Deck 5: Perceptual and Motor Development

Question 1

Four-month-old Courtney has habituated to the mobile over her crib.You would expect Courtney to

A)show a preference for that mobile over other mobiles.
B)spend less time looking at it now than when it was first placed over her crib.
C)show the same behavior toward the mobile now as she did when she first saw it.
D)spend more time looking at it now than when it was first placed over her crib.

Answer 1

spend less time looking at it now than when it was first placed over her crib.

Question 2

Experts recommend that physical education classes in school should

A)put more emphasis on team sports,such as touch football (to encourage teamwork).
B)put more emphasis on winning instead of skill development (to encourage competition and success).
C)put more emphasis on individual activities,such as walking,running,and swimming (to encourage lifetime physical fitness).
D)be limited to once a week,because United States children are already very physically fit.

Answer 2

put more emphasis on individual activities,such as walking,running,and swimming (to encourage lifetime physical fitness).

Question 3

Research on running in children demonstrates that

A)children learn to run shortly after they learn to walk.
B)most 2-year-olds have a hurried walk instead of a true run.
C)most 2-year-olds demonstrate a true run.
D)most children don't demonstrate a true run until they are 7 or 8 years old.

Answer 3

most 2-year-olds have a hurried walk instead of a true run.

Question 4

Coordinated movements of the muscles and limbs are known as

A)sensory and perceptual processes.
B)motor skills.
C)intersensory redundancy.
D)dynamic systems theory.

Question 5

__________ is used by researchers to determine whether infants can distinguish between two stimuli.

A)A reflex
B)A circular reaction
C)Habituation
D)Differentiation

Question 6

In newborns,the sense of smell is

A)not developed at all.
B)very primitive.
C)fair.
D)well-developed.

Question 7

Shelley is convinced that her two-week-old baby can smell the difference between her breast milk and the breast milk she received from a donor.Her husband thinks she has a vivid imagination because there is no way a newborn baby could detect the difference.What does research evidence suggest?

A)Shelley's husband is right.Two-week-old infants have no sense of smell.
B)Shelley's husband is right.Two-week-old infants can smell very strong smells,but they can't make fine discriminations,such as between two different mother's breast milk.
C)Shelley is right.Two-week-old infants can identify the smell of their mother's breast milk.
D)Shelley's baby may be able to identify the taste,but not the smell of her mother's breast milk.

Question 8

Twin studies show that ADHD

A)has a hereditary component.
B)does not have a hereditary component.
C)is commonly diagnosed in both members of pairs of identical and fraternal twins.
D)is commonly diagnosed in both members of pairs of fraternal,but not identical twins.

Question 9

Intersensory redundancy theory states that

A)the infant's perceptual system is particularly attuned to amodal information that is presented to multiple sensory modes.
B)information from different senses (e.g. ,vision with touch)cannot be coordinated until early childhood.
C)information from different senses (e.g. ,vision with touch)cannot be coordinated until adolescence.
D)information from different senses (e.g. ,vision with touch)cannot be coordinated until adulthood.

Question 10

Paula is interested in finding out whether infants can distinguish between bitter and salty tastes.What would be the most effective way to investigate her question?

A)Ask adults when they first remembered eating something bitter and something salty.
B)Repeatedly present one taste - either bitter or salty - and see whether infants habituate to it.
C)Observe infants' facial expressions or head movements to see whether they respond differently to bitter and salty tastes.
D)Use infants or toddlers who are old enough to answer questions about how things taste.

Question 11

The results of Kelly and colleagues' research on specialized face processing in infancy showed that during the first year

A)the ability to recognize own-race faces was retained,while the ability to individuate other-race faces was reduced - demonstrating a pattern of perceptual narrowing.
B)the ability to recognize and individuate own-race and other-race faces was reduced - demonstrating a pattern of perceptual narrowing.
C)the ability to recognize own-race faces was lost,while the ability to individuate other-race faces was increased - demonstrating a pattern of perceptual constancy.
D)the ability to recognize and individuate own-race and other-race faces was lost - demonstrating a pattern of perceptual constancy.

