Deck 5: Crime and Violence

Question 1

The National Crime Victimization Survey is __________.

A)conducted by the FBI as a result of a steady increase in the number of serious crimes
B)conducted by the FBI based on crime reports compiled by local police departments.
C)a sociological study that correlates the fear of crime rates with the effects of media coverage of crime reports
D)an annual survey of U.S.households conducted by the Department of Justice
E)none of the above

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Of the following crimes,__________ is NOT found on the official crime index.

A)burglary
B)murder and nonnegligent manslaughter
C)aggravated assault
D)arson
E)embezzlement

Answer 2

E

Question 3

__________ is defined as an act (or omission of an act)for which the state can apply sanctions.

A)Deviance
B)Antisocial behavior
C)Crime
D)Personal injury
E)Delinquent activity

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Which of the following is a major finding of self-report studies on the amount of crime?

A)Official statistics of the FBI are quite accurate.
B)More crime is committed by poor people than by the well-to-do.
C)Whites and nonwhites have similar rates of criminal activity.
D)The chances of being a victim of a criminal act are quite small.
E)Most people do not violate the criminal law in their lifetimes.

Question 5

__________ studies of crime ask respondents to report their own criminal involvement through an anonymous questionnaire.

A)Offender reporting
B)Self-report
C)Victimization
D)Offender interview
E)Official statistic

Question 6

Sociologists believe that the recent decline in crime rates is a result of __________.

A)the rapid increase in the number of prison inmates
B)the waning of the crack epidemic in the largest metropolitan centers
C)increases in police forces throughout the nation
D)All of the above
E)None of the above

Question 7

__________ refers to the increasing ease of movement of people,goods,and services,and information across national borders and throughout the world.

A)Postindustrialization
B)Cybernation
C)Globalization
D)Modernization
E)Bureaucratization

Question 8

About__________ percent of murder victims were related to or acquainted with their assailants.

A)5
B)15
C)25
D)35
E)45

Question 9

__________ crime reports are conducted by the Census Bureau,based on a representative sample of people who are asked whether they have been the object of criminal activity.

A)Official FBI
B)Victimization
C)Self-reported
D)Objective interview
E)Subjective interview

Question 10

Official arrest rate data show that lower socioeconomic status group members are more likely to be involved in crimes.The chief reason for this appears to be that __________.

A)police are assigned to lower-income communities in greater numbers,so there is a tendency for police records to show higher crime rates for those communities
B)poverty is the most important cause of crime
C)the criminal justice system is run by nonminority individuals who do not arrest and prosecute members of their own groups
D)there are biological characteristics which minorities possess that lead them to commit crime
E)minority group members commit most crimes

Question 11

According to the __________,which is published by the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI),there was a decrease of ______ percent in the number of violent crimes.

A)Crime in America,2.4
B)Uniform Crime Reports,4.4
C)Statistical Reporting on Crime,6.4
D)National Crime Statistics,4.4
E)United States Crime Record,8.4

Question 12

Sample surveys of Americans indicate that crimes reported to the police account for about __________ percent of actual offenses.
A)75
A)33

A)52
B)41
D)67

Question 13

__________ advanced the argument that every society has a problem with criminality;i.e.,crime is normal in society.

A)Herbert Spencer
B)Karl Marx
C)Auguste Comte
D)Max Weber
E)Emile Durkheim

Question 14

According to the text,the social costs of ______ and ______ types of crime probably exceed the cost of all others combined.

A)violent personal,occasional property
B)public order,professional
C)professional,conventional
D)occupational,organized
E)occasional property,conventional

Question 15

William Chambliss studied how the biases of police and community members affected their reactions to and treatment of middle- and lower-class delinquents,and how the behavior and appearance of the delinquents themselves determined what kind of treatment they received.The two groups of adolescents under investigation were called the "__________" and the "__________."

A)Jets;Angels
B)Saints;Roughnecks
C)Killers;Skinheads
D)Aces;Spades
E)Diamonds;Latinos

Question 16

Violent personal crimes often involves offenders and victims who are known to,or acquainted with,each other.__________ is the EXCEPTION to this pattern.

A)Forcible rape
B)Robbery
C)Murder
D)Aggravated assault
E)Simple assault

Question 17

In practice,the definition of criminality is changed most by what __________.

