Deck 11: Emotion and Motivation

Question 1

Which of the following is a secondary emotion?

A) Contempt
B) Disgust
C) Hatred
D) Surprise

Answer 1

Hatred

Question 2

What did Charles Darwin, who established evolutionary theory, believe about the origin of emotions?

A) They are learned through experience.
B) They do not merit scientific consideration.
C) They are a product of evolution.
D) They are remnants of our earliest ancestors and, thus, have little relevance today.

Answer 2

They are a product of evolution.

Question 3

The term ______________ is derived from the Latin word meaning "to set in motion."

A) motivation
B) problem solving
C) emotion
D) schadenfreude

Answer 3

emotion

Question 4

Paul Ekman and his colleagues gathered abundant evidence supporting the universality of _______ basic facial expressions of emotion.

A) three
B) five
C) seven
D) nine

Question 5

According to the discrete emotions theory, emotional expressions are recognizable across cultures because

A) teaching children about emotional expression is similar in all cultures.
B) the biological roots of emotion are essentially the same in all people.
C) experiences are similar across cultures, so emotions are too.
D) our modern world is very connected and we have opportunities to learn from people across the globe.

Question 6

According to the discrete emotions theory, emotions are

A) significantly different across cultures.
B) independent of any physiological responses at all.
C) the shared experience across the civilized cultures only.
D) to serve evolutionary functions.

Question 7

A coworker you don't like has been bragging about how he performs at such a high level that he is 100 percent certain your boss is going to offer him a raise in an upcoming meeting. However, during that meeting, your boss fires this coworker. The glee that you secretly feel at the misfortune of your coworker is referred to as the emotion of _____________.

A) contempt
B) pride
C) amusement
D) schadenfreude

Question 8

The emotion of 'alarm', which is a mixture of fear and surprise, is one example of a

A) primary emotion.
B) fake emotion.
C) secondary emotion.
D) schadenfreude.

Question 9

Which of the following emotions should be easiest to recognize across cultures?

A) shyness
B) contentment
C) agitation
D) anger

Question 10

Lori is an A student, and she constantly brags about her high marks when she outperforms her classmates on exams. If Lori unexpectedly gets an F on an exam, her classmates may secretly feel happy about her misfortune. This is known as _____________.

A) pride
B) schadenfreude
C) hatred
D) contempt

Question 11

Which of the following expressions of emotion would be most difficult to recognize?

A) Carla is very happy that she got a good grade on her midterm.
B) Tarek was alarmed when his roommate failed to return home after a party.
C) Juanita was surprised when her friend from another city arrived for dinner.
D) Darnell was sad when his dog got very sick and passed away.

Question 12

Which of the following provides the best example of how emotional expressions are by-products of innate biological influences?

A) Babies show the specific emotional expressions that are displayed within their culture.
B) Babies who are blind from birth smile in response to playing and tickling.
C) Babies respond by mimicking emotional expressions in their caregivers.
D) Babies show preferences to novel stimuli and learning to do something new.

Question 13

What secondary emotion refers to the glee we experience at witness the misfortune of others?

A) Contempt
B) Schadenfreude
C) Happiness
D) Pride

Question 14

Which of the following pairs of emotions would be most difficult to tell apart, based on facial expressions?

A) happiness and contempt
B) anger and fear
C) happiness and disgust
D) sadness and surprise

Question 15

According to Ekman, which of the following is one of the universal facial expressions?

A) Hatred
B) Schadenfreude
C) Alarm
D) Contempt

Question 16

Recent research evidence suggests that ________ may also be a cross-culturally universal emotion.

A) shame
B) alarm
C) jealousy
D) pride

Question 17

Anecdotal examples of Phineas Gage and Elliott in your textbook provide a demonstration of how damage to the __________ may be associated with an inability to process and experience emotion.

A) temporal lobes
B) hippocampus
C) frontal lobes
D) limbic system

Question 18

In Ekman's research, he found that ____________ was the most easily recognized emotion.

A) anger
B) sadness
C) happiness
D) surprise

Question 19

A 3-month-old baby smiles even when he is alone. Scientific research has suggested that his smile should be attributed to

A) the reinforcements from his immediate surroundings.
B) effective training by his mom.
C) his innate motor programs.
D) his motivation to learn something new.

Question 20

Recent emotion research has suggested that there may be two additional primary emotions, but the research is still preliminary. Which two emotions are they?

