 1

130.

Question 2

Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences is based on all of the following EXCEPT

A)research in child development.
B)intelligence test scores.
C)studies of exceptionally talented people.
D)studies of brain-damaged persons.

Answer 2

intelligence test scores.

Question 3

Hierarchical theories of intelligence

A)include only general factors of intelligence.
B)include only specific factors of intelligence.
C)include both general and specific factors of intelligence.
D)are based on research and theories of cognitive development.

Answer 3

include both general and specific factors of intelligence.

Question 4

Carroll's hierarchical theory

A)is a compromise between the two views of intelligence - general and distinct abilities.
B)suggests that g is responsible for performance on all mental tests.
C)is based on the research and theories of cognitive development.
D)focuses on emotional intelligence.

Question 5

The psychometric approach to intelligence

A)measures intelligence using standardized intelligence tests.
B)equates intelligence with the existence of exceptional talent.
C)says that intelligent behavior always involves skillful adaptation to an environment.
D)suggests that many different intelligences exist.

Question 6

According to modern definitions of giftedness,which of the following children would be considered gifted?

A)Keiko,who has an IQ of 140
B)Marina,who has exceptional artistic talent
C)Jose,who has an exceptional talent in creative writing
D)Keiko,Marina,and Jose would all be considered gifted.

Question 7

Dr.Jones claims that there is a g,a general factor for intelligence.In an effort to support his claim,he gave several different tests to many people.Which of the following results would support his claim?

A)if individual performances were inconsistent across tests
B)if individual performances were consistent across tests
C)if when people's scores were averaged across tests,everyone received about the same average score
D)if individuals showed different patterns of high and low scores on the tests

Question 8

The idea that a general factor for intelligence,or g,is responsible for performance on all mental tests was introduced by

A)Gardner.
B)Thurstone.
C)Carroll.
D)Spearman.

Question 9

Nate has decided that he would like to be a psychometrician.Nate is interested in

A)studying sensory and perceptual processes.
B)Piagetian theory.
C)the treatment of mental illnesses.
D)the measurement of psychological characteristics.

Question 10

Sternberg's theory of intelligence

A)suggests that intelligence consists of three distinct abilities: analytic,creative,and practical.
B)suggests that intelligence is independent of one's culture or environment.
C)suggests that intelligence is revealed only in standardized intelligence tests.
D)suggests that intelligence can be fostered by an exclusive focus on academic skills.

Question 11

All of the following are intelligences that are shared by both Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences and psychometric theories of intelligence EXCEPT

A)linguistic.
B)logical-mathematical.
C)interpersonal.
D)spatial.

Question 12

Which of the following is NOT one of the criteria for intellectual disability?

A)a score of 70 or less on an intelligence tests
B)being under the age of 18 when limitations are noted
C)problems adapting in the areas of conceptual skills,social skills,and practical skills
D)the need for constant supervision

Question 13

If you wanted to determine the IQ of 6-year-old Betsy,as well as determine her verbal and performance skills,which test would be best to use?

A)Stanford-Binet
B)WISC-IV
C)Bayley's Scales
D)a habituation measure

Question 14

Some research has provided support for the notion that there is a general factor of intelligence,but other investigations have suggested that intelligence consists of distinct abilities.These discrepant results were first resolved by proposing

A)information processing approaches.
B)hierarchical theories of intelligence.
C)Piaget's theory of cognitive development.
D)Vygotsky's zone of proximal development.

Question 15

___________ refers to the ability to perceive relations among stimuli whereas ___________ comprises a person's culturally influenced accumulated knowledge and skills.

A)Fluid intelligence;crystallized intelligence
B)Crystallized intelligence;fluid intelligence
C)Interpersonal intelligence;intrapersonal intelligence
D)Spatial intelligence;existential intelligence

Question 16

A person's culturally influenced accumulated knowledge and skills,including understanding printed language,comprehending language,and knowing vocabulary is known as

A)crystallized intelligence.
B)fluid intelligence.
C)general intelligence.
D)multiple intelligence.

