Deck 8: Gender and Sexuality

Question 1

What has been referred to as the "masculine mystique" leads many men to __________.

A)avoid performing traditional female tasks
B)limit their choice of occupation
C)become extremely competitive with men and attempt to dominate women
D)All of the above
E)None of the above

Answer 1

D

Question 2

The earnings of women who worked full-time were,in 2008,about __________ percent of the earnings of men.

A)18
B)38
C)48
D)68
E)80

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Our _________ is typically formed by the age of 3.

A)sexual identity
B)gender identity
C)sexual intuition
D)sexual orientation
E)sexuality

Answer 3

B

Question 4

During the 1960s,Betty Friedan alluded to "the problem that has no name." In doing so,she was referring to __________.

A)what we now call the primarily sexually transmitted disease,AIDS
B)the fact that women who worked did not earn as much as their male counterparts
C)the widespread dissatisfaction of women with their traditional roles
D)the fact that no woman had yet achieved nomination to the United States Supreme Court or to the vice presidency by a major political party
E)the fact that women were not yet permitted to vote

Question 5

Over the past several decades,women have made which of the following notable advances?

A)All laws that discriminate against women have been removed "from the books."
B)The gap between the earnings of men and women is narrowing.
C)Women no longer lose seniority and promotion preference by leaving work to have children.
D)Women in the same professions or occupations as men now earn the same amount of money as men.
E)All job categories now have equal proportions of men and women.

Question 6

The occupations of secretary,receptionist,clerk,and telephone operator,among others,have very high proportions of females.These kinds of jobs have been referred to as reflecting __________.

A)the "female slum"
B)the primary labor force
C)female opportunity structures
D)"women's place"
E)the "girls' ghetto"

Question 7

__________ refers to the entire range of attitudes,beliefs,policies,laws,and behaviors discriminating against women (or men)on the basis of their gender.

A)Racism
B)Sex role activity
C)Genderism
D)Sexuality
E)Sexism

Question 8

In the 1970s and early 1980s,efforts to combat inequalities between men and women
Centered on __________.

A)comparable worth legislation
B)school desegregation
C)job training programs
D)the Equal Rights Amendment
E)the unionization of women

Question 9

In the early 1960s,Betty Friedan called attention to the traditional belief that women should be fulfilled in their femininity by being housewives and mothers.Friedan referred to this situation as the __________.

A)feminine mystique
B)women's burden
C)equality myth
D)white male's burden
E)myth of femininity

Question 10

Which of the following is NOT one of the stages in the process of gaining a homosexual identity?

A)conversion
B)sensitization
C)dissociation and signification
D)coming out
E)commitment

Question 11

R.W.Connell has analyzed how dramatic inequalities in the distribution of power in societies often deprive women of opportunities to realize their full potential.Connell's work shows that __________.

A)in much of the industrialized world men still have much greater access to cultural prestige,political authority,corporate power,individual wealth,and material comforts than women
B)individual men and small groups of men are generally confident and comfortable with the inequalities that surround them
C)today,male-female relations are structured so that men and women are equal
D)All of the above
E)None of the above

Question 12

According to the text,it is even harder to estimate the number of lesbians in the United States than it is to estimate the number of male homosexuals,because __________.

A)lesbians are less conspicuous
B)they are less likely to "cruise" or frequent bars
C)have fewer sex partners
D)All of the above
E)None of the above

Question 13

White males hold about __________ percent of the top management jobs in major corporations.

A)55
B)65
C)75
D)85
E)95

Question 14

A women's organization called Stop ERA waged a successful battle to prevent ratification of the Equal Rights Amendment.Stop ERA was led by __________.

A)Betty Friedan
B)Phyllis Schlafly
C)Gloria Steinem
D)Helen Gurley Brown
E)Nancy Reagan

Question 15

In which of the following types of jobs do women earn 100 percent of what men earn?

A)service workers
B)sales workers
C)managers and administrators
D)All of the above
E)None of the above

Question 16

In comparison to the United States,in __________,the status of women is far more subordinate to that of men.

A)communist countries of Eastern Europe
B)capitalist countries of Western Europe
C)Latin American and Muslim countries
D)the Soviet Union
E)Canada and Mexico

Question 17

Recent surveys of sexual behavior in the United States and other Western societies have found that __________ percent of men indicate that they have had same-sex relations

A)1 to 4
B)5 to 10
C)10 to 15
D)15 to 20
E)over 20

Question 18

The types of behavior that are considered appropriate for men and women primarily __________.

