Deck 7: Racism, Prejudice, and Discrimination

Question 1

The first of the major urban riots of the 1960s occurred in a region called Watts,which was a mostly black section of __________.

A)Detroit
B)Washington,D.C.
C)Los Angeles
D)Newark,New Jersey
E)Gary,Indiana

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Which of the following is NOT a basic characteristic of a racial or ethnic minority group?

A)Members of the group practice exogamy;i.e. ,they marry outside of the group.
B)Members of the group develop a sense of group consciousness or "we-feeling."
C)Members of the group are born into it;their membership is transmitted by rule of descent.
D)Members of the group have socially visible physical or cultural traits singled out by the dominant group.
E)The group is subordinate to others in society.

Answer 2

A

Question 3

The MOST important characteristic of dominant groups in all societies around the world is their __________.

A)white skin
B)Protestant religious ethic
C)larger numerical size
D)economic and political power
E)level of education

Answer 3

D

Question 4

How did the Civil Rights Act of 1964 differ from those in 1957 and 1960?

A)Lyndon B.Johnson had an important role in the 1964 act.
B)The 1964 act provided ways to deny federal money to local government units that permitted discrimination.
C)The earlier acts did not cover discrimination against blacks.
D)The 1964 act covered schools as well as public facilities.
E)The earlier acts focused on voting,not economic discrimination.

Question 5

People in the United States who share non-American cultural features,such as language and national origin,and regard themselves as a distinct group are members of __________ minorities.

A)ethnic
B)religious
C)nationalist
D)racial
E)international

Question 6

The principal weapons in the protection of dominant group privilege are __________.

A)prejudice and discrimination
B)economic boycotts
C)beliefs and values
D)attitudes and inaction
E)political supplication and economic retaliation

Question 7

The Civil Rights Acts and Voting Rights Act were passed during the __________.

A)Truman presidency from 1945-1952
B)Eisenhower presidency from 1952-1960
C)Kennedy-Johnson presidencies from 1960-1968
D)Nixon-Ford presidencies from 1968-1976
E)Reagan presidency from 1980-88

Question 8

When members of either a racial or an ethnic minority group take on the characteristics of the mainstream culture by adapting their own culture patterns,__________ has occurred.

A)adaptation
B)assassination
C)cooptation
D)coercion
E)assimilation

Question 9

The Civil Rights Act of 1968 __________.

A)included a federal prohibition against housing discrimination
B)established affirmative action plans
C)declared segregated schools unconstitutional
D)ruled that voting discrimination denies a basic civil right
E)was the first major civil rights act passed by the U.S.Congress

Question 10

The constitutional bases for racial equality in the United States were laid by which Amendments to the Constitution?

A)Thirteenth,Fourteenth,and Fifteenth
B)First,Fourth,and Fifth
C)Second,Nineteenth,and Twenty-Second
D)Sixth,Seventh,and Eighth
E)Twelfth,Eighteenth,and Twentieth

Question 11

Of the following,which is the LEAST important characteristic in a group being defined as a minority by the larger society?

A)possession of socially visible physical or cultural traits seen as undesirable by the dominant group in the society
B)a tendency to marry within the group
C)the subordination of the minority group
D)the numerical size of the minority group
E)a sense of group consciousness or "we-feeling"

Question 12

Which of the following are minority groups in that they occupy a subordinate status,possess special traits,and have group self-awareness?

A)racial and ethnic groups
B)the aged
C)homosexuals
D)All of the above
E)None of the above

Question 13

Which is the principal characteristic of a minority group?

A)small numerical size
B)cultural distinctiveness
C)group out-marriage
D)a sense of group consciousness
E)subordinate status

Question 14

In 1954,the United States Supreme Court handed down the Brown v.Board of Education of Topeka decision.The Brown case involved __________.

A)compensation for those Americans deprived of property and interned on the West coast in World War II
B)opening voting rolls to minorities by ending the poll tax
C)making discrimination in housing illegal
D)deciding that segregation in vehicles and terminals in interstate travel was unconstitutional
E)declaring segregated educational facilities to be inherently unequal

Question 15

Categories of people who do not receive the same treatment as other categories in the same society are termed __________.

A)selectivities
B)discriminators
C)minorities
D)categories
E)discriminatees

Question 16

In the early 1940s,Swedish social scientist Gunnar Myrdal published a book entitled An American Dilemma.In Myrdal's view,the "American dilemma" was __________.

