Deck 18: Final Exam

Question 1

Which of the intermittent schedules produces the highest rates of responding?

A) Variable ratio
B) Fixed ratio
C) Fixed interval
D) Variable interval

Answer 1

Variable ratio

Question 2

The motor cortex is a part of the __________ lobe, whereas the primary sensory cortex is part of the __________ lobe.

A) parietal; frontal
B) frontal; parietal
C) temporal; occipital
D) occipital; parietal

Answer 2

frontal; parietal

Question 3

When researchers use behavioural genetics studies to estimate heritability, what do they measure?

A) Effects of genes in the absence of environmental impacts.
B) Effects of behaviour on gene expression.
C) Proportion of genes associates with specific behaviours.
D) Effects of both genes and environments on specific traits.

Answer 3

Effects of both genes and environments on specific traits.

Question 4

When conducting a survey, which of the following research techniques is most important for ensuring that your sample is representative of the wider population?

A) random selection.
B) blinding procedures.
C) self-report measures.
D) random assignment.

Question 5

The gate control model of pain perception argues that neural mechanisms in the __________ are involved in controlling the flow of sensory input to the central nervous system.

A) thalamus
B) mechanoreceptors
C) somatosensory cortex
D) spinal cord

Question 6

Which of the following correlations represents the weakest correlation between two variables?

A) Daily calcium intake and bone mass density, r = +.11
B) Number of cigarettes smoked per day and incidence of lung cancer, r = +.39
C) Degree of exposure to lead and IQ scores in children, r = -.12
D) Hours of exposure to media violence and aggressive behaviour, r = +.31

Question 7

The only research design that allows us to make cause-and-effect inferences is the __________ design.

A) naturalistic observation
B) case study
C) experimental
D) correlational

Question 8

Suppose you were one of the early students in the new field of psychology. Your mentor is interested in answers to questions such as "Why do we see in colour?" "Why do people cry when they are sad?" and "Why do we dream?" Your mentor's approach is most consistent with the __________ perspective.

A) psychoanalytic
B) behaviourist
C) functionalist
D) structuralist

Question 9

Medical researchers want to determine if hypnosis is better at pain control than a sugar pill (placebo). The researcher randomly assigns participants to the two groups and determines how long they can keep their hands in a bowl of ice water. What is the independent variable?

A) Participants
B) Pain experienced
C) Duration of time in ice water
D) Pain control technique

Question 10

__________ are general explanations, whereas __________ are specific predictions derived from these explanations.

A) hypotheses; theories
B) theories; hypotheses
C) biases; heuristics
D) heuristics; biases

Question 11

Researchers have demonstrated that people who believe that hypnosis will help them quit smoking have much greater success in quitting than people who don't believe that hypnosis will be effective. Which theory of hypnosis is supported by this evidence?

A) psychodynamic theory
B) sociocognitive theory
C) dissociation theory
D) trance theory

Question 12

Some people believe that the earth is flat, because that's what they can observe when they look out at the world. Which of the following terms is illustrated by this sort of error?

A) the confirmation bias.
B) naive realism.
C) logical fallacies.
D) communalism.

Question 13

Which of the following is the correct order of neuron parts, from the point that an impulse enters the neuron to the point where the neuron sends an impulse out?

A) dendrites, axon, cell body, axon terminal
B) terminal buttons, axon, cell body, dendrites
C) axon, cell body, dendrites, axon terminal
D) dendrites, cell body, axon, axon terminal

Question 14

Circadian rhythms are controlled by the

A) pineal gland.
B) suprachiasmatic nucleus.
C) thalamus.
D) hippocampus.

Question 15

Sarah learned to associate the smell of popcorn with watching movies. Which type of learning is this?

A) classical conditioning
B) sensitization
C) operant conditioning
D) habituation

Question 16

Julian is getting his eyes tested, and the doctor asks him to indicate when the image on the screen gets brighter or darker than it was previously. The doctor is trying to determine Julian's

A) absolute threshold.
B) adaptation threshold.
C) just noticeable difference.
D) signal detection.

Question 17

Which component of the nervous system mobilizes the body in times of crisis?

A) Central
B) Somatic
C) Sympathetic
D) Parasympathetic

Question 18

To believe that everyone admitted to hospital is necessarily ill (or they wouldn't be there) demonstrates

A) belief perseverance.
B) the availability heuristic.
C) healthy skepticism.
D) confirmation bias.

Question 19

The __________ is where incoming light is converted into nerve impulses and the __________ is where light is most sharply focused.

A) retina; pupil
B) optic nerve; cornea
C) blind spot; pupil
D) retina; fovea

Question 20

Which of the following is an example of operant conditioning?