A) pride and contempt
B) hatred and elation
C) surprise and awe
D) pride and awe

Question 21

Which theory states that a stimulus, like seeing a bear, triggers physiological changes that produce emotion?

A) Somatic marker theory
B) James-Lange theory of emotion
C) Cannon-Bard theory of emotion
D) Two-factor theory of emotion

Question 22

Which of the following theories states that emotions result from our interpretations of our bodily reactions to stimuli?

A) Somatic marker theory
B) James-Lange theory of emotion
C) Cannon-Bard theory of emotion
D) Two-factor theory of emotion

Question 23

My friend Sophia invited me over for dinner. She also has invited her brother Gio, and when he arrives they greet each other by kissing each other on each cheek. I find this interesting because I would never think to greet my own brother with a kiss. Which of the following concepts provides the most likely explanation in this example?

A) Motivation-structural rules
B) Display rules
C) Primary emotions
D) Universal emotions

Question 24

Seeing a snake, running away from it, and then feeling frightened is the sequence of events described by the ________.

A) Somatic marker theory
B) James-Lange theory of emotion
C) Cannon-Bard theory of emotion
D) Two-factor theory of emotion

Question 25

Which theory of emotion proposes that stimuli, like seeing a bear or falling from a ladder, cause physiological changes in our bodies and then our emotions result from those physiological changes?

A) Somatic marker theory
B) James-Lange theory of emotion
C) Cannon-Bard theory of emotion
D) Two-factor theory of emotion

Question 26

Raphael is participating in an experiment that involves taking scans of his brain while producing facial expressions of different emotions. Consistent with other studies, the researchers found that he displays increased activity in the amygdala when he produces _______________.

A) an angry face
B) a disgust face
C) a fear face
D) a surprise expression

Question 27

Which statement best reflects the James-Lange theory of emotion?

A) Our hearts race, we see a monster, we feel fear.
B) We see a monster, we feel fear, our hearts race.
C) We see a monster, our hearts race, we feel fear.
D) We feel fear, our hearts race, we evaluate the monster.

Question 28

You are walking through a store when you see a good friend. According to the James-Lange theory, what might happen?

A) You experience physiological changes followed by a feeling of happiness.
B) You feel happiness followed by physiological changes.
C) You experience physiological changes and a feeling of happiness simultaneously.
D) You experience physiological changes and context appraisal followed by a feeling of happiness.

Question 29

Raphael is participating in an experiment that involves taking scans of his brain while producing facial expressions of different emotions. Consistent with prior studies, the researchers found that he displays increased activity in the front region of the left hemisphere when he produces _______________.

A) an angry face
B) a disgust face
C) a Duchenne smile
D) a surprise expression

Question 30

Raphael is participating in an experiment that involves taking scans of his brain while producing facial expressions of different emotions. Consistent with prior studies, the researchers found that he displays increased activity in the insula when he produced _______________.

A) an angry face
B) a disgust face
C) a Duchenne smile
D) a surprise expression

Question 31

Which sequence of events in emotional responses is characteristic of the James-Lange theory of emotion?

A) Stimulus - emotion - physiological change
B) Stimulus - physiological changes - emotion
C) Emotion - stimulus - physiological changes
D) Emotion - physiological changes - stimulus

Question 32

Which of the following is an example of a false smile?

A) Duchenne smile
B) Overt smile
C) Pan Am smile
D) Schadenfreude smile

Question 33

Which of the following is an example of a display rule?

A) Happiness is the easiest emotion to identify in facial expressions.
B) People from different cultures sometimes disagree on which facial expression represents which emotion.
C) In North America, crying is tolerated more when girls do it than when boys do.
D) Contempt is often associated with smirking.

Question 34

Researchers have found that positive emotions, as well as facial expressions associated with happiness, seem to be associated with

A) the hormone leptin.
B) the front region of the left hemisphere.
C) evolution.
D) the occipital lobe and the pineal gland.

Question 35

Which statement is consistent with the James-Lange theory of emotion?

A) "I run because I'm afraid."
B) "I'm crying because I'm sad."
C) "I'm happy because I laugh."
D) "I'm perspiring because I'm anxious."

Question 36

The _________________ is a fake emotional expression that provides a demonstration of how we can distinguish real from fake emotions.