A)the United States' indecision in the late 1930s about joining the Allies in World War II
B)the question of what to do about the Russians after World War II was concluded
C)the situation of "poor and suppressed" minorities in the land of freedom and opportunity
D)the expropriation of land and extermination of Native Americans during westward expansion
E)the United States' failure to more quickly invade Germany in order to stop what was happening to Jews in concentration camps

Question 17

The National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders is best known for its conclusion that __________.

A)separate schools for whites and blacks are inherently unequal
B)the U.S.Constitution permits segregation in housing when important economic interests are threatened by desegregation
C)Lee Harvey Oswald assassinated President John F.Kennedy
D)our nation is moving toward two societies,one black,one white-separate and unequal
E)the riots were caused by a black underclass that came to these cities from outside in order to make trouble

Question 18

Stanley Lieberson argues that when an immigrant group is small,adjustment to American society is facilitated.The advantage he believes small size gives an immigrant group is that it __________.

A)makes it easier to organize politically
B)is easier to maintain norms against out-marriage
C)provides a more compact group to move from place to place
D)makes it easier to register to vote since small numbers are less likely to be recognized
E)makes it easier to develop an occupational niche or specialty

Question 19

People who share certain inherited characteristics (such as eye folds or brown skin)are,in the United States,members of __________ minorities.

A)ethnic
B)cultural
C)racial
D)religious
E)status

Question 20

The 1975 extension of the Voting Rights Act included two provisions especially important to Americans whose native language is not English.These provisions were __________.

A)federal registrars and interpreters at the polls
B)bilingual elections if a city has a sizeable language minority and a ban of literacy tests as a prerequisite for voting
C)bilingual instruction in our schools and ballots printed in two languages
D)bilingual candidates and voting registration that ignores the residence of voters so they could not be identified as residing in an ethnic residential area
E)elections held on holidays celebrated by the minority and immediate (no waiting-period)registration

Question 21

__________ refers to the differential treatment of individuals considered to belong to a particular social group.

A)Prejudice
B)Behavior
C)Discrimination
D Attitudes
E)Attractions

Question 22

In essence,frustration-aggression involves __________.

A)selecting the strongest target for your aggression
B)having prejudice eliminate reason
C)selecting dominant group members for acts of aggression
D)displacing aggression toward a safer target
E)lynching the supposed perpetrator of a crime

Question 23

Which of the following are the most obvious forms of economic exploitation of subordinate groups by dominant groups?

A)slavery and serfdom
B)wage rates and piece-rate employment
C)expulsion and genocide
D)discrimination and underemployment
E)bureaucratic supervision and industrial management

Question 24

__________ is the requirement that one must marry a person similar to oneself in religion,social class,and race or ethnicity.

A)Endogamy
B)Polygamy
C)Exogamy
D)Polyandry
E)Homogamy

Question 25

The builder of a cooperative apartment house may not be negatively predisposed toward Jews,but nevertheless may refuse to sell to a Jewish family in the belief that doing so may make it difficult to rent the other apartments.In Robert Merton's typology of the relationships between prejudice and discrimination,this builder would be a __________.

A)prejudiced discriminator
B)nonprejudiced nondiscriminator
C)prejudiced nondiscriminator
D)nonprejudiced discriminator
E)latent bigot

Question 26

Prejudice is to attitudes as discrimination is to __________.

A)emotion
B)belief
C)strategy
D)thinking
E)behavior

Question 27

When we consider factors of social structure that are important in the origins of prejudice and discrimination,we observe that dominance and subordination involve a competitive struggle for possession of valued goods.According to the text,this is,ultimately __________.

A)a psychological process,understood by investigating human acquisitiveness
B)an economic process of free-market competition
C)an educational process involving the acquisition of skills
D)a religious process,reflecting the dominant values of the society
E)a political process involving a struggle for power

Question 28

__________ is behavior,in word or deed,that is motivated by the belief that human races have distinctive characteristics that determine abilities and cultures.

A)Prejudice
B)Racism
C)Institutional discrimination
D)Stereotyping
E)Ethnocentrism

Question 29

Sometimes aggression cannot be directed at the real source of frustration but is redirected toward a similar but safer and more convenient target.In this situation,aggression involves __________.

A)submission
B)rejection
C)a scapegoat
D)reorientation
E)stereotyping

Question 30

Children are likely to learn the prejudices of their parents,and group members are likely to discriminate if discrimination is common in the group.This reflects the power of __________.

