Deck 10: The Changing Family

Question 1

All family types everywhere have a basic feature,which is __________.

A)male subordination
B)an organization of roles
C)sibling equality
D)high social status
E)one adult male and one adult female,monogamously married to each other

Answer 1

B

Question 2

A family experiences problems because a family member is involved in marital infidelity,a serious physical or mental disorder,or a decision to work instead of taking care of the children.These family problems are due to __________.

A)personal inadequacies
B)family inflexibility
C)internal crises
D)immorality
E)externally imposed crises

Answer 2

C

Question 3

In the __________ family,individual nuclear families live separately,but the extended family remains a strong kinship organization through a combination of interpersonal attachments and various forms of economic exchanges and mutual aid.

A)matricentric
B)secondary
C)expanded
D)isolate
E)modified-extended

Answer 3

E

Question 4

A group of individuals who are related to one another either by blood,marriage,or adoption is the definition of __________.

A)common law marriage
B)a primary group
C)a secondary group
D)incest
E)a kinship unit

Question 5

About __________ of all marriages begun during the past two decades will end in divorce.

A)one-eighth
B)one-fourth
C)one-third
D)one-half
E)two-thirds

Question 6

According to the text,about __________ out of 10 children under the age of 18 is/are now living with a single parent.

A)one
B)two
C)three
D)four
E)five

Question 7

Families adapting to change experience stages in a "family cycle." __________ is NOT an identifiable stage in this cycle.

A)Retirement
B)Child rearing
C)Retrenchment
D)Empty nest
E)Early marriage

Question 8

Sociologists agree that the family is __________.

A)fractured and dying
B)becoming less diversified
C)here to stay as a social institution
D)doomed to extinction
E)unviable in the twenty-first century

Question 9

Which of the following reflects the major effect of industrialization on the family?

A)The nuclear family becomes the basic familial unit as the extended family loses its major functions.
B)Birth rates and family size increase rapidly.
C)The family disappears.
D)A larger and larger proportion of the population marry and start families of their own.
E)Family solidarity increases and divorce and separation rates decrease.

Question 10

Which of the following is NOT an important factor in the continuation of empty-shell marriages?

A)habit and fear of change on the part of the partners
B)dissolution that may cause severe financial hardship
C)social pressure by others
D)divorce laws that make it difficult to end these relationships
E)marriage counselors who put first priority on saving the marriage

Question 11

A family has problems because a parent is serving in the military during a war or because the "bread winner" is unemployed during an economic recession.These family problems are due to __________.

A)a voluntary decision to act
B)external crises
C)personal inadequacies
D)family inflexibility
E)internally imposed crises

Question 12

The __________ family consists of parents,children,grandparents,aunts,uncles,and others living together.

A)nuclear
B)extended
C)secondary
D)expanded
E)modified extended

Question 13

The __________ family is predominant in industrial societies.

A)matricentric
B)extended
C)egalitarian
D)nuclear
E)modified extended

Question 14

__________ theorists view the family as a source of social problems when the values that are taught within it are inconsistent with the larger society.

A)Conflict
B)Functional
C)Interactionist
D)Labeling
E)Social disorganization

Question 15

The __________ family is the predominant type of family in agrarian societies.

A)expanded
B)nuclear
C)extended
D)matriarchal
E)egalitarian

Question 16

A/an __________ family is held together not so much by feelings of warmth and attraction among the members as by outside pressures.

A)empty-nest
B)imposed
C)constructed
D)empty-shell
E)exposed

Question 17

The family is seen as a social problem when the pressures for change can no longer be accommodated within the limits of the existing social structures or when those who want to maintain those structures fear that they cannot do so.A common response to such pressures is to __________.

A)abandon the existing structure
B)change the norms of the family
C)withdraw from social life
D)find a completely new type of family
E)encourage contraception so that no new families are begun

Question 18

__________ theorists take the view that some forms of crime and other types of deviance result from the inability of some groups,such as the poor,to maintain their traditional structures in settings of rapid social change.

A)Conflict
B)Functional
C)Interactionist
D)Labeling
E)Group dynamics

Question 19

The __________ family consists of a father,a mother,and their children,living apart from other kin.

A)nuclear
B)social
C)modified extended
D)isolate
E)extended

Question 20

__________ theorists view social problems like illegitimacy and welfare dependency largely as the result of the stigmatization of those in unconventional families.

A)Conflict
B)Functional
C)Interactionist
D)Social pathology
E)Social disorganization

Question 21

About one-third of all divorces take place within the first __________ of marriage.

A)month
B)year
C)three years
D)nine years
E)twenty years

Question 22

In Kathleen Gerson's study of middle-class men's reactions to the prospect of shouldering more of the responsibility for domestic tasks like child care,a significant proportion of those interviewed were choosing the single life and becoming what were called "__________ males."

