Deck 7: Memory

Question 1

A key theme that has emerged from the memory research literature is that

A) all explicit and implicit memories are stored in the hippocampus.
B) memory illusions are evidence of serious memory problems such as Alzheimer's disease or amnesia.
C) our memories are reconstructions of events rather than perfect records.
D) the passage of time has little or no effect on the accuracy of our memories.

Answer 1

our memories are reconstructions of events rather than perfect records.

Question 2

As you look out the window of the car, the scenery moves past very quickly. Your impression of this scenery is briefly stored in which memory system?

A) echoic memory.
B) iconic memory.
C) long-term memory.
D) short-term memory.

Answer 2

iconic memory.

Question 3

A small subset of individuals with infantile autism have

A) profound amnesia.
B) perfect episodic memory.
C) an exceptional ability to memorize facts or complex calculations.
D) hyperthymestic syndrome.

Answer 3

an exceptional ability to memorize facts or complex calculations.

Question 4

Culture can affect how we remember events. People from which continent would be most likely to 'see themselves at a distance' when remembering a past event?

A) Europe
B) North America
C) Asia
D) Australia

Question 5

The case of Nadean Cool, who came to believe she had dissociative identity disorder and had suffered brutal and repeated child abuse, demonstrates that

A) therapy can help people to uncover memories of painful experiences that are repressed.
B) people who want to obtain financial compensation from family often lie about past events that they supposedly remember.
C) it is common for people to develop psychogenic amnesia when they have experienced severe abuse in the past.
D) therapeutic techniques such as guided imagery and hypnotic age regression can lead us to falsely recall past events.

Question 6

Dr. Vargas can remember hundreds of students' names from his twenty-five years of teaching but has difficulty remembering the new password for his email. This is one illustration of

A) meta-memory.
B) iconic memory.
C) the paradox of memory.
D) false memories.

Question 7

Memory is defined as an active system that consists of three processes. They are

A) encoding, storage, and retrieval
B) the unconditioned stimulus, the conditioned stimulus, and the conditioned response.
C) bottom-up processing, selective attention, and top-down processing.
D) acquisition, extinction, and spontaneous recovery.

Question 8

Which of the following best reflects the 'paradox of memory'?

A) Bobby remembers most important events in his life but forgets where he puts his keys regularly.
B) Stephanie has a difficult time forgetting experiences in her life, whether good or bad.
C) Miriam remembers positive life events very well but does not have a good memory for negative experiences.
D) Tyler can remember his past very well but has trouble encoding new memories and fails to remember events that just happened to him.

Question 9

Joan remembers nearly everything that she has ever experienced. If you provide Joan a date , she can tell you what she did on that day with surprising accuracy. In fact, she has a memory that is too good. According to your textbook, Joan likely has

A) an exceptional memory.
B) hyperthymestic syndrome.
C) age regression memory abilities.
D) infantile autism.

Question 10

What system of memory has the largest span and longest duration?

A) Short-term memory
B) Sensory memory
C) Long-term memory
D) Flashbulb memory

Question 11

What problem of memory is associated with hyperthymestic syndrome?

A) Amnesia for personal events.
B) An inability to forget things.
C) An inability to learn new spatial information.
D) Mistaking imagined events for real events, in memory.

Question 12

Which of the following is an example of a memory illusion?

A) Trying to remember someone's name, but struggling.
B) Trying to hold a phone number in your mind, but getting interrupted and forgetting it.
C) Remembering everything on your grocery list, except one item in the middle.
D) Remembering, incorrectly, that your professor's office has framed degrees on the wall.

Question 13

The system of memory that is comprised of our immediate visual and auditory experience is known as

A) sensory memory.
B) flashbulb memory.
C) long-term memory.
D) short-term memory.

Question 14

After presenting groups of research participants with words like thread, eye, pin, syringe, sewing, sharp, and thimble, a memory researcher asks the participants whether they remember seeing the word needle. The fact that many participants do is an example of

A) amnesia.
B) déjà vu.
C) permastore.
D) memory illusion.