A)habit
B)social norms
C)education
D)individuality
E)values

Question 31

Attributing those personal traits that you consider undesirable to the members of a minority group,and then condemning these people for having these traits refers to __________.

A)rationalization
B)aggression
C)projection
D)rejection
E)frustration

Question 32

The two tendencies on the part of people that usually result in prejudice against the subordinate group are the tendencies to __________.

A)be tentative and to be uneducated
B)rationalize discrimination and to be ethnocentric
C)hate and to be ignorant
D)accumulate wealth and to deny wealth to others
E)despise others and to do something about it

Question 33

Using Robert Merton's perspective on the relationships between prejudice and discrimination,"institutional discrimination" would involve __________.

A)discrimination where prejudice is absent
B)prejudice without discrimination occurring
C)discrimination where prejudice is present
D)prejudice combining with discrimination,with prejudice occurring first
E)discrimination combining with prejudice,with discrimination occurring first

Question 34

An employer with substantial federal contracts holds negative attitudes toward members of a particular group and doesn't wish to hire them.In fear of losing these contracts,the employer gives all applicants fair consideration.In Robert Merton's typology of the relationships between prejudice and discrimination,this employer would be a/an __________.

A)active or outright bigot
B)prejudiced nondiscriminator
C)prejudiced discriminator
D)nonprejudiced discriminator
E)nonprejudiced nondiscriminator

Question 35

Attributing a fixed,exaggerated,distorted,and usually unfavorable or inaccurate conception to a category of people illustrates the process of __________.

A)scapegoating
B)simulation
C)projection
D)stereotyping
E)rationalization

Question 36

To understand the origins of prejudice and discrimination in a society,one must consider both_________.

A)the felt needs of individuals and the structural organization of society
B)society in theory as well as society in practice
C)individual psychological and physiological processes
D)individual ideals and individual actions
E)dominant group practices and dominant group beliefs

Question 37

In 1960,_______ percent of Americans approved of interracial marriage;by 2004,__________ percent expressed approval.

A)55,30
B)20,73
C)35,55
D)45,35
E)55,73

Question 38

_________ refers to an emotional,rigid attitude toward the members of a subordinate group.

A)Discrimination
B)Emotion
C)Prejudice
D)Predisposition
E)Emotional illness

Question 39

A very important cultural factor in prejudice and discrimination involves the social standards that specify the kind of behavior that is appropriate in a given situation.These standards are called social __________.

A)values
B)beliefs
C)norms
D)statuses
E)judgments

Question 40

According to the authors of your text,which of the following is a commonly cited example of projection?

A)believing that the Russians want to dominate the world
B)blaming ourselves for prejudice against minorities
C)Hispanic beliefs that blacks take their jobs
D)beliefs among immigrants that America will be,for them too,a land of opportunity
E)white beliefs that exaggerate black sexuality

Question 41

__________ segregation results from housing patterns,economic patterns,and gerrymandered school districts.

A)Gerrymandered
B)Ex-post facto
C)De jure
D)De facto
E)Ad hoc

Question 42

Some people believe that all Sicilians are gangsters,that all old people are senile,that all people with long hair are drug addicts,and that all Native Americans are alcoholics.These beliefs are the product of __________.

A)empirical experience
B)stereotyping
C)projection
D)rationalization
E)scapegoating

Question 43

Which of the acts listed below that prevents minority groups from having equal access to housing)have been judged to be illegal?

A)racial steering
B)restrictive covenants
C)blockbusting
D)All of the above
E)None of the above

Question 44

De jure segregation refers to __________.

A)segregation that results from custom
B)segregation of juries
C)segregation required by law
D)segregation because of economic advantage
E)exclusion of blacks and other minorities from juries

Question 45

Discrimination built into the structure and form of society is called __________ discrimination.

A)institutional
B)structured
C)conscious and intended
D)erected
E)formal

Question 46

The phenomenon described as "Driving While Black" is an illustration of __________.

A)ethnocentrism
B)cultural relativity
C)selective perception
D)racial profiling
E)segregation

Question 47

The text observes that many blacks,Chicanos,Native Americans,Puerto Ricans,women,and members of other minority groups have questionable protection of the law in their dealings with public institutions.This reflects ___________.

A)institutional discrimination
B)systematic prejudice
C)stereotyping
D)reverse discrimination
E)racial profiling

Question 48

In a study of trends in residential segregation and poverty in the United States,sociologist Douglas Massey and his colleagues found that __________.