A) covert smile
B) overt smile
C) Duchenne smile
D) Pan Am smile

Question 37

The part of the brain that is activated during the experience of fear is the

A) thalamus.
B) amygdala.
C) insula.
D) hippocampus.

Question 38

Emotions are associated with physiological reactions. Which of the following patterns is associated with anger?

A) Churning stomach, activation of frontal cortex, and increased heart rate.
B) Slowed digestion, activation of the amygdala, and increased heart rate.
C) Shaking, activation of the insula, decreased heart rate.
D) Crying, activation of the temporal lobes, decreased heart rate.

Question 39

_______________ can vary from culture to culture and are socially acceptable ways of showing emotion in public settings.

A) Phenomes
B) Facial grids
C) Display rules
D) Expressional norms

Question 40

Raphael is participating in an experiment that involves taking scans of his brain while producing facial expressions of different emotions. Consistent with other studies, the researchers found that he displays increased activity in the frontal cortex, right behind the eyes, when he produces _______________.

A) an angry face
B) a disgust face
C) a fear face
D) a surprise expression

Question 41

Zoe was about to check her grade in her statistics class, when her palms started sweating and her heart started pounding. It was then that she realized how nervous she was about her grade. Which theory of emotion is supported by this type of example?

A) James-Lange theory
B) Cannon-Bard theory
C) two-factor theory
D) somatic marker theory

Question 42

___________ proposed that two things have to happen before emotion occurs: physical arousal and labelling.

A) Damasio
B) The James-Lange theory
C) The Cannon-Bard theory
D) Schachter and Singer

Question 43

You are walking in the forest and see a bear. According to the Cannon-Bard theory, what happens next?

A) You experience physiological changes followed by fear.
B) You feel fear followed by physiological changes.
C) You experience physiological changes and a feeling of fear simultaneously.
D) You experience physiological changes and context appraisal followed by fear.

Question 44

The two-factor theory of emotion suggests that

A) emotions are produced by both autonomic arousal and cognition.
B) emotions are based upon our 'gut feelings'.
C) emotions are from our interpretations of bodily reactions to stimuli.
D) emotions and bodily reactions are simultaneously produced by stimuli.

Question 45

Seeing a snake, and then simultaneously running away from it and becoming frightened, is the sequence of events postulated by ______ theory.

A) Cannon-Bard
B) James-Lange
C) somatic marker theory
D) two-factor theory

Question 46

Both Hans and Gretchen have a job interview next week. Hans is looking forward to the opportunity the job could provide, even though he already has a job, and finds he is excited about the interview. Gretchen is extremely stressed and panicking about her interview because she desperately needs the job. What theory of emotion best explains the differences in feelings that Hans and Gretchen are experiencing?

A) James-Lange theory
B) Discrete emotions theory
C) Two-factor theory
D) Somatic marker theory

Question 47

Which theory of emotion emphasizes the role of the thalamus?

A) Cannon-Bard theory of emotion
B) Somatic marker theory of emotion
C) Two-factor theory of emotion
D) James-Lange theory of emotion

Question 48

Schachter and Singer proposed that two things have to happen before emotion occurs: _____ and _____.

A) physical arousal; fight or flight
B) cognition; behaviour
C) physical arousal; labelling
D) behaviour; physical arousal

Question 49

Rose is hiking in the mountains and suddenly sees a cougar. She notices that she is running away and her heart is pounding at the same time that she realizes that she is terrified. Which of the following theories best explains Rose's experience?

A) James-Lange theory
B) Cannon-Bard theory
C) Two-factor theory
D) Somatic marker theory

Question 50

Which theory of emotion states that the experience of emotion occurs simultaneously with biological changes?

A) Cannon-Bard theory
B) James-Lange
C) somatic marker theory
D) two-factor theory

Question 51

Physical arousal has to be interpreted cognitively before it is experienced as a specific emotion, according to

A) somatic marker theory.
B) the James-Lange theory.
C) the Cannon-Bard theory.
D) two-factor theory.

Question 52

Rose is hiking in the mountains and suddenly sees a cougar. She feels that her heart is pounding, her palms are sweating, and she begins to run. It is only after she senses the physiological reaction of her body that she realizes she has never been so scared in her life. Which of the following theories best explains Rose's experience?