Question 12

When a person startles,fixes their eyes on the stimulus,and shows a change in heart rate and brain patterns,it is known as a(n)

A)startle reflex.
B)orienting response.
C)habituating response.
D)attentional strategy.

Question 13

Three-month-old Jon is placed on the deep side of the visual cliff.Jon's heart rate should

A)accelerate,indicating fear.
B)decelerate,indicating interest.
C)stay the same,indicating that he cannot perceive depth.
D)decelerate at first,then accelerate as Jon realizes what is going on and becomes afraid.

Question 14

Newborns' sense of smell

A)is so poor that they cannot identify their mothers using the sense of smell.
B)is very different from that of adults.Newborns will turn away from odors that adults find pleasant (e.g. ,honey or chocolate).
C)is well-developed at birth.
D)is poorly developed because they do not turn away from unpleasant smells (e.g. ,rotten eggs).

Question 15

Babies pay attention when a novel stimulus is first presented,but they pay less attention as it becomes more familiar.This phenomenon is called

A)discrimination.
B)interposition.
C)an orienting response.
D)habituation.

Question 16

When an infant habituates to a stimulus,such as a picture,

A)the infant will pay more attention to the stimulus as it becomes more familiar.
B)the infant's heart rate will drop as the stimulus becomes more familiar.
C)the infant's behavior does not change as the stimulus becomes more familiar.
D)the infant will pay less attention to the stimulus as it becomes more familiar.

Question 17

When Roy first received a new toy,he played with it all the time.The longer he had it,the less he played with it.This change in Roy's behavior is an example of

A)habituation.
B)differentiation.
C)an orienting response.
D)priming.

Question 18

Newborns are able to detect which of the following tastes?

A)salty and sour tastes
B)sweet and salty tastes
C)bitter and sour tastes
D)salty,sour,bitter,and sweet tastes

Question 19

Standing alone (without support)is a motor skill that usually develops around

A)5 months of age.
B)7 months of age.
C)9 months of age.
D)11 months of age.

Question 20

The nervous system receives,selects,modifies,and organizes stimulation from the world by using

A)genetic processes.
B)emotional processes.
C)physical and motor processes.
D)sensory and perceptual processes.

Question 21

Most newborns prefer which of the following tastes?

A)salty tastes
B)bitter tastes
C)sweet tastes
D)sour tastes

Question 22

Infants' auditory thresholds are

A)lower than that of adults.
B)about the same as that of adults.
C)higher than that of adults.
D)not able to be measured.

Question 23

__________ is the smallest pattern that can be visually distinguished dependably.

A)Visual perception
B)Depth perception
C)Retinal disparity
D)Visual acuity

Question 24

If an infant does not respond to its own name by __________ months,parents should begin to be concerned about a possible hearing impairment.

A)1 or 2
B)4 or 5
C)8 or 9
D)12

Question 25

Detection of hearing impairments early in infancy

A)is not possible.
B)is not predictive of hearing impairments later in life.
C)does not increase the probability of treatment success.
D)increases the likelihood of being able to treat the problem.

Question 26

Thomas and Alva should begin to be concerned about a possible hearing impairment if their infant son does not begin to imitate speech sounds and simple words by

A)1 month of age.
B)4 months of age.
C)6 months of age.
D)12 months of age.

Question 27

You visit your mother and she wants to know what you have learned in school recently.Having just read the section on infant hearing in your textbook,what would you tell your mother you have learned?

A)Infants are not able to hear at all.
B)Infants can hear,but not as well as adults.
C)Infants' hearing is about the same as that of adults.
D)Infants have better hearing than adults.

Question 28

A possible sign of a hearing impairment is if an infant __________ by four or five months.

A)does not respond to its own name
B)does not begin to imitate speech sounds and simple words
C)has not had an ear infection
D)does not turn its head in the direction of sounds

Question 29

The leading cause of hearing impairments that occur after birth is

A)inherited disease.
B)meningitis.
C)child abuse.
D)accidents.

Question 30

Your friends,John and Lisa,are wondering whether their newborn son can feel pain.What can you tell them about infants' ability to feel pain?