Question 15

Which of the following supports the conclusion that the nature of memory is reconstructive?

A) Forgetting some details in a memory
B) Echoic memory
C) Iconic memory
D) Seeing yourself in your own memories

Question 16

The three parts of the information-processing model of memory are

A) encoding, storage, and retrieval.
B) shallow, medium, and deep processing.
C) sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory.
D) CS, UCS, and CR.

Question 17

Which of the following is most similar to how memory works, in terms of accuracy?

A) a single photograph of an event
B) a recorded video of an event
C) an artist's drawing of an event
D) a transcript of an event

Question 18

Emilio is seeing a sports psychologist to help improve his mental preparation and performance. The psychologist asks Emilio to see himself making his free throws. As Emilio visualizes his dribbling, shooting motion, and release, he sees himself as an outside observer would. Memory researchers argue this demonstrates

A) the presence of iconic and echoic memory.
B) brain stimulation that leads to the development of engrams.
C) that working memory differs from short-term memory.
D) the reconstructive nature of memory.

Question 19

Which memory system provides us with a very brief representation of all stimuli present at a particular moment?

A) Working memory
B) Sensory memory
C) Long-term memory
D) Short-term memory

Question 20

Memory illusions, such as falsely recalling the word sleep in a list of words, are thought to result from our reliance on the __________ heuristic.

A) availability
B) hindsight
C) framing
D) representativeness

Question 21

Sensory memory has a larger _________ than short-term memory, but a smaller _________.

A) capacity; duration
B) duration; capacity
C) acquisition; failure-rate
D) failure-rate; acquisition

Question 22

Using the partial report method, Sperling found the capacity of iconic memory to be around

A) four or five items.
B) nine or 10 items.
C) all the letters present.
D) one or two items.

Question 23

A display of 12 letters is flashed briefly on a screen in front of you, followed by a tone. You attempt to recall a portion of the display based on the specific tone you heard. What aspect of your memory is this experiment designed to assess?

A) Sensory memory
B) Flashbulb memory
C) Long-term memory
D) Short-term memory

Question 24

Research suggests that eidetic memories are just very persistent versions of

A) short term memory.
B) long-term memory
C) sensory memory
D) working memory

Question 25

Suzy looks up from her lunch, realizing that Jacques has just said something to her. What was it? Oh, yes, he has just asked her if she wants to go to the movies. Suzy's ability to retrieve what Jacques said is due to her

A) iconic sensory memory.
B) echoic sensory memory.
C) short-term memory.
D) tactile sensory memory.

Question 26

If you close your eyes, you can still 'see' the last thing you looked at for a moment or two. This is known as

A) echoic memory.
B) iconic memory.
C) long-term memory.
D) short-term memory.

Question 27

Sperling's research using displays of letters shown to participants demonstrated that sensory memory is __________ in duration and __________ in capacity (or span).

A) long; large
B) short; limited
C) long; limited
D) short; large

Question 28

After you finish reading this sentence, the information will remain in your __________ as you consider each of the answers below.

A) photographic memory
B) long-term memory
C) eidetic memory
D) short-term memory

Question 29

Which type of memory allows us to have meaningful conversations?

A) Iconic memory
B) Echoic memory
C) Distributed memory
D) Procedural memory

Question 30

You ask your friend Drea what she had for dinner last night, and she responds that she can't remember because her "short-term memory isn't working." Based on the information you have learned in your psychology course, what might you say to Drea about her short-term memory?

A) You should really get your short-term memory checked out as that is not normal.
B) The duration of your short-term memory is really only about 20 seconds, so that is not related to your forgetting.
C) Your sensory memory is likely the cause of forgetting dinner because there were too many things to encode while eating.
D) Short-term memories are often faulty, and we have difficulty retaining information in this type of memory for longer than a day.