A) Feeling nervous when you hear spooky music during a horror movie.
B) Learning to like a new band because your best friend likes it.
C) Encouraging a child to do his chores by giving him a cookie when he has completed them.
D) Reducing a patient's fear of spiders by associating spiders with relaxation.

Question 21

Which of the following would be most likely to cause an error, in a Stroop task?

A) reading the word 'truck' printed in blue ink
B) reading the word 'orange' printed in blue ink
C) identifying the ink colour of the word 'truck'
D) identifying the ink colour of the word 'orange'

Question 22

Research on children's development of motor milestones suggests that

A) this process is primarily a biological one and reflects innately programmed changes consistent across cultures.
B) motor developments are dependent on physical maturation, which is guided by our biological changes.
C) motor development is purely an environmental process and is not limited by physiological constraints.
D) while there are physiological limits on development, parenting styles and culture shape the variations in motor development.

Question 23

Which of the following is the correct order of development during gestation?

A) zygote; embryo; blastocyst; fetus
B) blastocyst; fetus; embryo; zygote
C) embryo; fetus; blastocyst; zygote
D) zygote; blastocyst; embryo; fetus

Question 24

The capacity to understand hypothetical concepts is called __________ thinking.

A) prospective
B) abstract
C) retrospective
D) intuitive

Question 25

According to Piaget, what are the two adjustment processes that children use to maintain equilibration?

A) Sensorimotor experiences and egocentrism
B) Concrete and formal operations
C) Accommodation and assimilation
D) Object permanence and conservation

Question 26

Much of our language uses arbitrary symbols What does this mean?

A) Language is used for communication.
B) The word that represents an item could be anything.
C) Words don't have clear meanings.
D) Language is more important than other aspects of cognition.

Question 27

Our accumulated knowledge of the world over time is called __________ intelligence.

A) aptitude
B) abstract
C) crystallized
D) fluid

Question 28

Someone with brain damage could lose language abilities, but may still maintain other skills and abilities, like math or creativity. Which concept of intelligence is supported by evidence like this?

A) Cattell and Horn's fluid and crystalized intelligences
B) Galton's emphasis on sensory abilities
C) Gardner's multiple intelligence theory
D) Sternberg's triarchic theory

Question 29

Shalissa is described as being socially skilled and able to manipulate situations to her advantage. In Sternberg's triarchic model, she would likely score high in

A) analytical intelligence.
B) creative intelligence.
C) practical intelligence.
D) exponential intelligence.

Question 30

Research has demonstrated that above a certain high level of IQ, intelligence is no longer predictive of important real-world accomplishments. Psychologists call this

A) the threshold effect.
B) a negatively skewed distribution.
C) deviation IQ.
D) a restriction of range.

Question 31

Camilla is learning French. She knows a lot of French words, but struggles to have a conversation because the word order is different than English and she gets confused. Which aspect of the language is difficult for Camilla?

A) morphemes.
B) phonemes.
C) syntax.
D) extralinguistic information.

Question 32

Empirical studies on short-term memory have demonstrated that its capacity is __________ and its duration is __________.

A) unlimited; about 20 seconds
B) large; up to 30 minutes
C) limited; about 10-15 seconds
D) large; the length of an average day

Question 33

Dallas is a 10-year-old boy who has a mental age of 10 years. His IQ would be

A) 80.
B) 100.
C) 115.
D) 130.

Question 34

Which of the following pairs of emotions would be most difficult to tell apart, based on facial expressions?

A) happiness and contempt
B) anger and fear
C) happiness and disgust
D) sadness and surprise

Question 35

If people make a judgment based on how easy it is for an instance to come to mind, they may fall victim to the

A) belief perseverance effect.
B) representativeness heuristic.
C) hindsight bias.
D) availability heuristic.

Question 36

Which research method is most suitable for studying how people change over time?

A) Observational
B) Longitudinal
C) Correlational
D) Cross-sectional

Question 37

You and your friends are getting together on Friday to play a trivia game at a local pub. What type of memory is most important for doing well in this game?

A) Iconic memory
B) Episodic memory
C) Semantic memory
D) Implicit memory

Question 38

In the 1950s, George Miller estimated the number of items that could be stored in short-term memory to be the magic number

A) five, plus or minus four.
B) seven, plus or minus two.
C) nine, plus or minus three.
D) 11, plus or minus one.

Question 39

Ali watches his brother hide a toy under the pillow on the couch and then leave the room. A few minutes later, his sister comes in, finds the toy, and takes it outside. If Ali is 5 years old, and he is asked where his brother will look for the toy, what is he most likely to say?