A)legislators decide in framing the criminal law
B)judges do in passing sentence
C)the public wants,as expressed in public opinion
D)police believe criminal behavior to be as they exercise their discretion
E)prison administrators do as they decide whether to parole inmates

Question 18

Which of the following statements about mass murderers and serial killers is FALSE?

A)Mass murders are those in which four or more people are killed by the same person.
B)The case of Dennis Rader is a reminder of society's vulnerability to terroristic acts,whether motivated by ideology or committed by psychotic individuals.
C)Although the number of mass murders and serial killings fluctuate from year to year,some of the worst cases occurred after 1980.
D)The mentally ill commit murder at the same rate as the general population,but serial killers are seldom psychotic.
E)None of the above.

Question 19

The Federal Bureau of Investigation's reporting of statistics on crime is based on crimes __________.

A)reported to the police
B)uncovered by the police
C)committed
D)cleared by arrest
E)discovered

Question 20

__________ law deals with noncriminal acts in which one individual injures another.

A)Civil
B)Administrative
C)Arbitrative
D)Criminal
E)Procedural

Question 21

__________ commit unsophisticated forms of theft without a high level of skill as criminals.These individuals do not associate with habitual lawbreakers and often do not consider t themselves to be criminals.

A)Conventional (orthodox)criminals
B)Public-order criminals
C)Organized criminals
D)Professional criminals
E)Occasional (property crime)offenders

Question 22

Money laundering by terrorist and organized crime groups and identity theft fall under the heading of __________.

A)organized
B)white-collar
C)professional
D)cybercrime
E)technological

Question 23

Environmental crimes,illegal credit card manipulations,insider trading in financial institutions,bribery of public officials,and computer crimes are all examples of ____________ crime.

A)violent
B)corporate
C)victimless
D)conventional
E)nonconventional

Question 24

__________ criminals are mostly young adult males who begin their involvement in robbery,larceny,and/or burglary as juvenile gang members.They associate mostly with other criminals,have lengthy police records,and have spent time in prison by the time they can be regarded as "semiprofessionals."

A)Public-order
B)Occasional
C)Conventional
D)Professional
E)Violent personal

Question 25

Public order crimes are often called __________ crimes.

A)conventional
B)ordinary
C)occasional
D)immoral
E)victimless

Question 26

In major cities like Chicago and Los Angeles,street gangs,made up largely of teenagers and young adults,account for __________ of all homicides.

A)one-eighth
B)one-fourth
C)one-third
D)about half
E)over three-fourths

Question 27

Cesare Lombroso is known for his conceptualization of criminal atavism,which means that criminals __________.

A)often repeat their crimes
B)are identifiable by their unique chromosomal structure
C)have physical characteristics resembling those of primitive humans and lower primates
D)learn their criminality through association with other criminals
E)have a predatory drive to acquire wealth

Question 28

In an exhaustive study of hate crimes,the FBI concluded that 61 percent were based on race,13 percent on sexual orientation,and another _______ percent were based on ethnicity or national origin.

A)30
B)13
C)10
D)5
E)2

Question 29

Donald Cressey's classic study of embezzlers,Other People's Money,found that,in addition to a financial problem,other conditions had to be present for the person to embezzle.These are __________.

A)an opportunity to steal and a formula to rationalize the theft
B)a position of access and a way to pay the money back
C)a high level of greed and a way to neutralize law enforcement
D)All of the above
E)None of the above

Question 30

Safecrackers,con-artists,and counterfeiters who skillfully dedicate themselves to a life of crime and are seldom caught and punished because of the skill at avoiding arrest are __________ criminals.

A)conventional
B)occasional
C)professional
D)organized
E)skilled

Question 31

Prostitution,gambling,vagrancy,and disorderly conduct are all forms of __________ crime.

A)public order
B)occasional
C)occupational
D)conventional
E)violent personal

Question 32

For its success,organized crime depends upon __________.

A)a division of labor that efficiently arranges efforts
B)a public that continues to want illegal goods and services
C)their ability to corrupt law enforcement through payoffs to ensure operations
D)All of the above
E)None of the above

Question 33

Edwin H.Sutherland's theory of __________ asserts that occupational criminality,like other forms of systematic criminal behavior,is learned through frequent direct or indirect relationships with people who are already engaging in such behavior.

A)white-collar crime
B)differential association
C)functional criminality
D)conflicting criminality
E)interactionist criminality

Question 34

Which of the statements below about Ponzi schemes is TRUE? .