Question 17

Children who have a learning disability

A)have intelligence that is way below average.
B)have intelligence that is slightly below average.
C)have normal intelligence.
D)can have intelligence that is either below average,normal,or above average.

Question 18

Thurstone and Thurstone's work on intelligence

A)emphasized specific factors of intelligence.
B)focused on a general factor of intelligence.
C)was based on Piaget's theory of cognitive development.
D)was based on information-processing research.

Question 19

Psychologists who specialize in the measurement of psychological characteristics such as intelligence and personality are referred to as

A)Piagetians.
B)psychometricians.
C)information processing theorists.
D)Freudians.

Question 20

African American children experience _______________ when they take intelligence tests,and this contributes to their lower scores.

A)mental retardation.
B)stereotype threat.
C)phonological awareness.
D)dynamic testing.

Question 21

Gardner's theory of intelligence

A)ignores the developmental history of distinct intelligences.
B)presents a narrow view of intelligence.
C)emphasizes general intelligence.
D)has important implications for education.

Question 22

Which of the following shows the formula Terman used to calculate an intelligence quotient?

A)IQ = MA/CA x 100
B)IQ = CA/MA x 100
C)IQ = CA/MA
D)IQ = MA/CA

Question 23

Russell's test scores are low,but he quickly grasps real-life problems and could be called "street smart." Which Sternberg area is a strength for him?

A)creative ability
B)analytic ability
C)practical ability
D)crystallized intelligence

Question 24

Which of the following is NOT one of the intelligences proposed by Gardner?

A)musical intelligence
B)sensory-perceptual intelligence
C)intrapersonal intelligence
D)bodily-kinesthetic intelligence

Question 25

Which of Gardner's intelligences develops first?

A)logical-mathematical
B)linguistic
C)spatial
D)all of the intelligences develop simultaneously

Question 26

Which of the following statements best describes the results of research on Sternberg's theory of intelligence?

A)Intelligence is not made of three distinct abilities,but instead measures a single g (general
Intelligence)factor.
B)Intelligence is made up of three strongly distinctive abilities,just as Sternberg predicted.
C)Intelligence is actually made up of six distinctive abilities,more than Sternberg predicted.
D)Intelligence includes three abilities,but they are not as independent and distinctive as Sternberg proposed.

Question 27

Mrs.Duncan is a second grade teacher who applies Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences in her classroom.Which of the following is she most likely to do?

A)Give all of her students a traditional intelligence test.
B)Strongly emphasize basic reading and language skills.
C)Incorporate the study of music,dance,and interpersonal relationships in her curriculum.
D)Focus exclusively on developing her students' logical and mathematical abilities.

Question 28

A "bright" 8-year-old might have a mental age of

A)4.
B)6.
C)8.
D)10.

Question 29

The ability to know what solution or plan will actually work is known as

A)analytic ability.
B)practical ability.
C)contextual ability.
D)creative ability.

Question 30

__________ refers to the difficulty level of the problems on an intelligence test that children can solve correctly.

A)Reliability
B)Validity
C)Mental age
D)Chronological age

Question 31

According to the method that Binet and Simon used to score their intelligence scale,a 7-year-old child who could solve correctly problems that the average 8-year-old could solve would have a mental age (MA)of

A)7 years.
B)7 years,6 months.
C)8 years.
D)9 years.

Question 32

The ability to systematically look at problems and generate different solutions is known as

A)analytic ability.
B)practical ability.
C)contextual ability.
D)creative ability.

Question 33

Sternberg defines successful intelligence as using one's abilities skillfully to achieve one's personal goals.Which of the following is NOT an ability that people use to achieve personal goals?

A)analytic ability
B)practical ability
C)contextual ability
D)creative ability

Question 34

If intelligence is made up of three distinct abilities as Sternberg predicted,then scores from tests that measure these different abilities

A)should be highly and positively correlated.
B)should be highly and negatively correlated.
C)should be unrelated (no correlation).
D)should be highly correlated with other standard intelligence tests.

Question 35

Deborah has an average IQ,but is an exceptionally talented dancer.Deborah would be considered to be exceptionally intelligent according to

A)a psychometrician.
B)Carroll's hierarchical theory of intelligence.
C)Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences.
D)Binet.