Question 31

Evidence regarding eidetic memory suggests that

A) only individuals that are older or have developmental disabilities have this type of memory.
B) even these memories show evidence of reconstruction as they often contain minor errors.
C) this type of memory is truly photographic and resistant to decay and alteration over time.
D) photographic memories are a perfect visual replication of the original stimulus for long duration.

Question 32

What is the duration of iconic memory?

A) about 1 second
B) 5 to 20 seconds
C) several minutes
D) potentially lifelong

Question 33

Which of the following might be the most appropriate analogy for eidetic imagery?

A) A telephone
B) A satellite
C) A sketch
D) A photograph

Question 34

Shannon is trying to take notes in and is able to write down what the professor has just said due to her

A) short-term memory.
B) iconic memory.
C) eidetic memory.
D) echoic memory.

Question 35

Which of the following types of memory has the shortest duration?

A) iconic
B) echoic
C) eidetic
D) working

Question 36

Why did research participants in Sperling's experiment recall so few letters stored in sensory memory?

A) They stopped paying attention after a few stimuli.
B) Proactive interference reduced the effectiveness of recall.
C) The stress of participating in this research became excessive.
D) The remaining stimuli quickly faded from sensory memory.

Question 37

Empirical studies on short-term memory have demonstrated that its capacity is __________ and its duration is __________.

A) unlimited; about 20 seconds
B) large; up to 30 minutes
C) limited; about 10-15 seconds
D) large; the length of an average day

Question 38

During lecture each day, a professor explains four main points they want the class to retain. However, most students do not think about the material again until the following class period two days later. The forgetting that occurs between classes is most likely the result of

A) bias.
B) suggestibility.
C) interference.
D) decay.

Question 39

Eidetic imagery is most prevalent among which of the following groups?

A) University students
B) People with autism
C) Middle-aged adults
D) Children

Question 40

______________ refers to the memory store for the information we are currently thinking about, attending to, or processing actively.

A) Sensory memory
B) Echoic memory
C) Working memory
D) Long-term memory

Question 41

In the text, the authors discussed the astounding memory capabilities of Rajan. He could recall the digits for the number pi starting from nearly any place in the sequence. His amazing ability is due, in part, to his use of

A) flashbulb memory.
B) hypnotic regression.
C) photographic memory.
D) chunking.

Question 42

Results from a variety of different studies have found that __________ is the most important factor in forgetting information from short-term memory.

A) interference
B) memory span
C) decay
D) memory duration

Question 43

If the capacity of short-term memory is so limited, how is it that we are able to remember as much information as we do and transfer information into long-term memory?

A) Long-term memory is unlimited, so we can transfer information very quickly to avoid decay.
B) We use processes such as chunking and rehearsal to expand the capacity of working memory.
C) Visual processing of information in short-term memory allows for deep processing and transfer.
D) The duration of short-term memory is unlimited, so despite limited capacity, we remember this information for a long time.

Question 44

Loni is asked to memorize the letters I K T E A L N in no particular order. She memorizes them by reorganizing them into the words INK and LATE. This tactic is called

A) flashbulb memory.
B) hypnotic regression.
C) photographic memory.
D) chunking.

Question 45

Bits of information are combined into meaningful units so that more information can be held in short-term memory through the process of

A) flashbulb memory.
B) hypnotic regression.
C) photographic memory.
D) chunking.

Question 46

Jamal is trying to buy something over the phone. He asks his partner to read him his credit card number. However, when he tries to repeat it to the sales clerk on the other end of the line, he can't remember all the numbers. Jamal is coming up against

A) the decay of numerical memory.
B) the extinction of auditory traces.
C) the limits of procedural memory.
D) George Miller's magic number seven, plus or minus two.

Question 47

Leslie just started a new job, and got a new company email address. When people ask for his email address, he often responds with his old one by accident. Which one of the following sources of interference is most likely in this example?