A)Infant nervous systems are not sufficiently developed to transmit pain.
B)The skin of infants does not have as many pain receptors as does the skin of adults.
C)Behavior suggests that newborns do not experience pain.
D)Physical development and behavior suggests that newborns are capable of feeling pain.

Question 31

The pain cry in infants

A)often is accompanied by agitated movements of hands and arms.
B)has a low pitch.
C)is easily soothed.
D)begins gradually.

Question 32

Jeremiah was born with a hearing impairment.The most likely cause of his hearing impairment is

A)heredity.
B)maternal disease during pregnancy.
C)maternal drug use during pregnancy.
D)maternal exposure to environmental contaminants during pregnancy.

Question 33

One-month-old Mari's grimace after tasting a substance suggests that what she tasted was

A)bitter.
B)salty.
C)sweet.
D)spicy.

Question 34

Which parent should be most concerned about a possible hearing impairment?

A)Kristen,whose 1-year-old daughter has had repeated ear infections.
B)Katy,whose 2-month-old son does not respond to his name.
C)Abby,whose 6-month-old daughter seems to overreact to loud sounds.
D)Virginia,whose 12-month-old son is starting to imitate speech sounds.

Question 35

Which of the following is TRUE of infants' auditory perception?

A)Infants hear sounds best that have pitches in the range of human speech.
B)Infants can hear high-pitched sounds the best.
C)Infants cannot use sound to locate an object.
D)Infants cannot discriminate vowel and consonant sounds.

Question 36

Allan wants to know what kind of sounds his newborn son can hear the best.What could you tell him about infant auditory capabilities?

A)Infants can best hear sounds that are pitched in the range of human speech.
B)Infants can best hear high-pitched sounds.
C)Infants can best hear low-pitched sounds.
D)Infants can hear sounds of all pitches equally well.

Question 37

Parents should be concerned about their child's hearing if the child

A)doesn't imitate speech sounds and simple words by 6 months of age.
B)has repeated ear infections.
C)responds strongly to loud,sudden noises.
D)turns its head in the direction of sounds.

Question 38

The term auditory threshold refers to

A)the range of pitches in normal conversational tones.
B)the quietest sound a person can hear.
C)the level of sound at which hearing impairments begin to occur.
D)sounds that can be heard by adults,but not by infants.

Question 39

Because the taste of her mother's milk is affected by what her mother has just eaten,Baby Bonita is likely to prefer nursing after her mother has eaten

A)candy.
B)potato chips.
C)a lemon.
D)strong coffee.

Question 40

If Harry,a newborn baby,were able to choose the taste of a substance put in his mouth,what kind of taste would you expect him to choose?

A)sour
B)bitter
C)salty
D)sweet

Question 41

Seven-month-old Ramila was placed on the deep side of a visual cliff apparatus.You would be most likely to find that her heart rate __________,a sign of __________.

A)decelerated;interest
B)accelerated;interest
C)decelerated;fear
D)accelerated;fear

Question 42

Which of the following do infants use to determine which elements go together to form an object?

A)motion only
B)color only
C)aligned edges only
D)motion,color,texture,and aligned edges

Question 43

A visual cliff is used to assess

A)visual acuity.
B)retinal disparity.
C)depth perception.
D)color perception.

Question 44

The majority of the crawling infants in the Gibson and Walk study of depth perception using a visual cliff

A)demonstrated no fear of crawling over the deep side.
B)demonstrated depth perception.
C)would crawl over the deep side when called by their mothers.
D)could not discriminate the shallow side from the deep side.

Question 45

The realization that an object's actual size remains the same despite changes in the size of its retinal image is referred to as

A)retinal disparity.
B)size constancy.
C)object permanence.
D)shape constancy.

Question 46

Both of Sharif's parents wear glasses to correct nearsighted vision and they're wondering whether Sharif needs glasses.Sharif's parents are concerned about Sharif's

A)depth perception.
B)visual acuity.
C)retinal disparity.
D)cones.