A)reflect universal standards of masculinity and femininity
B)are defined by a particular society's culture
C)are learned from watching the mass media
D)reflect innate inherited characteristics
E)reflect the basically different male and female psychological processes

Question 19

According to the text's discussion of sexism and employment,__________.

A)for the past several decades,men and women have received the same amount of schooling
B)men hold more bachelor's and graduate degrees than women do
C)more men than women drop out of high school
D)All of the above
E)None of the above

Question 20

Marc Fasteau alludes to the idea that all men are tough,unemotional,and dominant as being part of a stereotype about males which serves to limit their ability to function fully.Fasteau refers to this phenomenon as __________.

A)the masculine mystique
B)sex role differentiation
C)the gender myth
D)sexual identification
E)the myth of male superiority

Question 21

Data from the FBI show that in 2003 just over 93,000 rapes were reported to local police departments.Of those incidents,just over __________ resulted in arrests.

A)15,000
B)30,000
C)40,000
D)60,000
E)75,000

Question 22

Sexism is probably the MOST evident in __________.

A)the mass media's dramatic depiction of men's and women's roles
B)the concentration of women in lower-status,low-pay jobs
C)the lectures of the average college classroom
D)voter registration
E)the treatment of men and women by television news

Question 23

According to the text,which of the following is the most insidious form of sex segregation in America's schools?

A)the treatment of boys and girls by teachers
B)requiring certain courses for females and others only for males
C)the advice that career counselors give to females about prospective occupations
D)the ways in which textbooks portray men and women
E)sex segregating the football teams and the cheerleading squads

Question 24

Victimization surveys reveal that an estimated __________ were raped in 2003,and another 76,000 were subjected to unsuccessful rape attempts.

A)50,000
B)65,000
C)96,000
D)112,000
E)150,000

Question 25

Many thousands of complaints of sexual harassment are filed each year in agencies at all levels of government;of these,________ percent are filed by men.

A)less than 10
B)15
C)25
D)30
E)over 50

Question 26

The famous French philosopher and sociologist Simone de Beauvoir wrote a book entitled __________,in which she described how,as children,women are often socialized for roles in which they are not expected to compete with men in any way.

A)Fear of Flying
B)Against Their Will
C)The Second Sex
D)Masculine,Feminine,or Human?

Question 27

In her research,Barrie Thorne notes that adolescent girls usually dream of love and intimacy.At the same time,she comments that the heterosexual marketplace often involves __________.

A)exploitation
B)exchange relationships
C)female dominance
D)rating and dating
E)None of the above

Question 28

A 1992 study by the American Association of University Women (AAUW)reached which of the following conclusions?

A)Teachers pay equal attention to females and males in their classrooms.
B)Reports of sexual harassment of females are decreasing.
C)Textbooks no longer ignore or stereotype women.
D)All of the above
E)None of the above

Question 29

In a review of research on changing sex roles and housework,sociologist Janet Z.Giele has observed that women bear __________.

A)little responsibility for child care and housework if they are employed
B)little responsibility for child care and housework,regardless of whether they are employed
C)the primary responsibility for child care and housework only if they are employed
D)the primary responsibility for child care and housework even if they are employed
E)about half the responsibility for child care and housework

Question 30

__________ refers to the process whereby individuals learn to behave according to the norms of their culture.

A)Progression
B)Socialization
C)Enculturation
D)Maturation
E)Socialized learning

Question 31

According to Eleanor Maccoby and Carol Jacklin,common myths about sex differences such as "Girls are more suggestible than boys" and "Boys are more analytical than girls" __________.

A)have been recently confirmed through sociological investigations
B)reinforce sex-role socialization
C)conflict with traditional attitudes toward sex roles
D)are usually discredited among the general public
E)None of the above

Question 32

In calling attention to the importance of sexist themes in advertising,and the way advertisements capitalize on women's anxieties about their appearance,sociologist Barbara Ehrenreich points out that over the past 30 years,__________ women have undergone breast enlargement operations.

A)50,000
B)100,000
C)500,000
D)1 million
E)1.6 million

Question 33

One the most persistent and difficult aspects of sexism is __________.

A)the media's depiction of women
B)sexual harassment
C)unequal pay for comparable work
D)stereotyping
E)male hegemony

Question 34

Time budget studies show that when one measures solo time spent with children,fathers average 4.5 hours a week and mothers _________ hours.

A)10.2
B)12.8
C)15.9
D)19.6
E)23.5

Question 35

Heidi Hartmann of the Institute for Women's Policy Research points to which of the following from the Bureau of Labor Statistics over the past 20 years?

