Deck 7: Social Institutions

Question 1

Police Accounts of Normal Force JENNIFER HUNT
Hunt relates her discussion of "normal force" tothe:

A) socialization process of police officers
B) career placement of successful cops
C) deviant subculture of the prison system
D) dialectic of fact and fiction
E) gender dynamics in a public bureaucracy
37) Love, Arranged Marriage, and the Indian Social Structure GIRI RAJ GUPTA

Answer 1

A

Question 2

The Radical Idea of Marrying for Love (from Marriage, a History) STEPHANIE COONTZ
What expectations are associated with marriage in contemporary Western societies?

A) the couple must love each other deeply, to a degree greater than that felt for any other adult
B) parents and in-laws should not be able to interfere in the marriage
C) married couples should, like best friends, share their most intimate feelings and secrets
D) couples should be sexually faithful to each other and openly express affection for one another
E) All of the above are expectations of contemporary Western marriage

Answer 2

E DNC

Question 3

Police Accounts of Normal Force JENNIFER HUNT
Hunt's examination of police behavior is based on:

A) participant observation; for eighteen months Hunt interacted with and observed police in training and on the job
B) Hunt's experiences as a rookie cop
C) Hunt's personal experiences as the daughter and later the wife of police officers
D) Content analysis of television programs that aired over a three-year period

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Police Accounts of Normal Force JENNIFER HUNT
The police officer who learns to use "normal force":

A) is more likely than others to be recommended for a commendation medal or citation
B) also learns to provide appropriate "accounts"-excuses and justifications
C) also learns the code of silence-never to speak ill of another officer
D) is unlikely to seek promotion or a desk job, preferring instead to work on the street

Question 5

Domestic Networks (from All Our Kin: Strategies of Survival in a Black Community) CAROL B. STACK
Carol Stack describes how:

A) families in traditional societies trade their children with one another, in order for the children to receive useful job training and employment
B) black families, especially those headed by women, support one another and depend on extended kin to help them get through hard times
C) people who work for the wealthy as housekeepers, child care providers, gardeners, cooks, and chauffeurs become "like family" and often are included in family portraits

Question 6

The Radical Idea of Marrying for Love (from Marriage, a History) STEPHANIE COONTZ
Why have some societies shunned the idea of marrying for love?

A) love between two people can reduce their loyalty and commitment to the larger family or group that depends on them to work effectively
B) men prefer having the privilege of falling in love with many women without the obligation of marrying them
C) most of the people in these societies are poor; they use marriage to boost their economic situation by finding a mate wealthier than they are
D) marriage occurs years before a person is capable of loving a person outside their family

Question 7

Love, Arranged Marriage, and the Indian Social Structure GIRI RAJ GUPTA
Gupta reports that the most cherished ideal of the Indian family system is:

A) support of one's parents in their old age
B) to marry one's cousin, preferably the child of one's mother's sister
C) to achieve a higher education, get a better job, and earn more money than one's parents
D) loyalty to and involvement with one's family of orientation
E) All of the above are described by Gupta as Indian family ideals

Question 8

Love, Arranged Marriage, and the Indian Social Structure GIRI RAJ GUPTA
Gupta describes marital practices in India:

A) that exist and are widespread today
B) that perpetuate the subjugation of women and condemn young girls to a life that is barely different from slavery
C) among the elite; the less affluent cannot afford the practices the author describes
D) that are based on the Kama Sutra or "book of love," which emphasizes physical pleasure and sexual experiences

Question 9

Love, Arranged Marriage, and the Indian Social Structure GIRI RAJ GUPTA
One's preferred marital partner in India is a person who is in the same:

A) caste and social class
B) village or town
C) kinship group
D) occupational field or level of education

Question 10

Love, Arranged Marriage, and the Indian Social Structure GIRI RAJ GUPTA
When a man and woman marry in India, they are traditionally expected to:

A) live with the woman's family
B) remain deeply loyal to their own biological families
C) show their love for one another by destroying personal objects of great sentimental value
D) refrain from sexual activity for at least one year or until they have developed a healthy emotional attachment to one another
E) All of the above are expected, following a traditional marriage in India

Question 11

Love, Arranged Marriage, and the Indian Social Structure GIRI RAJ GUPTA
Gupta argues that marital patterns in India: 38. The Radical Idea of Marrying for Love (from Marriage, a History) STEPHANIE COONTZ