A) Retroactive interference
B) Proactive interference
C) Associative interference
D) Decay interference

Question 48

Tiffany is involved in a memory study and is given the following list of letters to remember: CARBEDDOGCATEATPIE. The researcher notices that she can remember the whole series of letters, contrary to the standard seven pieces of information expected. Which of the following processes most likely explains Tiffany's ability to remember all the letters?

A) Maintenance rehearsal
B) Eidetic memory
C) Elaborative rehearsal
D) Chunking

Question 49

In high school, Deanna took three years of Spanish. In university, she signed up for a French course. When required to speak in French during class discussion with her teacher and classmates, Deanna frequently responds with Spanish words instead of French words. This is one example of

A) retroactive interference.
B) blocking.
C) proactive interference.
D) decay.

Question 50

If one wants to increase the capacity of short-term memory, more items can be held through the process of

A) flashbulb memory.
B) hypnotic regression.
C) photographic memory.
D) chunking.

Question 51

__________ interference occurs when learning something new disrupts earlier learning, and __________ interference occurs when earlier learning gets in the way of new learning.

A) Maintenance; elaborative
B) Elaborative; maintenance
C) Retroactive; proactive
D) Proactive; retroactive

Question 52

Maintenance rehearsal is defined as

A) processing the physical features of the stimulus to be remembered.
B) analyzing new material in order to make it memorable.
C) associating new material to be learned with information maintained in long-term memory.
D) repeating some bit of information over and over to keep it in short-term memory.

Question 53

When information that you learned in a high school class gets in the way of learning new information from your university class, then __________ has occurred.

A) transience
B) misinformation
C) interference
D) long-term blocking

Question 54

Telephone numbers are exactly seven digits long, which is consistent with

A) the limited duration and span of sensory memory.
B) the capacity of both echoic and iconic memory.
C) our short-term memory capacity.
D) serial transfer of information from short-term to long-term memory.

Question 55

Chunking is a means of

A) immediately forgetting irrelevant details.
B) combining information into meaningful units.
C) arranging details into a hierarchy from most to least important.
D) storing long-term memories.

Question 56

In the 1950s, George Miller estimated the number of items that could be stored in short-term memory to be the magic number

A) five, plus or minus four.
B) seven, plus or minus two.
C) nine, plus or minus three.
D) 11, plus or minus one.

Question 57

When asked to recall single-digit numbers presented in various digit span sizes, the typical adult starts can recall approximately ___ digits.

A) 3
B) 7
C) 10
D) 15

Question 58

The system of memory that can hold approximately seven "chunks" of information for approximately 15 seconds is called

A) short-term memory.
B) permastore memory.
C) long-term memory.
D) sensory memory.

Question 59

When you repeat a phone number to yourself until you can enter the digits in your phone, which process are you using?

A) transference of memory.
B) chunking.
C) the power of suggestion.
D) rehearsal.

Question 60

Repeating items over and over to keep them in memory is known as __________ rehearsal.

A) repetitive
B) imagery
C) elaborative
D) maintenance

Question 61

In the levels of processing model of memory, information that gets processed at a __________ level (such as the meaning of a word) is more likely to be retained longer and form a stronger memory than information that is processed at a __________ level (such as the sound of a word).

A) deeper; shallower
B) shallower; deeper
C) higher; lower
D) lower; higher

Question 62

The first day of class, Sheila asked her professor what the best way to learn and remember the material for the course would be. The professor responded, "Focus on identifying and understanding the meaning of the important terms and concepts." The instructor is advocating a __________ level of processing.

A) verbal
B) visual
C) phonological
D) semantic

Question 63

The portion of memory that is more or less permanent is called

A) primary memory.
B) working memory.
C) eidetic memory.
D) long-term memory.

Question 64

Brianna has just asked a new friend, Tim, for his phone number and is repeating it to herself in her head. Tim then asks her a question about her plans for later in the day, and she forgets his phone number. What process was she using to remember his phone number, and why did she forget?

A) She used maintenance rehearsal and forgot because her rehearsal was interrupted.
B) She used elaborative rehearsal and forgot due to memory decay.
C) She used maintenance rehearsal and forgot because of proactive interference.
D) She used elaborative rehearsal and forgot because she was not able to chunk the information effectively.