A) James-Lange theory
B) Cannon-Bard theory
C) Two-factor theory
D) Somatic marker theory

Question 53

Erik and Lana have each had a lot of coffee, which is a known stimulant and increases heart rate. Erik notices his heart rate is high while he is working on a crossword puzzle, and thinks to himself that he shouldn't drink so much coffee. Lana notices that her heart is racing when she is studying for an exam and she starts feeling very worried about how she will perform on the exam. Which theory helps to explain why Erik and Lana have different emotional experiences.

A) James-Lange theory
B) Cannon-Bard theory
C) Two-factor theory
D) Somatic marker theory

Question 54

Which two different terms best describe Schachter and Singer's two-factor theory of emotion?

A) Arousal and physiology
B) Behaviour and genetics
C) Arousal and context
D) Nature and nurture

Question 55

According to the James-Lange theory of emotion, if we didn't have physical sensations like changes to heart rate or knots in our stomachs, then we wouldn't be able to ________. According to the somatic marker theory, if we didn't have those physical sensations then we wouldn't be able to ___________.

A) experience emotions; know how to act
B) know how to act; experience emotions
C) interpret our emotions; change our emotions
D) change our emotions; interpret our emotions

Question 56

While the James-Lange theory of emotion proposes that our emotions result from our ________________, the somatic marker theory suggests that we use our physical reactions as cues to tell us __________________.

A) evaluation of environmental cues; what to feel
B) physical sensations; how to act
C) evaluation of both physical and situational cues; where to go
D) interpretation of cognition; what to feel

Question 57

Geraldine is participating in a psychology experiment where she is asked to rate her current mood using a computer program. What she doesn't know is that while she is completing the questionnaires, the researcher is presenting images subliminally (below the threshold for awareness) and those images are associated with anger and hostility. Which of the following outcomes is most likely in this example?

A) Geraldine's mood would change dramatically from negative to positive when viewing the stimuli.
B) Geraldine would report that she was in a better mood following the stimuli exposure.
C) Geraldine's mood would not change as a function of stimuli exposure as she was not aware of it.
D) Geraldine would report that she was in a more negative mood following exposure to the stimuli.

Question 58

What is the correct sequence of events in emotional response according to the Cannon-Bard theory?

A) Stimulus --> emotion and physiological changes (simultaneous)
B) Stimulus --> emotion --> physiological changes
C) Emotion --> stimulus --> physiological changes
D) Physiological changes --> stimulus --> emotion

Question 59

According to the ________, seeing a crocodile in the swamp would lead simultaneously to both the emotion of fear and the behaviour of running away at the same time. However, the ________ would suggest that people are afraid because they run away.

A) Cannon-Bard theory of emotion; James-Lange theory of emotion
B) Cannon-Bard theory of emotion; somatic marker theory of emotion
C) two-factor theory of emotion; James-Lange theory of emotion
D) two-factor theory of emotion; Cannon-Bard theory of emotion

Question 60

The study on the Capilano Suspension Bridge in Vancouver, where participants were more attracted to a confederate when on the bridge than when on solid ground, was conducted to examine which theory of emotion?

A) James-Lange theory
B) Cannon-Bard theory
C) Two-factor theory
D) Somatic marker theory

Question 61

Joanne was feeling down. One day, she went to a specialist to have Botox injections to reduce a few wrinkles in her forehead, and notices that after about a week her mood seemed to have improved and she does not feel as depressed. This example is most consistent with which view of emotions?

A) Somatic marker theory
B) Facial feedback hypothesis
C) Two-factor theory
D) Discrete emotions theory

Question 62

During the lecture, Dr. Brown moved his right hand forward, as if he were knocking on a door, while highlighting an important point. This gesture is one example of

A) an illustrator.
B) an emblem.
C) nonverbal communication.
D) a manipulator.

Question 63

Research on why adults cry suggests that crying serves as

A) way in which to make ourselves feel better.
B) a social signal that cues others when we are in need of emotional comfort.
C) a way to validate our cognitions that our current situation is upsetting.
D) a means in which to expel neurotransmitters that cause negative emotions.

Question 64

__________ are nonverbal behaviours that highlight speech or accentuate a point, whereas __________ are nonverbal behaviours that we engage in when we are stressed out, such as biting our fingernails.

A) Emblems; manipulators
B) Manipulators; emblems
C) Illustrators; manipulators
D) Manipulators; illustrators

Question 65

According to the facial feedback hypothesis, when an actor is directed to look angry, it is most likely that

A) he will be amused to be simulating anger.
B) he will be pleased that he does it so well.
C) he will feel a bit angry.
D) his audience will feel angry.