A)retread
B)autonomous
C)emancipated
D)solo
E)singular

Question 23

According to the text's discussion of juggling work and family responsibilities,__________.

A)on the average,women are working fewer hours a week than men,even though the percentage in the 50 hours or more category has doubled since 1970
B)polls indicate that women with young children would prefer to be working than to stay at home
C)women who are childless and working full-time suffer more stress than their counterparts who are mothers
D)All of the above
E)None of the above

Question 24

According to research on the relationship between happiness in marriage and having children,__________.

A)having children helps to "cement" marriages
B)couples who plan the arrival of their children have a better marriage and family prognosis than those who do not
C)having babies early in a marriage makes couples happier
D)having children helps to reduce the strain on couples' resources
E)None of the above

Question 25

Which of the following are identified as major factors in explaining black-white differences in the marital status of men?

A)occupational status and family background
B)family background and age at time of employment
C)previous experience with divorce and occupational status
D)income and education
E)education and criminal record

Question 26

In a landmark study of women's attitudes about work and marriage,Arlie Hochschild found that women who work have less time for themselves and often think of the work they do in the home as a kind of __________

A)"pink collar trap."
B)"velvet ghetto."
C)"second shift."
D)"silver ceiling."
E)"gold mortgage."

Question 27

Which group has experienced the greatest decline in two-parent families?

A)White Americans
B)Hispanic Americans
C)African Americans
D)Asian Americans
E)Native Americans

Question 28

According to the text's discussion of the difficulties couples encounter in juggling work and family roles,marital happiness __________ when children are born.

A)remains constant
B)fluctuates wildly
C)increases slightly
D)increases substantially
E)often decreases

Question 29

For most of the second half of the twentieth century,indicators of family well-being were __________ for African Americans.

A)extremely positive
B)alarmingly negative
C)stable
D)fluctuating
E)improving

Question 30

Which of the following is/are (an)important reason(s)for the increase in divorces?

A)Today's attitudes toward divorce are less negative.
B)A growing number of women can earn a living independently of their husbands.
C)Divorce laws have been changed to make obtaining a divorce easier.
D)All of the above
E)None of the above

Question 31

According to the text,in African American communities,rates of marriage vary positively with __________.

A)employment
B)age
C)education
D)social status
E)religious affiliation

Question 32

Of the following,which has changed LEAST rapidly?

A)the number of women in the workforce
B)the attitudes toward women who work
C)the number of women in the workforce who have children
D)the average family size
E)the percentage of the workforce that is female

Question 33

By 2007,the divorce rate in the United States was nearly __________ per thousand.

A)1.9
B)3.6
C)25.9
D)50.9
E)75.9

Question 34

In the traditional conception of the American family,the husband worked in the paid labor force while the wife worked,unpaid,at home.In 2009,about __________ percent of American families conformed to this model.

A)12
B)30
C)51
D)65
E)78

Question 35

According to the text's discussion of the effects of women's employment,__________.

A)when wives work out of necessity,marital happiness is lower in all cases
B)most evidence does not support the view that women are fulfilled by a domestic role
C)surveys tend to show that the lives of both career women and full-time homemakers include a mixture of satisfactions and problems in terms of their fulfillment from the domestic role
D)All of the above
E)None of the above

Question 36

Among minorities,and African Americans especially,the single most important cause of the weakening of marriage norms during the second half of the twentieth century has been the__________.

A)sudden and almost complete disappearance of work in inner-city communities for less educated minority males
B)collapse of the welfare system
C)long-term domination of the political sphere by the Republican Party
D)promiscuity of minority males
E)decline in educational opportunity for minorities

Question 37

Which of the following statements about "boomerangers" is TRUE?

A)Adults who have had to move back in with their parents are referred to as "boomerangers."
B)Approximately 11 percent of all adults age 18 or older live with their parents in their home.
C)4 percent of all adults in the United States say that they were forced to move back into their parents' home because of the economic recession.
D)All of the above statements are true.
E)None of the above statements are true.

Question 38

Sociologists generally agree that one of the most important social trends of the second half of the twentieth century has resulted in a total upheaval of traditional male and female roles within the family.This trend is __________.

A)industrialization
B)the movement we know as "women's liberation (lib)"
C)the movement of women out of the home and into the workforce
D)the movement of families from the cities to the suburbs
E)urbanization

Question 39

The proportion of African American males aged 18-24 who are not in school and have not finished high school ("dropouts")reached its lowest point in __________.

A)1952
B)1962
C)1972
D)1982
E)1992

Question 40

Recently in the United States,a category of the population with relatively fewer divorces has shown an important increase in divorce rates.These are persons __________.