Question 65

An important criticism of the levels of processing model is that it

A) only explains eidetic memory.
B) is very difficult to test.
C) has no research data to support it yet.
D) is inconsistent with our experience of memory in daily life.

Question 66

Which of the following examples represents the shallowest processing as described by Craik and Lockhart?

A) Recalling an object's function
B) Attending to the sound of a word
C) Thinking about the meaning of a word
D) Recalling that an object was rectangular

Question 67

Which of the following examples represents deep processing as described by Craik and Lockhart?

A) Repeating a word aloud ten times
B) Attending to the sound of a word
C) Thinking about the meaning of a word
D) Looking at the shapes of the letters in a word

Question 68

Bart and Lisa are trying to remember how an action potential moves down an axon. Lisa repeats the information to herself repeatedly, whereas Bart thinks of action potentials like flushing a toilet. What memory strategies are Bart and Lisa using to remember this information?

A) Lisa is using a paired-associate task, and Bart is using visual processing.
B) Lisa is using maintenance rehearsal, and Bart is using elaborative rehearsal. .
C) Lisa is memorizing using forced recall, whereas Bart is using a free recall format.
D) Both Bart and Lisa are using chunking to get more information into their long-term memories.

Question 69

According to Craik and Lockhart's levels of processing theory, we are most likely to remember information that we process at

A) a deeper level.
B) a medium level.
C) shallower levels.
D) each level simultaneously.

Question 70

If one wanted to use the best method to get storage in long-term memory, one would use

A) maintenance rehearsal.
B) rote rehearsal.
C) elaborative rehearsal.
D) sleep learning.

Question 71

__________ rehearsal results in a more lasting memory and promotes the transfer of information to long-term memory compared to __________ rehearsal.

A) Permanent; condensed
B) Condensed; permanent
C) Elaborative; maintenance
D) Maintenance; elaborative

Question 72

Which of the following individuals studying for a test will be able to remember information the best?

A) Dan is repeating definitions over and over to himself from cue cards.
B) Nancy is trying to link the concepts to examples in her own life.
C) Karen is looking at the concepts in her textbook and trying to recall how they look.
D) Matt is focusing on how the concepts sound to him and trying to make them rhyme.

Question 73

What are the two major types of rehearsal involved in moving information from short-term to long-term memory?

A) Condensed and expanded
B) Elaborative and permanent
C) Maintenance and permanent
D) Elaborative and maintenance

Question 74

Craik and Lockhart's model of memory states that how long a memory will be remembered depends on

A) the type of memory it is stored in.
B) the place in the brain where the memory is stored.
C) the amount of extinction that the memory has suffered.
D) the depth of processing associated with learning the materials.

Question 75

The levels of processing concept of Craik and Lockhart would suggest that which of the following questions would lead to better memory of the word frog?

A) "Does it rhyme with blog?"
B) "Is it in capital letters?"
C) "Is it written in cursive?"
D) "Would it be found in a pond?"

Question 76

You are learning a list of items for a test by relating the items to each other and to information that you already have stored in memory. Which type of rehearsal are you using?

A) Condensed
B) Permanent
C) Maintenance
D) Elaborative

Question 77

Which model of memory proposes that the deeper a person processes information, the better it will be remembered?

A) Levels of processing model
B) Parallel distributed processing model
C) Information-processing model
D) Three-stage model

Question 78

You try to remember your grocery list by repeating it over and over to yourself. What type of rehearsal are you using?

A) Condensed
B) Permanent
C) Elaborative
D) Maintenance

Question 79

The best analogy for the way long-term memory is conceptualized would be

A) a revolving door.
B) a filing cabinet.
C) YouTube.
D) a television.

Question 80

Which memory system has an unlimited capacity and can keep information for hours or decades?

A) Short-term memory
B) Long-term memory
C) Sensory memory
D) Implicit memory