Question 12

Love, Arranged Marriage, and the Indian Social Structure GIRI RAJ GUPTA
Gupta's article makes clear that young people in India:

A) accept, in most cases, that their family will arrange their marriage
B) approve of premarital sex and expect to have extramarital affairs
C) take little interest in whom they marry
D) prefer to have marital partners whom they have chosen out of love

Question 13

Police Accounts of Normal Force JENNIFER HUNT
Hunt's study of police behavior emphasizes the way:

A) dangerous situations require extra training and expertise
B) citizens support law enforcement but not those who actually enforce the law
C) police create an interpretation of questionable behavior that makes it appear to be a natural and acceptable response to particular situations
D) courts restrict police and prosecutors from convicting people who break the law

Question 14

Domestic Networks (from All Our Kin: Strategies of Survival in a Black Community) CAROL B. STACK
Stack's discussion focuses on:

A) illegal immigrants from Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union
B) groups of adolescents who have run away from home and live together communally
C) families that share a similar, underground religion or set of cult beliefs
D) poor African American families
E) white working-class families living in public housing in England and Ireland

Question 15

Domestic Networks (from All Our Kin: Strategies of Survival in a Black Community) CAROL B. STACK
Stack explains how:
A) almost no one who is persistently poor can break out of poverty b kin networks are able to lift people out of poverty by pooling resources and providing non-
Monetary benefits to participants

A) women who give birth out of wedlock are ignored by close kin, but when they marry they are taken in and given whatever support they need
D) women who give birth out of wedlock are given whatever help they need, but when they marry are often rejected by close kin

Question 16

Police Accounts of Normal Force JENNIFER HUNT
Among the times when a police officer may use "normal force" is all of the following EXCEPT when:

A) their personal life is causing problems at work
B) they are physically threatened
C) their authority is threatened
D) they are in a stressful or dynamic situation, such as a car chase
E) the offender is thought to be disreputable, such as a child molester or child abuser

Question 17

Police Accounts of Normal Force JENNIFER HUNT
Hunt's typology of police behavior locates "normal force" between:

A) everyday encounters and the extreme situations in which police must use their guns
B) the individual and the group
C) what is legal and what is excessive
D) reactive and proactive behavior

Question 18

Police Accounts of Normal Force JENNIFER HUNT
An unspoken police rule is that:

A) cops keep a cool head-they should never lose control of their emotions
B) the best cop is the cop who is unpredictable and could lose emotional control at any moment
C) female cops can be emotional, but male cops only pretend to be, to scare those in custody
D) an officer is occasionally allowed to blow his or her top and lose emotional control

Question 19

The Radical Idea of Marrying for Love (from Marriage, a History) STEPHANIE COONTZ
What bonds have been promoted in many societies above those between a marital couple, both now and in the past?

A) the bond between an individual and God
B) the bonds between a mother and her daughters, and between a father and his sons
C) the bond between an individual and his or her deceased ancestors
D) the bonds between family members, and especially between parents and their adult children
39) Domestic Networks (from All Our Kin: Strategies of Survival in a Black Community) CAROL B. STACK

Question 20

The Radical Idea of Marrying for Love (from Marriage, a History) STEPHANIE COONTZ
Among the conclusions Stephanie Coontz draws from her work is that:

A) only in recent history and in affluent countries has the idea become popular that people should only marry someone to whom they are strongly emotionally attached ("in love")
B) marriages in which a man and a woman express strong love for each other have always been more successful than marriages arranged by the couple's families
C) children are best cared for when a marriage between a man and a woman stresses marital fidelity (no extramarital sexual activity) and neolocality (living apart from other relatives)
D) the love that sustains a marriage is apparent before a marriage occurs, not after two people get to know each other and accept the inevitability of living together forever

Question 21

The Emotional Geography of Work and Family Life ARLIE RUSSELL HOCHSCHILD
Hochschild's conclusion is that many more people than she expected are:

A) not resisting the "speed-up," but instead shifting their loyalties, sense of self-worth, and feelings of attachment from home to work
B) withdrawing from all social encounters into an increasingly "privatized world"
C) taking up alternative, healthier lifestyles than those of their parents
D) searching for outlets to the pressures of modern life in drugs, therapy, social networks, cult-like religions, and sexual liaisons

Question 22

The Emotional Geography of Work and Family Life ARLIE RUSSELL HOCHSCHILD
Which of the following is NOT a response to the speedup described by Hochschild?