Question 47

Dr.Burns shows two stimuli at a time to an infant,one a gray square and the other a black and white striped square.The striped squares differ in the width of their stripes.Dr.Burns measures how long the infant looks at each of the stimuli.Dr.Burns is assessing

A)depth perception.
B)visual acuity.
C)retinal disparity.
D)ADHD.

Question 48

Light we see as the color __________ has a relatively long wavelength.

A)blue
B)violet
C)yellow
D)red

Question 49

The fact that when a person views an object,the retinal images in the left and right eyes differ is called

A)a linear perspective.
B)a texture gradient.
C)retinal disparity.
D)relative size.

Question 50

Yi-Yong wants to know when her newborn daughter will see colors in the same way she does.According to your text,infant color vision is similar to adult color vision

A)at birth.
B)by three to four months of age.
C)by seven to eight months of age.
D)by 12 months of age.

Question 51

Information that is presented simultaneously to different sensory modes provides

A)linear perspective.
B)texture gradients.
C)intersensory redundancy.
D)retinal disparity.

Question 52

Visual acuity assesses how

A)clearly an infant can see.
B)well an infant can perceive depth.
C)well an infant can perceive color.
D)retinal images in the left and right eyes compare.

Question 53

Four-month-old Justin is likely to have

A)a sense of size constancy,but not of shape constancy.
B)a sense of color and shape constancy,but not of size constancy.
C)no sense of size,shape,or color constancy.
D)a sense of size,shape,and color constancy.

Question 54

Newborn Nina will probably look longest at

A)a black square.
B)a white triangle.
C)a gray circle.
D)black and white stripes.

Question 55

Jared has typical visual acuity for a newborn.He can see at 20 feet what his father,who has normal vision,can see at __________ feet.

A)10
B)20
C)200 to 400
D)2,000 to 4,000

Question 56

Dr.Kerry placed a baby on a glass-covered platform with one side that looked shallow under the glass and another side that looked deep under the glass.He then asked the mother to call the baby to come to her.Dr.Kerry appears to be interested in

A)visual acuity.
B)depth perception.
C)color perception.
D)object permanence.

Question 57

Differences in __________ are related to differences in color perception.

A)retinal disparity
B)wavelengths of light
C)visual acuity
D)pattern detection

Question 58

Color is detected with specialized neurons in the retina of the eye called

A)cones.
B)wavelengths.
C)optic nerves.
D)stimuli.

Question 59

Infants are more likely to detect a change in a rhythmic pattern,when information is presented using

A)video only.
B)audio only.
C)audio and video simultaneously.
D)either audio or video only.

Question 60

By what age do infants typically have vision as good as that of normal adults?

A)at birth
B)by 2 months of age
C)by 1 year of age
D)by 2 years of age

Question 61

Haley is looking at Bill.The two retinal images of Bill in Haley's eyes are nearly identical.This suggests that

A)Bill is very close to Haley.
B)Bill is very far from Haley.
C)Haley will have difficulty judging how far Bill is from her.
D)Haley can see Bill very clearly.

Question 62

__________ is the process by which we select information that will be processed further.

A)Habituation
B)Orienting response
C)Attention
D)Differentiation

Question 63

One-month-old Godfrey is shown a picture of a human face.How is he most likely to look at the face?

A)He will focus mainly on the interior of the face.
B)He will look mainly at the outer edges of the face.
C)He will look mainly at the bottom of the face.
D)He will scan all parts of the face equally.

Question 64

Garrett was visiting his aunt and uncle when his cousin suddenly started playing the piano.Garrett was startled,stared at his cousin playing the piano,and had an increase in heart rate.Garrett was displaying

A)differentiation.
B)an orienting response.
C)habituation.
D)an attention deficit.

Question 65

Which of the following is NOT correct regarding face-recognition skill?

A)Most adults recognize faces from other races better than faces from their own race.
B)Research has shown that experience leads infants to a more precise configuration of faces,one that includes human faces,but not monkey faces.
C)By 9 months of age,the facial template is modified to reflect the kinds of faces that infants see frequently.
D)Most adults recognize faces from their own race better than faces from other races.

Question 66

Which of the following statements is TRUE?