A)with college educations and higher socioeconomic status
B)of middle-class standing and grade school education
C)with little education and low class status
D)of upper-class standing and little education
E)with college degrees but lower-class position

Question 41

In the United States today,the median age of women marrying for the first time is approximately __________ years;and for men,approximately __________ years.

A)18.4;21.6
B)21.1;20.3
C)22.3;23.8
D)25.8;27.1
E)29.9;31.4

Question 42

Recent analyses of divorce rates in the United States and other highly industrialized nations indicates that there is a widening gap between divorce rates among people with high levels of education and those with less education.Sociologist Steven P.Martin has described this phenomenon as a "divorce __________."

A)tragedy
B)crisis
C)conglomerate
D)reaction
E)divide

Question 43

A 1990 investigation by the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development studied black teenagers who came to family planning clinics in Baltimore for pregnancy tests.The results showed that among those young women who went full-term and bore their children,__________ percent dropped out of school.

A)28
B)38
C)48
D)58
E)68

Question 44

In their study of the effects of divorce on children,Wallerstein and Blakeslee determined that __________.

A)some of the children were better off than they would have been in an unhappy,intact family
B)for most children,divorce had very serious consequences
C)many divorced parents are unable to meet the challenges of parenting and instead depend on the children to help them cope with their own problems
D)All of the above
E)None of the above

Question 45

In 2010,the Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD)released a report noting that _____________.

A)the numbers of sheltered homeless individuals increased by 7 percent between 2007 and 2009
B)people from suburbs and rural areas accounted for 75 percent of the population in homeless shelters
C)the growth in sheltered-family homelessness between 2007 and 2009 increased by about 30 percent
D)in 2009,fewer families were in emergency shelter transitional housing at some point during the year than had been in 2007
E)All of the above

Question 46

In the United States,teenage birth rates have __________.

A)increased by 60 percent
B)fallen by more than two-fifths in the past 15 years
C)increased by 25 percent
D)increased,but then stabilized
E)remained the same

Question 47

Families MOST at risk of becoming homeless are those __________.

A)who have experienced a crisis,such as a job loss,that resulted in a drastic reduction of income
B)that must pay more than 30 percent of their monthly income for rent or other housing costs
C)who are victims of family violence,and may initially seek refuge in shelters for battered women
D)who do not have relatives,parents,or close friends to whom they can turn for support
E)All of the above

Question 48

Robert Weiss observed three common sources of strain experienced by single parents.One of these sources involved having to make all of the decisions and having to provide for all family needs by oneself.This he referred to as __________ overload.

A)emotional
B)responsibility
C)task
D)decision
E)provision

Question 49

According to the text's discussion of the changing norms of parenthood,__________.

A)in recent years,there has been a growing trend toward enactment of stricter child support laws and stronger enforcement of such laws
B)single mothers often do not have the resources to pursue deadbeat fathers
C)new efforts are being made to enforce compliance with court orders of child support for both legitimate and illegitimate children
D)All of the above
E)None of the above

Question 50

According to the text's discussion of cohabiting couples,__________.

A)this pattern is most common among people over the age of 25 and under age 65
B)it is estimated that there are fewer than one-half million cohabiting couples in the United States
C)the substantial research that has been done on this pattern suggests that cohabiting men and women who eventually marry have a higher rate of marital success
D)All of the above
E)None of the above

Question 51

Of all cases of abuse,almost 90 percent is committed by the child's __________.

A)sibling
B)parent or guardian
C)teacher
D)babysitter or nanny
E)Both a and b

Question 52

The "marriage squeeze" refers to__________.

A)women who postpone marriage,finding,when they look for marriage partners at a later age,that the number of women is larger than the number of men
B)larger families placing more financial demands on parents;in a declining economy,family living standards decline
C)couples who are affectionate with each other experiencing lower divorce rates than couples who are "stand-offish"
D)modern industrial society putting greater strain on families because they are expected to do so much more
E)divorced persons who remarry and bring their children from previous marriages to the new marriage often finding housing space too small for their needs

Question 53

According to the text,at least __________ children are physically abused each year,and many die as a result.

A)100,000
B)250,000
C)500,000
D)750,000
E)1,250,000

Question 54

Robert Weiss observed three common sources of strain experienced by single parents.These were __________.

A)financial,emotional,and economic overload
B)time,energy,and devotion overload
C)responsibility,emotional,and task overload
D)economic,familial,and educational overload
E)school,transportation,and athletic overload

Question 55

According to the text's discussion of gay and lesbian families,__________.

A)the AIDS epidemic has led homosexual couples to abandon thoughts of having children of their own
B)very few homosexual couples consider themselves to be "married"
C)substantial research findings indicate that children in homosexual families suffer devastating problems as a result of their parents' nonconformity
D)All of the above
E)None of the above

Question 56

A family in which there is child abuse typically can have __________.

