Deck 3: Problems of Mental Illness and Treatment

Question 1

In the young,suicide is almost always the result of __________.

A)organic brain dysfunction
B)parental abuse or neglect
C)alcohol or drug use
D)depression or other forms of mental illness
E)rage syndrome

Answer 1

D

Question 2

The __________ perspective focuses on the "social construction" of mental illness;i.e.,how interactions producing the label,mentally ill,may cause the labeled person to accept the definition and behave accordingly.

A)interactionist
B)conflict
C)functionalist
D)social disorganization
E)social pathology

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Approximately 80 percent of the world's 450 million mentally disabled people live in __________.

A)developing nations
B)post-industrial societies
C)China
D)Russia
E)the United States

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Among the ten leading causes of role impairment,there are three mental illnesses.Which of the following is NOT one of these?

A)generalized anxiety disorder
B)panic
C)major depression
D)schizophrenia

Question 5

The most sensational forms of mental illness are those that threaten __________.

A)individuals
B)government
C)politics
D)social order
E)None of the above

Question 6

It is said that the mentally ill suffer twice.This means that the people affected suffer both __________.

A)mentally and physically
B)mentally and financially
C)illness and rejection
D)now and later
E)psychologically and physiologically

Question 7

The __________ model of mental illness argues that mental illness results from the way people who are considered mentally ill are treated.

A)medical
B)deviance
C)government power
D)treatment
E)reaction

Question 8

According to the text's discussion of suicide,__________.

A)not all suicide is irrational and related to mental illness
B)among the elderly,dementia is usually unrelated to depression
C)suicide is rarely the result of rational choices
D)in the young,suicide is seldom the result of depression
E)None of the above

Question 9

In social scientific terms,mental illness refers to __________.

A)mental disorders that require hospitalization
B)mental disorders for which one sees a psychiatrist
C)sickness that places a person out of touch with reality
D)illness for which there is no cause
E)insane and irrational behavior

Question 10

Around the world,the World Health Organization estimates that suicide is responsible for __________ percent of all deaths.

A)1
B)2
C)3
D)4
E)5

Question 11

Alternative views of mental illness include __________.

A)the medical model
B)the deviance approach
C)the idea that mental illness is not a disease
D)All of the above
E)None of the above

Question 12

How we define "normal" and "deviant" behavior can lead to definitions of mental disorder.This process is part of what is termed the social __________ of mental illness.

A)reaffirmation
B)causation
C)remediation
D)construction
E)elimination

Question 13

Thomas Scheff (1963),formulated the concept of ________,which states that most social conventions are recognized as such,and violation of those conventions carries fairly clear labels.

A)problems in living
B)the medical model
C)the biological model
D)residual deviance
E)None of the above

Question 14

The __________ model of mental illness argues that mental illness is a disease with biological causes,remedied primarily by treating the patient.

A)physical
B)physician's
C)medical
D)deviance
E)diagnostic

Question 15

One important source of funds and research on mental illness is the __________.

A)National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH)
B)National Science Foundation (NSF)
C)National Academy of Sciences (NAS)
D)National Association of Charities (NAC)
E)National Archives (NA)

Question 16

When Thomas Scheff states that what is typically referred to as mental illness is a form of residual deviance,he means that much of what is called mental illness __________.

A)involves reactions to social conventions that are taken for granted
B)is deviance that is left over from ordinary forms
C)is mental illness that resides in the individual's social conscience
D)is deviance that is a residue from physical illness
E)is mental illness that is biologically caused by certain residues

Question 17

Deinstitutionalization refers to __________.

A)preparing a person for entry into a mental hospital
B)discharging patients from mental hospitals directly into the community
C)removing mental illnesses from coverage under insanity defenses in the criminal law
D)making sure that juveniles do not serve time in prisons for adults
E)social practices that no longer have salience

Question 18

The __________ perspective focuses on how social inequality and deprivation may be associated with mental illness.

A)interactionist
B)conflict theorist
C)functionalist
D)social disorganization
E)social pathology

Question 19

For Thomas Scheff,the key step in residual deviance becoming a mental disorder is __________.

A)when the individual considers taking the deviant action
B)when the courts decide that this is the case
C)after the individual recognizes what he/she has done
D)when the patient is released from the mental hospital
E)when society decides to label it as one

Question 20

The __________ perspective focuses on how,in societies undergoing rapid social change,with separation from families and/or familiar social environments,mental illness can become a problem.