A)The Madoff Ponzi scheme was an investment fraud scam in which earlier investors were paid off with money collected from newer ones.
B)Ponzi scheme swindlers often display characteristics commonly attributed to good leadership,such as setting visions,communicating them clearly,and motivating others to follow their lead.
C)It is a type of fraud that got its name from one of the earliest known investment fraud swindles,brought to the United States by Charles Ponzi.
D)Investors in such schemes almost always harbor hopes of unrealistic gains,and this in turn makes them vulnerable to scams.
E)All of the statements above are true.

Question 35

__________ refers to theft from one's employer,and is usually committed by otherwise law-abiding people during the course of their employment.

A)Extortion
B)Embezzlement
C)Fraud
D)Antitrust violation
E)Fee-splitting

Question 36

Among juveniles,a very common reason for arrest is __________,such as running away and vagrancy.

A)status offenses
B)occasional offenses
C)property offenses
D)skilled crimes
E)youth busts

Question 37

Which of the following is the CORRECT order (from highest to third-highest)of the sources of illegal revenue of organized crime?

A)drugs,prostitution,gambling
B)pornography,prostitution,gambling
C)gambling,loansharking,drugs
D)loansharking,drugs,gambling
E)drugs,loansharking,prostitution

Question 38

Edwin Sutherland made a major contribution to understanding crime by studying people who break the law as part of their normal business activity.Sutherland called these individuals __________ criminals.

A)business
B)professional
C)white-collar (occupational)
D)pragmatic
E)managerial

Question 39

The rate of weapons-related homicide has decreased recently,largely because of a decline in __________,but also because of the waning of the crack epidemic.

A)gun control laws
B)violence
C)sale of cocaine
D)indiscipline in gangs
E)gang-related shootings

Question 40

__________ is/are NOT an example of occupational or white-collar crime.

A)Labor-law violations
B)Price fixing
C)Antitrust violations
D)Extortion
E)False advertising

Question 41

According to the text,the interactionist theory of criminality that seems to explain the widest range of criminal acts is __________ theory.

A)differential association
B)delinquent subcultures
C)anomie
D)social disorganization
E)social pathology

Question 42

Which of the following is NOT,in Walter Miller's view,a lower-class focal concern?

A)smartness
B)trouble
C)toughness
D)fate
E)dependency

Question 43

Conflict theorists believe that crime is caused by __________.

A)biological deficiencies
B)different socialization patterns
C)confused or contradictory norms
D)association with members of criminal subcultures
E)inequalities of wealth,status,and power

Question 44

In 1980,the median age of Americans was about 30;by 2000,it was __________.

A)31
B)32
C)33
D)34
E)over 35

Question 45

"A person becomes delinquent because of the excess of definitions favorable to violation of law over definitions unfavorable to violation of law." This statement is central to __________.

A)the principle of differential association
B)anomie theory
C)the theory of delinquent subcultures
D)conflict theories of crime
E)differential reinforcement theory

Question 46

According to the delinquent subculture point of view,delinquents form nonutilitarian,malicious,and negativistic subcultures.Delinquents behave in this fashion __________.

A)as a way of associating with others who will teach them the techniques of skilled crime
B)in order to achieve enough power to control certain blocks in their neighborhood
C)in order to celebrate lower-class values
D)because through association with each other,they learn definitions favorable to law violation
E)because as lower-class youth they cannot meet the standards of the "middle-class measuring rod" applied by teachers and others

Question 47

In Walter Miller's view of delinquency,excitement,autonomy,and toughness are __________.

A)characteristics of the delinquent subculture
B)lower-class focal concerns
C)each characteristic of the three major lower-class subcultures
D)dominant cultural values
E)values invented by lower-class youth as they join subcultures

Question 48

The theory of differential association and the subcultural approach to juvenile delinquency exemplify which approach to the explanation of crime?

A)anomie theory
B)interactionism
C)conflict theory
D)demographic factor
E)biological

Question 49

Although there are significant variations from one society to another,a review of numerous studies of crime in different countries concludes that males are __________ times as likely to be arrested as females.

A)2 to 5
B)3 to 15
C)5 to 50
D)10 to 100
E)50 to 1,000

Question 50

In Robert K.Merton's anomie theory,criminality can be the result of the adaptation called innovation.In committing crime,the innovator __________.