A)The number of women who collect any kind of paycheck has nearly doubled.
B)The number of women working at two or more jobs has quintupled.
C)The number of women working in their own businesses has nearly tripled.
D)All of the above
E)None of the above

Question 36

In recent decades,the movement to allow women to hold leadership positions in churches and synagogues has had __________.

A)little success
B)enormous success,especially in the more conservative denominations
C)some success,especially in the more liberal denominations
D)no success whatsoever
E)moderate success,but only in the conservative denominations

Question 37

__________ expresses the idea that the pay levels of certain jobs should be adjusted so that they reflect the intrinsic value of the job.

A)Income equality
B)Pay-rate equity
C)Salary equalization
D)Compensation balance
E)Comparable worth

Question 38

According to the authors of your text,most socialization __________.

A)is consciously imparted through the educational system
B)is programmed into the individual before birth
C)takes place during interaction with other people
D)involves nonverbal communication
E)involves exposure to the mass media

Question 39

According to a recent random sample survey of 2,064 public school students in eighth through eleventh grades __________.

A)83 percent of girls and 79 percent of boys report having experienced harassment
B)nearly all students (96 percent)say they know what harassment is,and boys' and girls' definitions do not differ substantially
C)sexual harassment is an ongoing experience for many students: over one in four students experience it often
D)All of the above
E)None of the above

Question 40

Which of the following is NOT one of those locations in the world where homemaking remains a predominant concern?

A)Europe
B)Asia
C)Africa
D)Latin America
E)None of the above

Question 41

In 2007,the U.S.Supreme Court ruled that certain forms of late-term abortion __________.

A)are legal,regardless of whether there is danger to a woman's health if the pregnancy is continued
B)are legal,only when there is danger to a woman's health if the pregnancy is continued
C)are always illegal
D)could be declared illegal,regardless of the danger to a woman's health if the pregnancy is continued
E)None of the above

Question 42

In the workplace,a woman is often subject to verbal abuse,derogatory language,requests for sexual intercourse,touching,and suggestive staring at her body.Today,this phenomenon is referred to as __________.

A)the hazards of the workplace
B)women's place in the workplace
C)sexual harassment on the job
D)go-along to get-along
E)an American success story

Question 43

The women's movement in the United States was officially founded in __________.

A)1748
B)1848
C)1948
D)1958
E)1972

Question 44

During the __________,Title VII of the Civil Rights Act was established,Betty Friedan's The Feminine Mystique was published,and the National Organization for Women was founded.

A)1930s
B)1940s
C)1950s
D)1960s
E)1970s

Question 45

A job whose requirements and contribution are the same as those of another job should have the same rate of pay as that other job.This principle refers to the idea of __________.

A)comparable worth
B)pay inequity
C)wage equality
D)minimum wage
E)median value reimbursement

Question 46

In 1964,Congress passed the Civil Rights Act,which included a provision that made it illegal to discriminate against women in promotion and hiring.This provision was known as __________.

A)Title V
B)Title VI
C)Title VII
D)Title VIII
E)Title IX

Question 47

Hostility,violence,and discrimination directed at people because they are homosexuals is known as __________.

A)sexual prejudice
B)homophobia
C)anti-homosexuality discrimination
D)gay bashing
E)None of the above

Question 48

Critics of the comparable worth concept claim that __________.

A)no job has an "intrinsic value"
B)all jobs have "intrinsic value"
C)only some jobs have "intrinsic value"
D)women's work has more "intrinsic value" than men's
E)only men's work has "intrinsic value"

Question 49

Governments began to pass anti-abortion laws in the mid-nineteenth century.These laws had the effect of __________.

A)driving poorer women to illegal abortions
B)making abortion a basic human right
C)convincing the public that abortion is wrong
D)eliminating abortions
E)deciding when the results of conception become a "person" under the law

Question 50

In the late 1970s and early 1980s,the women's movement encountered increasing
Opposition and its momentum slowed.With the election of President __________,the
Movement gained greater influence in Washington.

A)Clinton
B)Ford
C)Johnson
D)Nixon
E)Reagan

Question 51

Which of the following is a way in which the American legal system discriminates against females?

A)It is still more difficult for women to acquire credit in comparison to men.
B)The system continues to affirm protective labor laws that discriminate against women.
C)Sexual harassment laws are difficult to enforce.
D)All of the above
E)None of the above

Question 52

In 1966,a pressure group,the __________,was founded,with the stated purpose "to take action to bring women into full participation in the mainstream of American society now,exercising all the privileges and responsibilities thereof in truly equal partnership with men."