A) outside, because he hasn't yet developed theory of mind
B) under the pillow, because he has a theory of mind
C) outside, because he is would fail conservation tasks
D) under the pillow, because he is likely to pass conservation tasks

Question 40

If you obey the rules because you're afraid of punishment, which stage of moral development does that represent?

A) formal conventional morality.
B) postconventional morality.
C) conventional morality.
D) preconventional morality.

Question 41

Which of the following results demonstrates that shared environment plays very little role in adult personality?

A) Fraternal twins reared apart are less similar than fraternal twins reared together.
B) Identical twins reared together are more similar than fraternal twins reared together.
C) Identical twins tend to be more similar than fraternal twins.
D) Identical twins reared apart are as similar as identical twins reared together.

Question 42

Which statement is consistent with the James-Lange theory of emotion?

A) "I run because I'm afraid."
B) "I'm crying because I'm sad."
C) "I'm happy because I laugh."
D) "I'm perspiring because I'm anxious."

Question 43

Physical arousal has to be interpreted cognitively before it is experienced as a specific emotion, according to

A) somatic marker theory.
B) the James-Lange theory.
C) the Cannon-Bard theory.
D) two-factor theory.

Question 44

What is the main purpose of the alarm stage of the general adaptation syndrome?

A) to evaluate whether you have appropriate resources to deal with a threat
B) to energize us in preparation for dealing with a threat
C) to keep us calm when our environments are unpredictable
D) to recover from a threat that has passed

Question 45

Amanda, Sarah, Jonas, and William have been assigned a group project. Amanda ends up doing most of the work while the others get the same grade as she. This is an example of

A) conformity.
B) social loafing.
C) pluralistic ignorance.
D) groupthink.

Question 46

Which of the following are the leading indicators of coronary heart disease?

A) Advanced age and lifestyle
B) High blood pressure and family history of the disease
C) Stress and personality type
D) Diabetes and age

Question 47

Kelly is known for accusing others of cheating during games, but she herself is very prone to cheating. Which of the following Freudian defence mechanisms is reflected by Kelly's behaviour?

A) Displacement
B) Sublimation
C) Projection
D) Reaction-formation

Question 48

You get on an elevator. Everyone is facing to the right. You turn and also face to the right. This is an example of

A) obedience.
B) comparison.
C) attribution.
D) conformity.

Question 49

Many have compared Freud's idea of the mind to an iceberg. If that were the case, what part of the mind would you see above the water?

A) Ego
B) Superego
C) Preconscious
D) Id

Question 50

Jaime applied to several law schools but was not accepted at any of them. He says that he is actually relieved-he really didn't want to be a lawyer anyway. Jaime appears to be engaging in __________ coping.

A) stress-centred
B) rationally-focused
C) problem-focused
D) emotion-focused

Question 51

The polygraph should be more accurately titled ________________ rather than a lie detector.

A) a guilt detector
B) a confession detector
C) an arousal detector
D) a truth detector

Question 52

You observe a person at the grocery store get angry and yell at the cashier. Which of these attributions illustrates the fundamental attribution error?

A) The yeller is a mean, angry person.
B) The cashier is overworked.
C) The yeller has had a bad day.
D) The cashier has had a bad day.

Question 53

Which of the following is an example of the natural commonplace false belief?

A) Herbal remedies are healthy because they use plants rather than pharmaceuticals.
B) Homeopathic medicine is effective because it induces a counterreaction.
C) Meditation can induce relaxation, which is the natural opposite of stress.
D) If many people use a therapy, then it must have benefits.

Question 54

Which of the following is associated with the diffusion of responsibility effect that leads to bystander nonintervention?

A) People experience pluralistic ignorance.
B) People are distracted by the presence of others, and don't notice emergencies.
C) People tend to minimize the distress of others, consistent with the fundamental attribution error.
D) People feel less responsible for the negative consequences of not helping.

Question 55

Being part of a large crowd that stampedes into a store for a massive Boxing Day Sale would be an example of

A) conformity.
B) obedience.
C) influence.
D) deindividuation.

Question 56

Patti used to look forward to going out for dinner, because it was a rare treat when she was younger and couldn't afford to go out much. She would look forward to it for days, and it made her very happy. Now that she goes out for dinner regularly for work, she doesn't really think about it as a particularly important event and it doesn't have much effect on her happiness levels. Which of the following is illustrated by this example?

A) durability bias
B) hedonic treadmill
C) pessimism
D) affective forecasting

Question 57

According to the 'stress as transaction' model, which of the following is the cause of stress?

A) Our underlying vulnerabilities.
B) The events we experience.
C) Our interpretation of events.
D) The physiological reactions we experience.