A)discovers or invents a new way of committing crime
B)invents various rationalizations to justify his or her crime
C)participates in the formation of new criminal subcultures
D)accepts success goals,but abandons socially approved means of attaining them
E)develops new social norms which replace contradictory or confused rules

Question 51

__________ views the formation of delinquent gangs (a delinquent subculture)as an effort to alleviate the hardships of being at the bottom of the status ladder.

A)Walter Miller
B)Albert K.Cohen
C)Talcott Parsons
D)Gerald Suttles
E)Elijah Anderson

Question 52

The National Household Survey of Substance and Drug Abuse finds that roughly the same proportion of blacks and whites - 12 percent to 13 percent - say that they use illegal substances.Yet,__________ percent of those arrested for drug-related crimes such as trafficking or possession are black.

A)17
B)27
C)37
D)57
E)77

Question 53

In explaining criminality,Robert K.Merton's anomie theory emphasizes __________.

A)insufficient access to the approved means of attaining socially approved goals
B)contact with others in criminal groups from whom one learns attitudes and values supportive of criminality
C)social class inequalities that reflect exploitation of the poor by the well-to-do
D)criminal and delinquent subcultures that form to express adolescent rebellion
E)the process of developing a criminal self-identity

Question 54

Some modern theorists,like Wilson and Herrnstein,defend the identification of biological characteristics that appear to be __________ in criminal behavior.

A)basically unrelated
B)predisposing factors
C)functional prerequisites
D)conflicting ingredients
E)gender specific

Question 55

_________,the feeling of being adrift that arises from the disparity between goals and means,may vary with nationality,ethnic background,bias,religion,and other social characteristics.

A)Anomie
B)Differential association
C)Atavism
D)Innovation
E)Stabilization

Question 56

Which of the following is NOT a part of Edwin Sutherland's theory of differential association?

A)Criminality is learned chiefly within small,intimate groups.
B)The exposure to criminal and noncriminal patterns varies in frequency,duration,priority,and intensity.
C)A person learns favorable and unfavorable definitions of legal codes.
D)A person gains a master-status as deviant or criminal and this affects his or her self-concept.
E)A person learns techniques for committing crimes and the specific direction of motives and drives.

Question 57

Arrest rates for men are higher than for women.The best explanation for this lies in __________.

A)the biological differences between men and women
B)the psychological differences between men and women
C)how public opinion shapes the legislative process
D)the different patterns of socialization that they experience
E)the different life expectancies of males and females

Question 58

Which of the following factors has been determined to be MOST highly correlated with criminal behavior?

A)age
B)occupation
C)body type
D)family type in which one grows up
E)race

Question 59

In 2009,teenagers and young adults accounted for about __________ percent of arrests in the United States.

A)16
B)26
C)36
D)44
E)86

Question 60

Walter Miller's view of delinquency is that delinquent boys are __________.

A)responding to the focal concerns of lower-class life
B)members of one or another of three basic lower-class subcultures
C)members of a delinquent subculture because they aspire to,but cannot reach,middle-class standards
D)delinquent because they have been associating with delinquent peer groups
E)adopting deviant means to reach socially approved goals

Question 61

For many decades,researchers have been able to show that whatever the punishment,__________ is the greatest deterrent to crime.

A)capital punishment
B)incarceration
C)mandatory personal restitution
D)a high likelihood of arrest
E)None of the above

Question 62

__________ refers to the probability that a former inmate will break the law after release and be arrested again.

A)Incapacitation
B)Deterrence
C)Recidivism
D)Recommission
E)Rehabilitation

Question 63

In 2009,about 10 million violent and property crimes were committed in the United States.Of these,only about __________ percent were "cleared" by arrests.

A)5
B)11
C)20
D)31
E)41

Question 64

Some observers,such as Charles Silberman,believe that a major flaw in programs designed to control juvenile delinquency is that __________.

A)too much emphasis is placed on local community involvement
B)too little emphasis is placed on government and the deterrent effect of punishment
C)too much emphasis is placed on the detention and incarceration of juveniles by police,courts,and correctional institutions
D)too few programs give juveniles an actual taste of what it is like to be imprisoned
E)too many attempts try to deal with the social conditions in the environments of juveniles while ignoring the rehabilitative effects of individual therapies

Question 65

The concept of crime and delinquency prevention involves __________.