A)the largest cities have made the most progress in reducing housing segregation
B)many urban problems are actually lessened by heavy segregation
C)failure to enforce federal laws against housing discrimination continues to produce rates of black segregation that are far higher than those experienced by any other group in U.S.history
D)Both a and c above
E)None of the above

Question 49

A recent study by the Harvard Project on School Desegregation revealed that __________.
A)resegregation of the races is decreasing

A)the vast majority of white students attend schools that enroll an equal number of white and of minority group members
B)enrollment of Hispanic students has decreased by almost 200 percent
C)All of the above
D)None of the above

Question 50

In some ways,discrimination in employment is a direct result of discrimination in __________.

A)education
B)voting
C)public accommodations
D)religion
E)the family

Question 51

In 2004,the median net worth of Hispanic households was approximately__________.

A)$88,000
B)$58,750
C)$28,500
D)$17,500
E)$8,474

Question 52

An agreement among neighborhood homeowners not to sell their property to people who were designated as "undesirable" involves what is called a __________.

A)restrictive covenant
B)racial lease
C)discriminatory clause
D)property avoidance certificate
E)de facto discriminatory section

Question 53

The access of blacks to good jobs has often been impeded by discrimination against blacks in the training programs and apprenticeships of __________.

A)government agencies
B)trade schools
C)labor unions
D)proprietary law schools
E)professional schools

Question 54

Melvin Oliver and Thomas Shapiro found that about __________ of Americans own almost no assets other than a car.

A)one-fourth
B)one-third
C)one-half
D)two-thirds
E)three-fourths

Question 55

In order to avoid desegregating a neighborhood,some real estate agents avoid showing minority group members housing in that neighborhood,and,instead,show them housing only in areas where minority group members live.This is referred to as __________.

A)property avoidance
B)exercising a restrictive covenant
C)selective selling
D)browbeating
E)racial steering

Question 56

Within the United States population,the problem of finding adequate employment is MOST serious for __________.

A)adult white females
B)young black and Hispanic men
C)middle-aged white males
D)young white males and females
E)middle-aged white and Hispanic females

Question 57

At all levels of education,minority group members earn less than their nonminority counterparts,and the text observes that even better than a "sheepskin" is __________.

A)a technical credential
B)practical,"street smarts"
C)to be independently wealthy
D)to apprentice with a majority-group member
E)a white skin

Question 58

Milton Yinger has pointed out that human problems like racial disharmony are best viewed f rom which of the following perspectives?

A)psychological
B)social-structural
C)cultural
D)All of the above
E)None of the above

Question 59

Recent research on impoverished ghetto neighborhoods by William J.Wilson emphasizes that the economic and social distance between the small minority middle class and the poor is __________.

A)shrinking
B)stabilizing
C)widening
D)fluctuating
E)staying exactly the same

Question 60

In __________ a black or minority couple is sent to real estate agents and shown (or not shown)certain types of housing.Then a white couple is sent to the same agents and the results are compared;this process is repeated many times with different agents to determine whether a systematic pattern of discrimination exists.

A)blockbusting research
B)restrictive covenant research
C)racial leasing research
D)property avoidance research
E)audit research

Question 61

What is referred to as "reverse discrimination" is __________.

A)discrimination that blacks extend toward whites
B)giving minorities a preference that some whites feel discriminates against them
C)slowing or reversing the civil rights gains of the 1960s
D)reversing the policies of the Reagan administration that discriminate against the poor and minorities
E)reversing the policies that favor private business over the public sector

Question 62

The United States has a long history of inequality.Identify the major minority groups in American history,citing important events and changes during their time in the United States.

Question 63

In states with the most restrictive voting laws,__________ percent of African American men are likely to be permanently disenfranchised.

A)40
B)50
C)60
D)70
E)80

Question 64

Which of the following is an example of the racialization of Mexican Americans?

A)In 2010,Arizona state legislature passed a severe immigration control bill that requires police to ask for identification and proof of citizenship or legal status
B)In 1997,African American farmers in the South sued the government for past discrimination in farm loans,arguing that they were deprived of the opportunity to make a living from their land.
C)In 1975,Allan Bakke,a white student who was denied admission to the University of California at Davis,sued the university's regents.
D)All of the above are examples of racialization of Mexican-Americans.
E)None of the above are examples of racialization.