Question 58

Which of the following terms is used to describe the process of disclosing painful feelings or releasing negative emotions through yelling or punching a pillow?

A) Catharsis
B) Crisis debriefing
C) Psychoanalysis
D) Proactive coping

Question 59

According to the facial feedback hypothesis, when an actor is directed to look angry, it is most likely that

A) he will be amused to be simulating anger.
B) he will be pleased that he does it so well.
C) he will feel a bit angry.
D) his audience will feel angry.

Question 60

David just found out that his new coworker is also named David, so he jokes that the new guy must be really smart and capable just based on his name! Which of the following is consistent with David's reaction?

A) groupthink
B) implicit egotism
C) adaptive conservatism
D) cognitive dissonance

Question 61

The humanistic concept of _______________ refers to the drive to develop our innate potential to the fullest possible extent.

A) The superiority complex
B) The reality principle
C) Self-actualization
D) Locus of control

Question 62

The person-centred therapist has to be able to acknowledge and understand what the client is feeling and experiencing. This process is referred to as

A) empathy.
B) unconditional positive regard.
C) conditions of worth.
D) reflection.

Question 63

Which criterion for abnormality is met by someone who doesn't seem to care about bathing or other personal hygiene, to the point where friends and neighbours have started to complain?

A) Biological dysfunction
B) Impairment
C) Subjective distress
D) Statistical rarity

Question 64

Shelby spends much of her day worrying about things. She often experiences disturbances in sleep and often feels tense, even in situations where there is nothing that is directly threatening her safety. Which of the following is most consistent with Shelby's experience?

A) agoraphobia
B) major depressive disorder
C) social anxiety disorder
D) generalized anxiety disorder

Question 65

Monica is described by her friends as very organized, careful, and responsible. Monica is likely to obtain an elevated score on which of the following Big Five traits?

A) Openness
B) Neuroticism
C) Extraversion
D) Conscientiousness

Question 66

Which of the following is associated with the psychopathic personality?

A) low levels of arousal
B) sensitivity to stress or fear
C) elevated mood
D) vulnerability to depression

Question 67

Which of the following is a reason for physicians to be cautious about overprescribing SSRIs for the treatment of depression?

A) The risk of addiction is quite high
B) Depression isn't actually treated by SSRIs, but its symptoms are masked
C) Risk of suicide increases with SSRI treatment, especially among adolescents
D) There are serious side effects, including tardive dyskinesia

Question 68

Holly has recently entered therapy for her major depressive disorder at an important "down" period in her life. Her therapist suggests that she and Holly will work together to identify and change Holly's irrational thinking. After six weeks, Holly feels less depressed. Suppose, however, that the change resulted not from the therapy but rather from the normal "ups and downs" that people experience. This suggests that clinicians need to consider the impact of ________ on therapeutic outcomes.

A) self-serving biases
B) spontaneous remission
C) the placebo effect
D) retrospective rewriting of the past

Question 69

What category of therapy is most concerned with improving a client's awareness of the underlying causes of his or her difficulties?

A) Behavioural
B) Insight
C) Cognitive
D) Biological

Question 70

A person with schizophrenia who displays bizarre or rigid postures, often seeming to get "stuck" in certain positions for hours, is displaying what symptom of schizophrenia?

A) Delusions
B) Disorganization
C) Catatonia
D) Echolalia

Question 71

A therapist is more likely to be effective when they demonstrate which of the following characteristics?

A) They remain detached and unsympathetic.
B) They establish a sterile working relationship with patients.
C) They contradict patients to challenge their thought patterns.
D) They match their approach to the needs of the patient.

Question 72

Svetlana is afraid of flying and has sought out therapeutic help to overcome her fear. The therapist gradually exposes Svetlana to flying-related stimuli in real-life, such as sitting on an airplane, and teaches her anxiety reduction techniques. What type of therapeutic technique is Svetlana's therapist using?

A) Assertion training
B) In vivo desensitization
C) Response prevention
D) Implosive therapy

Question 73

According to Adler, what feelings lead us to have a need to dominate other people?

A) aggression
B) fixation
C) inferiority
D) arousal

Question 74

Disorders listed in the DSM-5 tend to be __________ which means that each disorder is considered to be different from each other disorder.

A) categorical
B) dimensional
C) comorbid
D) valid

Question 75

When a patient arrives in the emergency room, he is restless and irritable with unlimited energy and a rapid rate of speech. The attending psychiatrist believes the patient has taken cocaine or amphetamines and admits him for observation. The next day the symptoms are the same, which suggests that the symptoms are not caused by drugs. Which of the following episodes did the patient likely experience?

A) Dissociative episode
B) Manic episode
C) Major depressive episode
D) Hypomanic episode