A)American Association of Modern Women
B)National Association of Feminist Women
C)National Organization for Women
D)Equal Employment Opportunity Commission
E)Feminine Mystique

Question 53

According to Chodorow,homophobia is really __________.

A)a problem with heterosexual identity
B)the result of gender misidentification
C)an excuse for "gay bashing"
D)a counterphobia
E)an aspect of male gender identity

Question 54

The gay subculture ___________.

A)is a special category of lesbianism found in prisons
B)refers to the visible institutions of the gay community
C)has created even more negative attitudes towards gays
D)is a product of social disorganization and labeling
E)is an illness with physiological or psychological causes

Question 55

The 1964 Civil Rights Act prohibited discrimination on the basis of sex.However,one major omission in this legislation was that __________.

A)it was not ratified by Congress
B)women were not covered
C)federal,state,and local governments were specifically excluded
D)black women were not covered
E)businesses with over 100 employees were not covered

Question 56

Women throughout the world have raised their consciousness levels and achieved many economic,educational,and other gains.Jessie Bernard refers to this as the __________.

A)Female Crusades
B)Equity Movement
C)Woman's Renaissance
D)Feminist Revolution
E)Feminist Enlightenment

Question 57

The Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC)was established to enforce __________ of the Civil Rights Act of 1964.

A)Title V
B)Title VI
C)Title VII
D)Title VIII
E)Title IX

Question 58

Sociologist Nancy Chodorow (1999)points out that homophobia is often associated with __________.

A)the lower classes
B)the uneducated
C)a distorted notion of masculinity
D)All of the above
E)Both a and b

Question 59

The controversy over abortion is basically a conflict concerning __________.

A)church-state relations
B)regulation of economic activity
C)reproductive control
D)religious doctrine
E)conservative vs.liberal philosophy

Question 60

On a global level in the 1970s and 1980s,as a platform for women's issues,many gains for females have been made by using the __________.

A)Republican Party platform
B)Communist Manifesto
C)mass media
D)United Nations
E)World Church

Question 61

Which of the following statements about gay rights is TRUE?

A)The Defense of Marriage Act was passed largely because many Americans feel that same-sex marriages should not be condoned.
B)A growing number of corporations extend health insurance and other benefits to employees in same-sex unions.
C)Public education aimed at reducing high-risk sex run the risk of creating negative attitudes towards gays by publicizing their sexual activities and appearing to condemn them.
D)The late Jerry Falwell spoke in favor of stronger protection of gay rights in response to hate crimes like the murder of Matthew Spepard.
E)All of the above statements are true.

Question 62

Discuss the development of the gay rights movement in America.Include in your analysis the role of the gay subculture in promoting gay rights.

Question 63

What are some of the advancements that the women's movement in the United States has made since it was officially founded in 1848?

Question 64

How does sexual stereotyping affect men and women? How does this process limit the options open to males and females in our society?

Question 65

The goal: to create genuine sexual equality in American society.Design a social policy that is most likely to accomplish this goal.

Question 66

According to the text,the issues of women's rights have often eclipsed __________.

A)the need for men to examine and change their own sex roles
B)the general civil rights concerns of blacks and Hispanics
C)a concern over children's rights,including the right to be born
D)vital strategic concerns of the United States in foreign policy
E)domestic concerns of greater importance,such as access to the mass media

Question 67

Sexism can be observed in employment and in the devaluation of homemaking.How does sexism affect women's place in the economy and in the home?

Question 68

As a category of males,__________ are in the forefront of recent shifts in male attitudes toward women and equality.

A)the clergy
B)working-class males in manufacturing jobs
C)educated men in their 20s and 30s
D)black and Hispanic males in their teens
E)middle-aged males in corporate life

Question 69

How have traditional sex roles defined femininity and masculinity? How have recent changes redefined sex roles? Give some specific examples.

Question 70

Trace the major events in the growth of the women's movement in the United States during the twentieth century.What concerns now motivate the movement?

Question 71

Sexism has several sources.Define sexism and describe its various sources.

Question 72

What is socialization? How does the socialization process contribute to male-female differences in society?

Question 73

In the last 20 years,women in the United States have made notable gains toward equality.Describe some of these gains.In what areas of social and economic life do inequalities remain?

Question 74

In Romer v.Evans,the U.S.Supreme Court ruled that Colorado's constitutional amendment barring legislation that protects gays from discrimination was __________.

A)legal and proper
B)of questionable value
C)constitutional
D)unconstitutional
E)None of the above