Question 65

In an influential study titled American Apartheid,sociologists Douglas Massey and Nancy Denton demonstrate that native-born blacks in the United States are __________.

A)less segregated (and always have been)than most other racial and ethnic groups
B)equally segregated in comparison to other racial and ethnic groups
C)far more segregated (and always have been)than any other racial or ethnic group
D)slightly more segregated (but only recently)in comparison to other racial and ethnic groups
E)None of the above

Question 66

What is assimilation? What are the important factors affecting the rate of assimilation of a group?

Question 67

Which of the following statements about immigration is FALSE?
a.Social scientists argue that for a country with low overall birthrate,the combined flow of legal and illegal immigration can spur economic growth.
b.The Immigration Act of 1986 increased the quotas of immigrants significantly,and attempted to decrease illegal immigration from Mexico.
c.Anti-immigration sentiments have declined significantly since passage of the Act of 1986.
d.Citizens of immigrant-receiving states like California and Arizona harbor negative feelings about the economic and social competitions they will face from immigrants.
e.None of the above.

Question 68

The Civil Rights Act was passed in

A)1954
B)1964
C)1974
D)1984
E)1994

Question 69

The United States Supreme Court decision regarding Alan Bakke and the University of California at Davis Medical School was a landmark case in __________.

A)school desegregation
B)public accommodation
C)affirmative action
D)voting rights
E)government-funded scholarships

Question 70

In his study of the effects of discrimination on individual personalities,Robert Coles determined that with continuous friendly contact between white and black children ____.

A)the prejudices of both the children and their parents were broken down
B)interracial dating occurred
C)school performance of both whites and blacks increased
D)prejudices held by the children were affirmed and intensified
E)extracurricular activities became segregated

Question 71

Define the term minority group.Identify the important minority groups in the United States today.How can they be classified?

Question 72

According to The Sentencing Project,an estimated ___ million Americans adults have currently or permanently lost the ability to vote because of a felony conviction.

A).9
B)1.9
C)2.9
D)3.9
E)over 10

Question 73

Research conducted by sociologist Joe R.Feagin in major metropolitan areas documented __________.

A)the persistence of discrimination and prejudice directed against middle-class blacks in public places
B)that blacks frequently experience avoidance by whites and are rejected,harassed,and victimized by other threats
C)that black citizens are increasingly asserting their rights even in embarrassing social situations and are demanding redress and apologies from business owners
D)All of the above
E)None of the above

Question 74

According to the Universal Declaration of Human Rights section on the Right to Participate in Government,every citizen shall have which of the following rights and opportunities?

A)To take part in the conduct of public affairs
B)To vote and to be elected in genuine periodic elections
C)To have access,under general conditions of equality,to the public service of his country
D)All of the above
E)None of the above

Question 75

The first significant public protest in the movement for civil rights for blacks during the mid-twentieth century in the United States was the __________.

A)march in Alabama from Selma to Montgomery
B)"freedom rides" through the south
C)lunch counter sit-ins in Greensboro,North Carolina,and Nashville,Tennessee
D)Montgomery,Alabama,bus boycott
E)march on Washington,D.C.

Question 76

__________ refers to federally funded preschool programs aimed at preparing disadvantaged children for school,and also to counter the effects of discrimination..

A)Pre-school Boost
B)Head Start
C)Pre-school Advantage
D)Operation Push
E)Program Equalizer

Question 77

According to your text,the American criminal justice system may be most inherently discriminatory in __________.

A)the arrest process
B)the parole process
C)the bail system
D)sentencing
E)the jury system

Question 78

In his study of the effects of discrimination on individual personalities,Children of Crisis,Robert Coles used an unusual research method,which was __________.

A)videotaping interaction among white and black children in the classroom
B)interviews with teachers and parents
C)interviews with schoolchildren
D)stress tests of white and black children placed by the researcher in antagonistic relationships
E)analysis of how they depicted their world and themselves through drawings

Question 79

Critics of federally funded preschool programs aimed at preparing disadvantaged children for school point out that,considering the period in the lifespan when the most important emotional and intellectual development occurs,the most important "educators" must be __________.

A)college teachers
B)peers
C)parents
D)employers
E)high school teachers

Question 80

__________ refers to policies based on a body of federal law originating in the 1964 Civil Rights Act that bans discrimination on the basis of race,religion,sex,or national origin in such areas as employment,education,and housing.

A)Affirmative action
B)Public accommodation
C)Desegregation
D)Anti-racism
E)Obligatory integration