A)Younger children are as likely as older children to remind themselves that they need to pay attention.
B)Younger children know fewer attentional "tricks of the trade" than older children.
C)Younger and older children are equally distracted by extraneous information.
D)Younger children do not usually show an orienting response.

Question 67

Texture gradient cues are used to infer depth

A)in the newborn.
B)beginning at 3 months of age.
C)by 7 months of age.
D)after the first birthday.

Question 68

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

A)is more common in girls than boys.
B)is equally common among girls and boys.
C)is more common in boys than in girls.
D)occurs only in boys.

Question 69

Interposition,texture gradient,relative size,and linear perspective all provide cues for

A)visual acuity.
B)depth perception.
C)color perception.
D)visual threshold.

Question 70

According to the research of Kelly and colleagues,which of the following is correct regarding specialized face processing during infancy?

A)As infants are exposed to faces in their environments,they lose the ability to recognize familiar faces.
B)The ability to recognize own-race faces is lost over the first year of life while simultaneously gaining the ability to individuate other-race faces.
C)As infants are exposed to faces in their environments they finely tune their face-processing systems to include only faces from familiar groups.
D)At 3 months of age,infants only recognize faces from their own race while at 9 months of age,infants recognize faces from all races.

Question 71

Michael has difficulty keeping still,is unable to concentrate on schoolwork,and often acts without thinking.Michael is showing signs of

A)mental retardation.
B)giftedness.
C)ADHD.
D)typical childhood behavior.

Question 72

Interposition refers to the fact that

A)nearby objects look substantially larger than objects in the distance.
B)parallel lines come together at a single point in the distance.
C)the texture of objects changes from coarse,but distinct,for nearby objects to finer and less distinct for distant objects.
D)nearby objects partially obscure more distant objects.

Question 73

Which of the following children is illustrating the impact of motor-skill development on the development of perceptual skills?

A)Jason,a 6-month-old infant,can hold,turn,and stroke the toy duck which allows him to learn about the three-dimensional nature of the toy duck.
B)Franklin,a 4-month-old infant,is able to tell that the banana and the apple are different objects because of the differences in shape and color.
C)Veronica,an 8-month-old infant,demonstrates knowledge of depth by avoiding crawling over the deep side of a visual cliff.
D)Carina,a 3-month-old infant,will focus almost entirely on the interior of the face,particularly the eyes and the lips.

Question 74

Which of the following is TRUE of perception of faces in infants?

A)There is clear-cut evidence that infants have an innate preference for faces.
B)One-month-old infants focus on the interior features of the face,such as the eyes and lips.
C)Three-month-olds focus on the outer edges of the face.
D)By seven months of age,babies process faces in much the same way that adults do.

Question 75

Which of the following is a symptom of ADHD?

A)staying on task
B)being reflective
C)doing well in school
D)being unusually energetic

Question 76

A depth cue that involves parallel lines coming together at a single point in the distance is referred to as

A)texture gradient.
B)retinal disparity.
C)interposition.
D)linear perspective.

Question 77

When 3-month-olds look at faces,they

A)focus on the interior of the face,especially the eyes and lips.
B)focus on the hairline.
C)focus on the exterior of the face,particularly the ears.
D)scan all parts of the face equally.

Question 78

If you looked at a picture of a dog and a cat,when would you judge the cat to be further away than the dog?

A)When the cat looks clear and distinct,while the dog looks blurry.
B)When the cat looks large and the dog looks small.
C)When the cat is partially obscured by the dog.
D)When retinal images of the cat differ greatly,while retinal images of the dog are nearly identical.

Question 79

Children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

A)tend to think carefully before acting.
B)are well-liked by their peers at school.
C)often do poorly in school.
D)usually have below normal levels of intelligence.

Question 80

Carla has trouble keeping her attention on a task.What might help Carla improve her attention?

A)Remove all objects that are not necessary for the task.
B)Try to create a more pleasant work environment by playing some music while Carla is working on her task.
C)Stop nagging her about staying on task and expect her to be responsible for paying attention on her own.
D)Invite some other children to sit at the table and keep her company while she works.