A)Interactionist
B)conflict
C)functionalist
D)social disorganization
E)social pathology

Question 21

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)was previously referred to as __________.

A)schizophrenia
B)manic-depression
C)generalized anxiety disorder
D)neurosis
E)shell shock or combat fatigue

Question 22

Which of the following was/were (an)important finding(s)of the Midtown Manhattan study of mental illness?

A)The percentage of the population with significantly impaired mental functioning was quite small,only 2-3 percent.
B)The highest rates of mental illness were in the wealthier,more affluent areas.
C)There appeared to be a relationship between parental social status and the mental health of their children.
D)All of the above
E)None of the above

Question 23

Which of the following is NOT a symptom of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)?

A)flashbacks
B)nightmares
C)schizophrenia
D)feelings of detachment
E)sleeplessness

Question 24

Thomas Szasz argues that what most call mental illness should be regarded as (a)__________.

A)criminal or deviant behavior
B)physically based disorder
C)manifestations of unresolved problems in living
D)behavior that has biological or physiological causes
E)behavior that is real and concrete,not mythical

Question 25

Studies agree that psychosis in general and schizophrenia in particular are much more common at the __________ socioeconomic level.

A)lowest
B)middle
C)upper-middle
D)upper
E)upper-upper

Question 26

Which one of the following standard classification terms of mental disorder is NOT a part of the new classification manual of the American Psychiatric Association?

A)substance use disorders
B)schizophrenia
C)somatoform disorders
D)organic mental disorders
E)neurosis

Question 27

The American Psychiatric Association's standard manual of mental disorders is the __________.

A)Mental Illness Inventory
B)Manual of the Diagnosis and Treatment of Mental Disorders
C)Census of Mental Illness
D)Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (IV)
E)Psychiatric Inventory of Mental Disorders

Question 28

The text points out that __________ is a feature of urban life that has received particular attention in studies of the causes of mental illness.

A)crime
B)noise pollution
C)crowding in the home
D)air pollution
E)apathy

Question 29

Thomas Szasz believes that individual liberty can be unwittingly sacrificed through too great a concern for __________.
A)neuroses

A)the "cure" for "mental illness"
B)labeling mental illness
C)the "therapeutic state"
D)organic brain dysfunction

Question 30

A study of the effects of psychological disorder on social mobility in southern Appalachia showed that psychological disorder __________.

A)has no effect on social mobility
B)is irrelevant to social mobility since there is no social mobility in southern Appalachia
C)retards upward mobility
D)produces drastic downward mobility in almost all cases
E)produces horizontal,but not upward or downward vertical mobility

Question 31

As a standard sociological concept,__________ is MOST important in understanding the incidence of mental illness.

A)the group
B)society
C)assimilation
D)social disorder
E)social class

Question 32

The social selection or drift hypothesis suggests that __________.

A)social class is a cause of mental disorder
B)social class and mental disorder are unrelated
C)people "drift" into mental illness
D)social class is a consequence of mental disorder
E)None of the above

Question 33

The explanation holding that social class is a consequence of mental disorder is termed the __________.

A)mobility thesis
B)class deprivation hypothesis
C)class stress hypothesis
D)drift hypothesis
E)downward slide hypothesis

Question 34

Labeling theorists tend to view schizophrenia as behavior that __________.

A)is evil
B)is criminal
C)violates society's norms and expectations
D)has no social causes
E)indicates organic illness

Question 35

In explaining racial differences in mental health,__________ is the most important variable.

A)race
B)age
C)social class
D)marital status
E)family size

Question 36

In one of the earliest studies of the relationship between mental illness and place of residence (in Chicago),it was discovered that the HIGHEST rates of mental illness existed in the __________.

A)financial district
B)suburban zone
C)areas where there are stable,working-class homes and families
D)center of the city,where the population was poor,of mixed ethnic and racial background,and highly mobile

Question 37

Serious systematic study of the relationships between social conditions and mental disorders dates back to the __________.

A)1860s
B)1890s
C)1930s
D)1950s
E)1980s

Question 38

Which of the following is/are (a)problem(s)with labeling people as mentally ill?

A)Labeling leads to the identification of people as "sick," and attempts to eliminate this behavior.
B)Labeling gives public authorities the right to incarcerate people for nonconformity.
C)Labeling causes people to adjust their self-image to conform to that image of themselves as rule breakers and undesirables.
D)All of the above
E)None of the above

Question 39

__________ affect(s)whether a person's mental illness is diagnosed and treated.

A)Place of residence
B)Sex
C)Ethnic or racial identity
D)All of the above
E)None of the above

Question 40

Regarding the social construction of mental illness,sociologists __________.