Question 36

Lisa is very good at using her own and others' emotions for solving problems and living happily.Lisa is high in

A)existential intelligence.
B)naturalistic intelligence.
C)linguistic intelligence.
D)emotional intelligence.

Question 37

Which of the following intelligences is included both in Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences and in psychometric theories of intelligence?

A)musical
B)bodily-kinesthetic
C)interpersonal
D)spatial

Question 38

Gardner's theory of intelligence

A)suggests that one general factor of intelligence exists.
B)does not address the issue of the development of intelligence.
C)suggests that schools should foster only linguistic and logical/mathematical intelligences.
D)suggests that different intelligences are regulated by different regions of the brain.

Question 39

The ability to deal adaptively with novel situations and problems is known as

A)analytic ability.
B)practical ability.
C)contextual ability.
D)creative ability.

Question 40

Binet and Simon developed an intelligence test in order to

A)measure intelligence across cultures.
B)predict job success.
C)determine how much of intelligence is due to heredity and how much is due to the environment.
D)identify children who are likely to succeed in school.

Question 41

Which of the following statements about the Stanford-Binet intelligence test is TRUE?

A)The Stanford-Binet IQ scores can be used to compare children of different ages.
B)Educators have not found the Stanford-Binet to be useful.
C)The Stanford-Binet is no longer a popular test.
D)The Stanford-Binet is a group intelligence test.

Question 42

Infant tests,such as the Bayley Scales,have been useful in predicting

A)developmental progress early in life.
B)academic success.
C)superior academic performance.
D)superior athletic ability.

Question 43

Tests of infant intelligence do not generally predict later behavior because

A)individual differences in ability are too large in infants.
B)infant tests are not reliable.
C)infant tests tap different abilities than do later tests.
D)infant tests have not been standardized like later tests have been.

Question 44

Becky's 6-month-old son obtained a high score on the Bayley Scales.What does this tell her about her son?

A)Her son is very likely to have a high IQ later in childhood and adulthood.
B)Her son will be athletically talented.
C)Her son was exposed to teratogens prenatally.
D)Her son's development is progressing normally.

Question 45

Whose score on the Bayley Scales of Infant Development will BEST predict his later IQ?

A)6-month-old Tyler's
B)12-month-old Simon's
C)24-month-old Joseph's
D)Tyler's,Simon's,and Joseph's scores will predict their later IQs equally well.

Question 46

The best use of an infant intelligence test is to

A)predict an infant's intelligence as an adult.
B)predict an infant's later school achievement.
C)assess an infant's development early in life.
D)predict current scores on the Wechsler Scales.

Question 47

The Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-IV (WISC-IV)differs from the Stanford-Binet test in that the WISC-IV

A)does not yield any IQ scores.
B)yields both a verbal IQ and a performance IQ.
C)is not widely used in assessment and research with children.
D)does not have subtests.

Question 48

Which of the following statements BEST describes the relation between infant intelligence tests and later IQ?

A)Infant tests predict later IQ very well.
B)Infant tests do not predict later IQ.
C)The predictive power of infant tests improves if the test is administered after a child is 18- to
24-months old.
D)Infant tests emphasize cognitive processes and later tests emphasize sensorimotor skills.

Question 49

Devon wants to find out what her 6-month-old daughter's IQ is likely to be later in childhood and adolescence.Which of the following would be most appropriate to administer to a 6-month-old and would best predict her later IQ?

A)the Wechsler Scales
B)the Stanford-Binet
C)the Bayley Scales
D)a habituation measure

Question 50

In today's version of the Stanford-Binet intelligence test,an individual's IQ is calculated by

A)dividing an individual's mental age by his or her chronological age and then multiplying by 100.
B)correlating his or her scores on the various subtests.
C)comparing how many questions the individual passed to the average number passed by individuals of the same age.
D)multiplying the number of test items passed by 100.

Question 51

The Bayley Scales of Infant Development

A)are designed for use with infants only up to 1 year of age.
B)do not assess adaptive behavior.
C)contain mental and motor scales.
D)contain motor but not mental scales.