Question 66

The process by which the facial muscles send messages to the brain about the basic emotion being expressed is called

A) primary emotional processing.
B) internal emotion work.
C) facial feedback.
D) body language.

Question 67

Fred has grown up in Ottawa, whereas Amir was raised in Pakistan. They meet and become friends at university, where they are both completing their undergraduate degrees. In one class, Amir just finished a presentation and asked Fred how he thought it went. Fred gave Amir the "thumbs up" sign and Amir became offended. What is the most likely explanation for Amir's reaction?

A) Amir is poor at interpreting nonverbal behaviour and requires an Emotional Social Intelligence Prosthesis.
B) Emblems may differ across cultures, and "thumbs up" is not a sign of approval in in Amir's culture.
C) Fred used an inappropriate manipulator to convey his message, which sent a mixed message to Amir.
D) Amir misinterpreted the proxemics of this particular situation, and thus interpreted the symbol incorrectly.

Question 68

Which of the following levels of personal space is correctly matched with the corresponding distance?

A) Personal distance: 1.5 to 4 feet
B) Public distance: 4 to 12 feet
C) Intimate distance: 1.5 to 4 feet
D) Social distance: 12 feet or more

Question 69

People often twirl their hair or bite their fingernails when anxious. These are examples of

A) an emblem.
B) an illustrator.
C) a manipulator.
D) nonverbal communication.

Question 70

Our difficulty in interpreting emotion in email/text messages stems, in part, from our overestimation of how easily others can figure out the intended meanings in our messages without access to nonverbal cues. This is referred to as

A) the misinformation effect.
B) the curse of knowledge.
C) nonverbal leakage.
D) emoticon blindness.

Question 71

___________ involves the study of personal space.

A) Nonverbal leakage
B) Proxemics
C) Emblem analysis
D) Facial feedback

Question 72

June is in a business meeting. She is listening to a proposed change to the company's operations that she does not agree with. She decides not to voice her opinion at the meeting, but will talk to her boss about it later. She does not realize that she is frowning throughout the meeting, until her boss asks her what is wrong. June's behaviour provides an example of

A) gestures.
B) an emblem.
C) nonverbal leakage.
D) proxemics.

Question 73

Which statement reflects the core idea of the facial feedback hypothesis?

A) Men do not express emotion via the face.
B) Facial features have no connection with emotion.
C) Information from facial muscles intensifies emotional experiences.
D) When one facial expression occurs, we quickly register its opposite on the face.

Question 74

If our behaviours and physiological reactions can give rise to our emotion changes, then holding a pen between your teeth, so that the pen points to your left and right, would most likely make you feel

A) happier.
B) sadder.
C) more surprised.
D) more scared.

Question 75

Nodding your head during conversation, to show your agreement, is one example of

A) a manipulator.
B) an illustrator.
C) nonverbal leakage.
D) an emblem.

Question 76

According to the facial feedback hypothesis, when Noah complies with instructions to smile and look happy, it is most likely that

A) he will begin to feel annoyed.
B) he will begin to feel angry.
C) his positive feelings will increase.
D) his reaction will depend on his age.

Question 77

Unconscious spillover of emotions into our gestures and tone of voice is called ______________.

A) nonverbal leakage
B) the facial feedback hypothesis
C) somatic markers of emotion
D) proxemics

Question 78

Paying attention to nonverbal behaviour is important because

A) it provides more valid information about emotion, as nonverbal behaviour is not as easily disguised.
B) our nonverbal behaviour determines what emotions we may be feeling.
C) nonverbal actions are often inconsistent with verbal behaviour and are easily disguised
D) nonverbal behaviour is very subtle, and difficult to spot.

Question 79

Facial feedback hypothesis is defined as

A) the process by which the facial muscles send messages to the brain about the basic emotion being expressed.
B) a state of arousal involving facial and bodily changes, brain activation, cognitive appraisals, and tendencies toward action, all of which are shaped by cultural rules.
C) an irrational aspect of our mammalian heritage that no longer has an adaptive function in human behaviour.
D) a set of social and cultural rules that regulates when, how, and where a person may express or suppress emotions.

Question 80

As suggested by the facial feedback hypothesis, our emotions are most likely to be affected by

A) facial expression.
B) facial blood vessels.
C) external stimuli.
D) bodily movement.