A)the sum total of all influences and activities that contribute to the development of a nondeviant personality
B)attempts to deal with conditions in a person's environment that are believed to lead to crime and delinquency
C)specific services or programs designed to prevent further crime and delinquency
D)All of the above
E)None of the above

Question 66

The philosophy of crime control based on the idea that offenders should be "paid back" with suffering in return for the suffering they caused others is termed __________.

A)rehabilitation and reprisal
B)retribution and deterrence
C)persuasion and payback
D)prevention and retribution
E)incapacitation and reckoning

Question 67

The text points out that crime remains a major concern of Americans,but citizens are beginning to question certain recent policies.Which of the following is NOT one of those policies?

A)mandatory sentences
B)federal allocations for more police
C)the "three strikes" policy
D)some aspects of the war on drugs,which have resulted in large increases in the prison population
E)All of the above are mentioned in the text.

Question 68

According to the text,two approaches would probably deter much occupational crime.They are __________.

A)legal reform,particularly tougher penalties,and stronger enforcement
B)more lenient penalties and less rigorous enforcement
C)better federal reformatories and updated laws
D)more education and updated laws
E)elimination of the upper class and tough prisons

Question 69

The idea of __________ rests on the concept of crime as a social aberration and the offender as a social misfit whose aberrant behavior can be modified to conform to society's norms.

A)incapacitation
B)deterrence
C)retribution
D)prevention
E)rehabilitation

Question 70

According to the text,the nature of the __________ itself is a major hindrance to rehabilitative efforts.

A)criminal law
B)prison system
C)legal system
D)parole system
E)probation system

Question 71

In a 1990 study of the juvenile justice system and rehabilitation,sociologist Mark Jacobs found that professionals in the system feel they must __________ in order to make it rehabilitate rather than do further harm to juvenile offenders and young people in need of supervision.

A)patronize the system
B)"screw" the system
C)perjure themselves
D)disobey the law
E)commit crimes

Question 72

According to the text,thus far,it appears that punitive "boot camp" correctional programs are __________ in comparison to other types.

A)slightly more effective
B)more effective
C)much more effective
D)less effective
E)no more effective

Question 73

Many states are experimenting with programs in which youthful offenders can attend school or job training while in prison or in lieu of prison.Programs like these are controversial because __________.

A)violent offenders are expected to do "hard time"
B)they are regarded as too expensive
C)politicians resent rehabilitative techniques
D)qualified personnel cannot be recruited to work within them
E)All of the above

Question 74

__________ is community supervision of persons who have been released from prison.

A)Probation
B)Prerelease
C)Furlough release
D)Domestic visitation
E)Parole

Question 75

The Chicago Area Project was __________.

A)a project designed to develop youth welfare programs that would work after the project leaders moved on
B)a program testing whether or not urban renewal is associated with a decline in delinquency rates in an area
C)a study of whether or not the racial and/or ethnic characteristics of residents of neighborhoods affect the crime rate in these areas
D)a study comparing the crime rates of immigrants and nonimmigrants
E)a program integrating ex-offenders into work situations in local industries

Question 76

__________ is the capacity of a social group,which could be an entire society,to regulate itself according to a set of "higher moral principles beyond those of self interest."

A)Social control
B)Anomie
C)Differential regulation
D)Retribution
E)Deterrence

Question 77

Most judicial determinations of guilt are achieved by agreement that produces a guilty plea in return for considerations such as a reduced sentence.This is known formally as __________.

A)bargain justice
B)guilt agreements
C)plea bargaining
D)consideration exchange
E)dealing for a plea

Question 78

The text points out that by the early 1990s,rates of juvenile crimes and the number of juveniles in criminal detention had risen dramatically.These statistics have produced which of the following reactions?

A)Victims of these crimes are calling for tougher penalties.
B)Critics of the trend toward greater punitiveness believe that putting young offenders in prison will simply produce more super-predators.
C)Some small-scale community-based approaches have been attempted.
D)All of the above
E)None of the above

Question 79

Rehabilitation programs that allow the prisoner to leave the prison during the day to work at an outside job are known as __________ programs.

A)furlough
B)apprenticeship
C)work release
D)probation
E)parole

Question 80

The usual "rehabilitation" that prisoners receive while within the walls of the prison is __________.

A)secondary education
B)individual psychotherapy
C)education for basic literacy
D)group therapy
E)work training