Question 52

Which of the following is an advantage of individual intelligence tests over group intelligence tests?

A)They are less expensive to administer.
B)They are less likely to require a trained examiner.
C)They can provide information about many individuals quickly.
D)They optimize the motivation and attention of the examinee.

Question 53

Dr.Richards wants to measure the intelligence of 6-month-old Olaf.Which intelligence test would be most appropriate to use?

A)the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-IV
B)the Bayley Scales
C)the Stanford-Binet
D)there is no appropriate test for infants

Question 54

The Stanford-Binet intelligence test

A)should be administered only to children,not to adults.
B)consists of both cognitive and motor tasks.
C)requires examinees to attempt all questions on the test.
D)can be administered either individually or in a group.

Question 55

Which of the following statements best describes the predictive nature of IQ scores?

A)IQ scores predict grades in school and occupational success.
B)IQ scores predict grades in school but not occupational success.
C)IQ scores predict occupational success but not grades in school.
D)IQ scores do not have any predictive ability.

Question 56

Efforts to predict later IQ using habituation techniques have revealed that

A)infants who habituate slowly to stimuli tend to have higher IQs as children.
B)habituation is unrelated to later IQ.
C)infants who habituate to stimuli more rapidly tend to have higher IQs as children.
D)habituation measures are not as good as infant intelligence tests at predicting children's later IQ scores.

Question 57

Melissa is 10 years old and has a mental age of five years.According to Terman's method of calculating an intelligence quotient,she has an IQ of

A)200.
B)100.
C)50.
D)20.

Question 58

The predictive power of infant intelligence tests is

A)high because sensorimotor activities are the beginning of intelligence.
B)high because early individual differences can easily be determined.
C)low because they evaluate different abilities than are evaluated in older children.
D)low because infant tests ignore motor functioning.

Question 59

It would NOT be appropriate to administer the Stanford-Binet intelligence test to

A)1-year-old Isabella.
B)1-year-old Isabella or 2-year-old Rosie.
C)1-year-old Isabella,2-year-old Rosie,or 5-year-old Benjamin.
D)25-year-old Samuel.

Question 60

According to the method that Terman used to score the early versions of the Stanford-Binet,a child with a chronological age of 10 years and a mental age of 12 years would have an IQ of

A)83.
B)100.
C)112.
D)120.

Question 61

How are socioeconomic status (SES)and IQ related?

A)Higher SES class children tend to obtain higher IQ scores than lower SES children.
B)Higher SES children tend to obtain lower IQ scores than lower SES children.
C)SES and IQ are unrelated.
D)SES and IQ are negatively related for European Americans but are unrelated for African Americans.

Question 62

When children of comparable socioeconomic status are compared,group ethnic differences in IQ test scores are reduced.Which of the following does not explains this result?

A)Some ethnic groups have more "smart genes" than others.
B)IQ test items reflect the cultural heritage of the test creator,most of whom are economically advantaged.
C)When people know that they belong to a group that is said to lack skill in a domain,this makes them anxious when performing in that domain for fear of confirming the stereotype,and they often do poorly as a result.
D)When people are wary of questions posed by unfamiliar adults,many economically disadvantaged children often answer test questions by saying,"I don't know."

Question 63

Which pair of individuals is likely to have the MOST similar IQ scores?

A)Janna and Lauren,who are biological mother and daughter
B)Jessie and Jenny,who are biological sisters
C)Michael and David,who are fraternal twins
D)Greg and Craig,who are identical twins

Question 64

Which of the following would be considered dynamic testing?

A)Giving Raven's Progressive Matrices to a group of African American children.
B)Individually administering the WISC-IV to a child.
C)Introducing the Spanish language to children who speak only English and assessing how quickly they are able to learn Spanish.
D)Assessing children's current physical fitness level on a variety of fitness tasks.

Question 65

Tests such as Raven's Progressive Matrices are designed

A)to be culture-fair.
B)for European American children.
C)for African American children.
D)for lower class children.

Question 66

According to your textbook,who is MOST correct about influences on intelligence?

