Deck 9: Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Systems

Question 1

According to the information processing perspective, memory

A) can interfere with creating new movement patterns.
B) enables a person to benefit from prior experience.
C) must be embedded within a task.
D) does not impact on performance, but is important in learning.

Answer 1

B
Explanation: Memory functions are important to enable the learner to benefit from prior experience.

Question 2

Select the practice scenario that is most likely to facilitate motor learning in a child with a neurological impairment.

A) Promoting error-free practice to avoid learning bad habits.
B) Practicing in the clinic setting to control external stimuli.
C) Varying the practice situation to include several versions of the task.
D) Provide a substantial amount of verbal rationale.

Answer 2

C
Explanation: Varying the practice situation to include several versions of the task throughout the day helps to reinforce and generalize learning to different environments (Damiano, 2006). Learning should not be expected to be error free. The development of error detection and problem-solving capabilities is an important part of motor learning. A clinical environment is not a natural environment, and substantial verbal rationale degrades learning.

Question 3

When using a top-down approach to developing a plan of care for a child new to physical therapy, the order of the procedure is which of the following?

A) Evaluate child impairments, set goals for child, and develop a plan for intervention.
B) Develop collaborative goals, examine patient to determine physical therapy diagnosis, determine prognosis, and create a plan of care.
C) Perform standardized assessment, interpret results, discuss results with patient's family, and create a plan of care.
D) Determine patient impairments, perform standardized assessment, develop a plan of care, and discuss the plan with patient's family.

Answer 3

B
Explanation: An intervention plan that follows a top-down approach (Campbell, 1991) always starts with the desired functional outcomes, and then components that limit these outcomes are assessed.

Question 4

Physical guidance should be

A) used to achieve high-level advanced motor skill performance.
B) used when the child finds the task easy but does not want to perform the task.
C) faded out and withdrawn when the child has a general idea of the movement.
D) included in all physical therapy interventions.

Question 5

According to the perception-action framework, there is a reciprocal relationship between the individul and the environment and objects in the environment provide opportunities for movement. What are these objects in the environment called?

A) Extrinsic Rationale
B) Affordances
C) Variables
D) Reinforcers

Question 6

In addition to procedural interventions by the physical therapist, what other categories of intervention, as outlined by the Guide to Physical Therapist Practice, should be integrated into the plan of care?

A) Communication with parents
B) Communication with other members of the interdisciplinary team
C) Instruction to family, classroom staff, and child in many areas
D) All of the above

Question 7

Which of the following best describes the activity-focused interventions model for children with neurological diagnoses?

A) The primary emphasis in the plan of care is on impairments that limit the performance of functional activity.
B) The single focus of physical therapy interventions is on practice of functional activities.
C) The emphasis is on practice of functional activities that lead to participation changes, but interventions that address impairments in body functions and structures are also integreated into the plan of care.
D) None of the above

Question 8

Which is not a good guideline for the physical therapist to follow when providing augmented information to a child with a neurological condition during practice of a novel task?

A) Always use physical guidance at some point in practice.
B) Always monitor the effects of augmented information.
C) Consider the learning style of the child.
D) Consider how impairments might affect the process of learning.

Question 9

You are treating a 13-month-old child who is not yet sitting independently. He requires support at the hips to sit on the floor, and your goal for him is to sit indendently. Focusing on function, which intervention strageties would be most appropriate?

A) Playing in prone to strengthen his trunk muscles and floor sitting activities while playing with toys with decreasing amounts of physical assistance provided
B) Strengthening activities, such as having the child perform assisted sit-ups and sitting on a therapy ball
C) Using pillows around the hips and trunk to completely prop the child into a supported poistion in sitting to play
D) Reducing tone and active range of motion

Question 10

There is emerging evidence that increased intensity of physical therapy interventions can improve physical therapy outcomes.

Question 11

When a therapist tells a child how many feet he was able to run in 10 sec, the therapist is providing which of the following?

A) Intrinsic feedback
B) Negative reinforcement
C) Attention
D) Extrinsic feedback

Question 12

Which type of practice would best facilitate the generalization of motor skills?

A) Specific practice
B) Blocked practice
C) Part-task practice
D) Variable practice

Question 13

The difference between learning and changes in performance is that learning is the immediate effect of practice.

Question 14

When providing physical guidance, the instructor should consider which of the following?

A) The phase of learning a task
B) The child's frustration in achieving the movement pattern required for the task
C) Methods for reducing or fading the use of manual guidance as the child gets the general idea of how to perform the task
D) All of the above

Question 15

Activity-focused interventions for participation should not be integrated with interventions for body functions and structures.

Question 16

When learning a new motor skill, the novice learner may

A) engage all possible degrees of freedom, resulting in uncoordinated movements.
B) incorporate the motion-dependent forces from the leg and trunk movements and gravity, resulting in smoother movements.
C) selectively limit the degrees of freedom, resulting in "stiffer" movement patterns.
D) increase the number of synergies used, resulting in smoother movement patterns.

Question 17

For which activity is part practice most likely to be beneficial?

A) Walking
B) Sit-to-stand transitions
C) Crawling
D) Putting on a shirt

Question 18

Which statement regarding the concept of "constraints on action" is not true?

A) They are factors that limit or "constrain" the possible movement outcomes as a child performs a functional action.
B) They can relate to the performer, the task, or the environment.
C) They are theoretical concepts that have yet to be applied to the clinical environment.
D) They can be linked to the concept of control parameter from the Dynamic Systems Perspective on motor learning.

Question 19

Application of the information-processing perspective to pediatric physical therapy is best illustrated by

A) considering cognitive aspects of motor learning, such as attention, memory, and the processing that occurs before a movement is initiated.
B) structuring the treatment environment to eliminate distracting stimuli.
C) repeating a task multiple times to ensure motor memory.
D) understanding that many body systems come together to affect movements.

Question 20

The objective for generalization of stair climbing for a child with spastic diplegia is that the child will climb stairs at school independently using his crutches and a step-by-step pattern. What is your plan for generalization?

A) Train and hope
B) Start with relaxation and range of motion exercises
C) Whole practice in different environments
D) Part practice in the clinic