A)do not recognize the biological basis for mental illness
B)believe that the classification of mental illnesses is not affected by how we think about the causes,consequences,and possibilities for treatment of mental illness
C)believe that mentally ill people are usually not treated as "social deviants"
D)All of the above
E)None of the above

Question 41

__________ is usually the key to a patient gaining release from a mental hospital.

A)Having served the length of one's sentence there
B)Showing the staff that you are "cured" by correcting their interpretation of your condition
C)Showing that you can "make it outside" by being strong enough to act rebellious or self-assertive in contact with the staff
D)Accepting or appearing to accept the official interpretation the staff gives to the patient's hospital stay and prehospital life
E)Passing all of the diagnostic tests that show the patient is well

Question 42

For over a century,the public mental-health system,including state and local services,subsidized the private mental-health system through the technique of __________.

A)cost shifting
B)labeling
C)ambulance chasing
D)halfway houses
E)community care

Question 43

The category of women who experience the highest rates of depression __________.

A)are single parents and in the labor force
B)have husbands employed in stressful jobs
C)strive to be professionals in the labor force
D)have husbands who travel a great deal
E)are economically secure and therefore have nothing to challenge them

Question 44

__________ refers to the movement toward treatment of mental patients outside of hospitals in facilities near where they live.

A)Residential treatment
B)Community psychology
C)Locality treatment
D)Residential area psychotherapy
E)Urban-based treatment

Question 45

The problem of homelessness __________.

A)involves a big-city homeless population,almost all of whose members suffer from mental illness
B)was made more severe by deinstitutionalization
C)can best be solved by placing persons back into mental hospitals
D)All of the above
E)None of the above

Question 46

In the Rosenhan investigation of "pseudo-patients" admitted to mental hospitals,the pseudo-patients,observing interaction between staff and patients,felt that the atmosphere in the hospital produced a sense of __________.

A)care and concern
B)powerlessness and depersonalization
C)politeness and cordiality
D)brutality and degradation
E)coldness and efficiency

Question 47

About __________ percent of those who receive treatment for emotional problems did not actually have disorders that met the diagnostic criteria for a mental disorder.

A)10
B)20
C)30
D)40
E)50

Question 48

As a nonmedical approach to the treatment of mental disorders,__________ has been used to help patients recall deeply repressed but significant memories that are blocking their progress toward understanding and dealing with present problems.

A)hypnosis
B)psychoanalysis
C)client-centered therapy
D)family therapy
E)support group therapy

Question 49

The most recent incidence research in the United States and worldwide shows that __________ percent of all lifetime cases of mental illness begin by age 14.

A)6
B)8
C)10
D)50
E)14

Question 50

The mental hospital became the common and preferred place of treatment for mental illness during the __________.

A)late twentieth century
B)late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries
C)late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries
D)late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries
E)mid-twentieth century

Question 51

The key to locality-based,out-patient treatment of mental patients in a small residential community in which the patient resides when in transition from hospital treatment to complete release.This community is termed a __________.

A)work-release house
B)hospital-home transition house
C)community house
D)pre-release house
E)halfway house

Question 52

During the first half of the twentieth century,the number of people treated in mental hospitals increased by a large amount.Today,this trend has been reversed by a countertrend toward __________.

A)early mortality
B)decriminalization
C)deinstitutionalization
D)detoxification
E)decarceration

Question 53

The trend toward deinstitutionalization is generally attributed to the introduction of __________.

A)halfway houses
B)psychotropic drugs
C)community psychology
D)the labeling of mental illness
E)the drift hypothesis

Question 54

Alcoholics Anonymous,Weight Watchers,and Gamblers Anonymous are examples of __________.

A)hypnotic therapy
B)support group therapy
C)client-centered therapy
D)behavior modification
E)psychoanalysis

Question 55

__________ is/are (a)factor(s)in the declining number of people treated in mental hospitals.

A)Increased concern over the rights of the mentally ill
B)State financial crises requiring budget reduction
C)Expansion of federal health and welfare programs and new ideas about community treatment of the mentally ill
D)All of the above
E)None of the above

Question 56

Sigmund Freud pioneered __________ as a nonmedical form of treatment.