A) self-employment and business start-ups that give people control over their lives
B) "normalizing it" and making minor adjustments so everything can be accomplished
C) having women resume the traditional role of helpmate and supporter of their husbands
D) company policies like job-sharing and flex time

Question 23

Domestic Networks (from All Our Kin: Strategies of Survival in a Black Community) CAROL B. STACK
In her essay Stack relates how a family that inherited money when an uncle died:

A) used the money to make a down payment on a small business, and thus escaped poverty
B) returned the money, believing it was not right to accept money they had not earned
C) sent the money to relatives living abroad so they could come to the United States
D) made contributions to people in a wide network of kin who seriously needed the money
E) gambled away the money and spent it on luxury items that were soon lost or pawned
40) From The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism MAX WEBER

Question 24

From The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism MAX WEBER
What name does Max Weber give to the religious view that emphasizes asceticism, duty in a calling, and one's worldly success as a sign of God's favor?

A) the Protestant ethic
B) substantive rationality
C) Methodism
D) the spirit of capitalism

Question 25

The Emotional Geography of Work and Family Life ARLIE RUSSELL HOCHSCHILD
The shifting focus of loyalties and commitments that Hochschild finds in some sectors of society can be attributed to all of the following EXCEPT:

A) the upsurge in religious beliefs and participation in organized religion
B) the stress many people feel at home and with their families
C) changes in corporate culture that have tried to make people's jobs more personally fulfilling
D) gender integration of workplaces that, along with demanding longer hours from employees, make workplaces the sites of courtship, mate selection, and other forms of intimacy

Question 26

The Emotional Geography of Work and Family Life ARLIE RUSSELL HOCHSCHILD
Hochschild describes the way we are:

A) engaged in fewer "rituals" at home that express interpersonal attachments, while participating in more of these at work
B) making home life more rational, i.e., trying to organize it like a place of work, in order to get everything done in our limited time away from work
C) spending less time interacting with people in our neighborhood and community
D) Hochschild claims that all of these are occurring

Question 27

The Emotional Geography of Work and Family Life ARLIE RUSSELL HOCHSCHILD
By "speed up" Hochschild is referring to:

A) the general pace of life for Americans, both urban and rural
B) an increase in numbers of working parents, people working longer days, more days per week, and taking less vacation time from work
C) interpersonal relations that are increasingly fleeting and episodic, forcing people to quicken the pace of their familiarity and even intimacy with others (e.g., speed dating)
D) the speed with which employers expect workers to perform their job
E) the maturation process, with young people becoming sexually active at an ever earlier age

Question 28

The Emotional Geography of Work and Family Life ARLIE RUSSELL HOCHSCHILD
One of my students talks about how her family always had a cup of coffee together in the morning when the kids were teens and young adults living at home. This is what Hochschild would call:

A) compensatory speed-down
B) reaction formation
C) a family ritual
D) a salutary gesture to traditional values

Question 29

The Emotional Geography of Work and Family Life ARLIE RUSSELL HOCHSCHILD
Arlie Hochschild's essay begins with the fact that:

A) people are working more now, and more members of the family are engaged in paid work, than ever before
B) most people like the person to whom they are married but feel trapped in the marriage
C) women are more likely to be involved in paid labor outside the home than are men
D) most jobs require a college education, and without this a person will never have a successful career

Question 30

The Emotional Geography of Work and Family Life ARLIE RUSSELL HOCHSCHILD
Hochschild's research is based on:

A) her general impressions as an officer in a large corporation
B) court documents filed in workplace injury cases
C) interviews with many people in one company
D) government and company reports
E) popular novels and television programs

Question 31

The Emotional Geography of Work and Family Life ARLIE RUSSELL HOCHSCHILD
Hochschild found that what people say about their families and what they do:

A) have changed greatly, with most people rejecting a commitment to work in favor of a commitment to family
B) cannot be believed by sociologists. People are keeping their family lives increasingly private and are unwilling to discuss them
C) are not the same thing. Many divorced persons pretend to be married and many childless couples pretend to have children
D) are often at great variance-people express strong "family values" but time spent with family members continues to decline