A)John,who believes that anyone can be either extremely bright or very unintelligent given the proper environment.
B)Sandy,who thinks intelligence is purely a result of the genes one is given.
C)Rachel,who feels intelligence is determined by a combination of heredity and the environment.
D)Helen,who believes there is no way to determine the influence of heredity and environment on intelligence.

Question 67

Scott and Kathy want to know what they can do to make it more likely that their children will have high IQ scores.What would you recommend they do?

A)Keep play materials to a minimum.
B)Maintain a relaxed,unorganized home environment because organization can stifle intellectual development.
C)Provide a stimulating environment.
D)Don't worry about it.Environment has little or no influence on IQ scores.

Question 68

Which of the following statements is correct about how ethnicity impacts IQ scores?

A)Asian Americans tend to have the highest scores.
B)European Americans tend to the have the highest scores.
C)Hispanic Americans tend to have the highest scores.
D)African Americans tend to have the highest scores.

Question 69

__________ include test items based on experiences common to many cultures.

A)Traditional intelligence tests
B)Culture-fair intelligence tests
C)Reliable tests
D)Habituation measures

Question 70

Which of the following statements BEST describes hereditary and environmental influences on intelligence?

A)Heredity determines intelligence within the normal range.
B)The environment determines intelligence within the normal range.
C)Both heredity and environment determine intelligence.
D)It is not possible to determine the effects of heredity and environment on intelligence.

Question 71

Higher IQ scores in children are associated with home environments

A)that provide more opportunities.
B)that include few toys.
C)where a father is absent.
D)where both parents work outside the home.

Question 72

Which of the following siblings would have the most similar IQ scores?

A)children and their adopted siblings
B)siblings who have the same biological parents
C)fraternal twins
D)identical twins

Question 73

Which of the following is a culture-fair intelligence test?

A)the Bayley Scales
B)the Wechsler Scales
C)the Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children
D)Raven's Progressive Matrices

Question 74

Dynamic tests of intelligence

A)have been used for many years and have produced well-established results.
B)measure a child's learning potential.
C)produce the same information as static tests of intelligence.
D)measure what a child already knows.

Question 75

Tests that measure a child's learning potential by having them learn something new are called

A)static tests.
B)dynamic tests.
C)culture-free tests.
D)triarchic tests.

Question 76

Studies of adopted children and both their biological and adoptive parents indicate that

A)heredity does not influence IQ because the IQ scores of adopted children do not resemble those of their biological parents.
B)environment does not influence IQ because the IQ scores of adopted children do not resemble those of their adoptive parents.
C)the impact of the environment on IQ increases as children grow older.
D)the impact of heredity on IQ increases as children grow older.

Question 77

The results of the Carolina Abecedarian Project indicate that intervention programs

A)with disadvantaged children do not improve their IQ scores.
B)that focus only on preschoolers work as well as long-term intervention programs.
C)that focus on the school environment work as well as programs that focus on both the school and home environments.
D)can have beneficial effects on both IQ and reading and math achievement.

Question 78

Research with adopted children

A)typically reveals that as adopted children get older,their IQ scores resemble their biological parents' scores more than their adopted parents' scores.
B)indicates that heredity has no impact on intelligence test scores.
C)usually finds that adopted children's IQ scores more closely resemble their adoptive parents' scores rather than their biological parents' scores.
D)shows that throughout childhood,adoptive parents and biological parents equally influence adopted children's IQ scores.

Question 79

Select the statement about heredity and intelligence that is INCORRECT.

A)IQ scores are usually more alike for fraternal twins than for identical twins.
B)Biological siblings tend to be more alike in intelligence than a child and an adopted sibling.
C)Verbal and spatial abilities are more influenced by heredity than are memory skills.
D)Children's IQ scores show distinctive patterns of spurts and lags that appear to be genetically influenced.

Question 80

Results of massive,continued intervention programs such as the Carolina Abecedarian Project show that

A)long-lasting improvements in the academic and intelligence test scores of disadvantaged children can be achieved.
B)even with continued intervention,the improvements in disadvantaged children's intelligence are not significant from a practical standpoint.
C)improvements in the scores of disadvantaged children are only temporary.
D)continued intervention is relatively inexpensive.