A)psychoanalysis
B)behavior modification
C)support group therapy
D)client-centered therapy
E)avoidance therapy

Question 57

According to your text,mental hospitals __________.

A)always place treatment before custody and security
B)that are run by the state as public institutions are more heavily funded and expertly operated than private mental hospitals
C)usually upgrade a patient's sense of self-esteem and commonly do more good than harm
D)All of the above
E)None of the above

Question 58

Erving Goffman referred to the mental hospitals as __________ institutions.

A)total
B)remedial
C)residual
D)therapeutic
E)uncontrolled

Question 59

There is widespread agreement among researchers that __________.

A)women experience significantly lower rates of depression in comparison to men
B)men exhibit significantly lower rates of personality disorders in comparison to women
C)women who are single parents and in the labor force experience the highest rates of depression
D)All of the above
E)None of the above

Question 60

The two major approaches to the treatment of mental disorders are __________ and __________.

A)exercise;healthy diet
B)surgery;psychotherapy
C)drug therapy;involuntary institutionalization
D)voluntary commitment;involuntary commitment
E)psychotherapy;drug or electroconvulsive therapy

Question 61

Which of the following is NOT a factor in leading people to the erroneous notion that the homeless are almost all mentally ill?

A)viewing homelessness as an illness instead of a social condition
B)difficulty in assessing the mental status of the homeless
C)the high visibility of the homeless that are mentally ill
D)lack of mass media attention to the problem of the homeless
E)the tendency to blame deinstitutionalization for the problem of homelessness

Question 62

What is deinstitutionalization? Discuss the problems created by the move to deinstitutionalize mentally ill patients.

Question 63

Describe how mental illness is explained according to the medical model.

Question 64

Discuss the correlation between mental illness,age and adolescence.

Question 65

Sociologists opposed to reinstitutionalization have made all of the following arguments AGAINST reinstitutionalization EXCEPT ________.

A)that it would herald the return to the era of the "snake pit" and grim,underfunded,understaffed orphanages
B)that reinstitutionalization threatens ideals of community care,patients' rights
C)that mainstreaming of people with mental disabilities,or histories of neglect may be threatened
D)that it amounts to warehousing of troubled and neglected members of society,which is why many mental hospitals and orphanages were shut down
E)that reinstitutionalization would not alleviate the suffering of mentally ill homeless people who live on the streets

Question 66

Compare and contrast the major nonmedical forms of treatment of mental illness.What are the strengths and weaknesses of each?

Question 67

Which of the basic explanations of mental illness seems most accurate? Why?

Question 68

Describe how mental illness is explained according to the deviance model.

Question 69

According to the text's discussion __________.

A)anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa affect twice as many boys and men as girls and young women
B)attention deficit hyperactivity disorder is almost twice as common among girls and young women as it is among boys and young men
C)anorexia nervosa,bulimia nervosa,and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder are the most common and problematic health problems among children and adolescents in the United States
D)All of the above
E)None of the above

Question 70

Under the healthcare reform law of 2010,__________.

A)benefits policies issued by insurance companies impose a lifetime limit of benefits for mental illness up to $50,000
B)the Surgeon General's office will pass regulations that ensure that one-third of Americans who need psychiatric help receive it
C)state and municipal governments will assume the burden of caring for the mentally ill through shelters
D)selling of firearms and ammunition will include rigorous mental health checks
E)insurance companies cannot deny coverage for preexisting conditions,whether physical or mental;thus ensuring that millions of Americans receive treatments.

Question 71

Explain how the drift hypothesis explains the relationship between mental illness and poverty.

Question 72

Discuss Thomas Szasz's "problems in living" approach.

Question 73

Does poverty causes mental illness?

Question 74

The political battles surrounding mental-health care in the United States focus largely on __________.

A)defining the problem
B)the issue of parity
C)laying blame
D)agency reorganization
E)costs

Question 75

The U.S economy loses an estimated ________ billion through untreated and mistreated mental illness.

A)$14
B)$27
C)$73
D)$93
E)$113

Question 76

Based on the text's discussion,discuss the relationship between suicide and mental illness.

Question 77

Compare and contrast the three basic sociological perspectives on mental illness.

Question 78

Describe the findings of investigations dealing with the relationships between mental illness and social class.

Question 79

Describe the major shortcomings of the treatment of patients in mental hospitals.

Question 80

Discuss how the aging U.S.population is a growing concern for those involved in mental-health care.