A)only one parent
B)a low socioeconomic status and level of education
C)a highly authoritarian parent
D)changed its place of residence frequently
E)All of the above

Question 57

Recent data indicate that in the United States about half of all cohabitating couples last less than a year,and that only _______ percent of cohabitating couples are still together after six years.

A)10
B)13
C)15
D)17
E)21

Question 58

According to the text,the basic social problem created by the divorce rate is that __________.

A)delinquency among the children of divorced families creates many difficulties
B)social policy has made divorce easier to get
C)lines of lineage (descent)become confused
D)large numbers of those divorced do not remarry
E)the other institutions of society remain geared to the traditional family

Question 59

In a recent review of 40 studies of children of same-sex couples sponsored by the American Psychological Association,researchers found that,in comparison with children from heterosexual couples,children of gay unions are __________.

A)just as likely to be well adjusted
B)less likely to be well adjusted
C)more likely to be well adjusted
D)perilously maladapted and problematic
E)psychologically imbalanced

Question 60

The nation's essential but low-paid workers,especially those working in child care and retail establishments and as aides in nursing homes and hospitals,often face __________ poverty.

A)working
B)shelter
C)homeless
D)child
E)abject

Question 61

In what ways are black families different from white families? How do these differences contribute to a perception of the troubled black family?

Question 62

Describe the changes in social policy that would most diminish family problems.

Question 63

__________ is the money paid by one partner for the support of the other,usually by the husband to the wife.

A)Child support
B)Alimony
C)Welfare
D)No-fault funding
E)Substitute finance

Question 64

The 2010 federal healthcare law signed by President Obama includes a provision for an __________ approach to sex education..

A)abstinence-only
B)welfare-only
C)pro-life
D)covenant
E)concordant

Question 65

Describe the ongoing debate over divorce law.

Question 66

Several states are considering measures to make it more difficult for couples to divorce,especially if they have children.Leaders of this movement argue that __________.

A)no-fault divorce laws have not produced lower divorce rates,happier families,or less suffering from children of divorced parents
B)liberal divorce laws may weaken trust in other people and in the institutions of society
C)genuine concern for children might result in more support for child care provisions so that fewer women and children would experience the grinding economic insecurity that often follows separation and divorce
D)All of the above
E)None of the above

Question 67

Social policy related to the problems of families can be divided into four major categories.Which of the following is NOT one of these?

A)divorce law and alimony
B)contraceptive technology
C)efforts to reduce the rate of illegitimacy
D)programs to assist low-income families
E)child care and family support policies

Question 68

The text identifies the __________ Act,passed by Congress during President Clinton's first term in office,as one of the brightest areas of change in family-related social policy.

A)Family Values
B)Family Leave
C)Restore Fault Divorce
D)Workfare
E)Affirmative Action Reinstatement

Question 69

More and more families in the United States today have "dual earners." Why is this so? What effects has this had on marital unhappiness and divorce?

Question 70

What is the family? Define this term and describe how families have changed as societies have industrialized.

Question 71

Even when faced with constant violence,a surprising number of women make no attempt to leave the men who abuse them.Lenore Walker (1977)has suggested that this passivity is a form of __________.

A)fatalism
B)stoicism
C)indifference
D)unemotionality
E)None of the above

Question 72

List and describe the basic social problems related to family life.

Question 73

Under the "__________" theory,one would expect to find higher teenage birth rates in the states with the highest welfare payments,but this was never true.

A)aid-to-dependent-youth
B)youth-transaction
C)welfare incentive
D)teen childbearing
E)None of the above

Question 74

Discuss the impact of the economic recession of 2008 on individuals and families in the United States.Be sure to include in your answer the impact on homelessness,and the "boomeranger" effect.

Question 75

__________ authored a book on child care and family life that is entitled It Takes a Village.

A)David Popenoe
B)Tipper Gore
C)Samuel Preston
D)Hillary Clinton
E)Janet Reno

Question 76

Define and describe the criteria seen to be necessary for adequate family functioning.What types of families can be observed when these criteria are not met?

Question 77

Divorce rates have increased in the United States.Why is this so? What problems are created by divorce rate increases?

Question 78

According to family research expert,David Popenoe,the seedbed of social virtue is __________.

A)abstinence.
B)fatherhood
C)childhood
D)motherhood
E)sisterhood

Question 79

Beginning with __________ in 1970,many states liberalized their divorce laws and moved toward no-fault divorce.

A)California
B)New York
C)Hawaii
D)Maine
E)New Jersey

Question 80

What are the dimensions of the problem of illegitimacy in the United States? What is the central,or core,aspect of this problem?