Question 32

From The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism MAX WEBER
When Weber describes the "spirit of capitalism," he is emphasizing the:

A) responsibilities owners and employers have to workers and employees
B) connection between material abundance and belief in God
C) obligation or desire to seek profits through economic activity
D) the "invisible hand" that coordinates production and prices through supply and demand

Question 33

From The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism MAX WEBER
Weber quotes extensively from which individual as an example of the "spirit of capitalism"?
A) Adam Smith

A) John D. Rockefeller
B) Benjamin Franklin
C) Andrew Carnegie

Question 34

The Emotional Geography of Work and Family Life ARLIE RUSSELL HOCHSCHILD
In Hochschild's conceptualization of work and family, she draws a picture of which of the following pairs?

A) work-utility/family-experiential
B) days-material/nights-ideal
C) sacred-core/profane-periphery
D) self-other/private-public
42) The McDonald's System (from The McDonaldization of Society) GEORGE RITZER

Question 35

From The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism MAX WEBER
When Weber examines the modern world he sees:

A) enormous abundance and undreamed-of leisure that justify the hard work of his forefathers
B) a spirit of cooperation and caring that extends wherever capitalism is adopted across the globe
C) people turning away from hard work and faith in the capitalist system
D) people trapped in a capitalist system but no longer holding the values or beliefs that helped create it
41) The Emotional Geography of Work and Family Life (from The Time Bind: When Work Becomes Home and Home Becomes Work) ARLIE RUSSELL HOCHSCHILD

Question 36

From The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism MAX WEBER
According to "The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism," persons who work hard and are successful should:

A) avoid material luxury and hedonistic enjoyment of life
B) strive to help others who are less successful
C) retire early, leaving job opportunities to others
D) pass their success on to their children in the form of wealth and social privilege
E) work for no pay or compensation once they have obtained a comfortable standard of living

Question 37

The Emotional Geography of Work and Family Life ARLIE RUSSELL HOCHSCHILD
Among the many hypotheses Hochschild introduces to explain why many people accept a speed-up at work, which does she reject?

A) most people really need the money to make ends meet
B) people fear they will be laid off if they do things to lessen the impact of the speed-up on their lives
C) managers keep workers in the dark about alternatives to the speed-up
D) Hochschild rejects all of these as insufficient explanations

Question 38

Domestic Networks (from All Our Kin: Strategies of Survival in a Black Community) CAROL B. STACK
Stack describes many "external pressures" that contribute to:

A) drug addiction and drug-related crime
B) residency patterns that don't conform to the ideal or typical middle-class lifestyle of two married adults with children
C) teenage pregnancy and births occurring out of wedlock
D) institutional and interpersonal discrimination
E) social workers and parole officers who intrude into people's lives

Question 39

From The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism MAX WEBER
Weber credits Martin Luther with developing the idea of a "calling," which claims that:

A) we are all destined to enter heaven
B) at a critical point in our life, we will "know God" as true
C) God expects us to willingly engage in work as a sign or manifestation of our morality
D) a select few people are designated to lead the rest of the people in righteousness

Question 40

The Emotional Geography of Work and Family Life ARLIE RUSSELL HOCHSCHILD
What name does Hochschild give to the beliefs, practices, and feelings that focus a person on particular social relationships and activities?

A) collective consciousness
B) kin and kin-like attachments
C) the other-directed life
D) emotional culture

Question 41

From Amish Society JOHN A. HOSTETLER
The Amish are:

A) Australian settlers who have integrated into the life of aboriginal peoples and live in much the same way as aboriginal peoples have lived for centuries
B) Greek nationalists who have lived in Cyprus since the First World War
C) the descendants of early American colonialists who supported England and refused to participate in the Revolutionary War; most fled or were forced to go to Canada after the war
D) a religious group that is about 250 years old and lives apart from mainstream society
E) a semi-secret society that was originally part of the Masons

Question 42

Religious Community and American Individualism (from Habits of the Heart: Individualism and Commitment in American Life) ROBERT N. BELLAH, RICHARD MADSEN, WILLIAM M. SULLIVAN, ANN SWIDLER, and STEVEN M. TIPTON
Bellah and his co-authors see in many American religious beliefs an emphasis on either:

A) caring or believing
B) inner (personal) freedom or outer (imposed) control
C) joining and involvement or privacy and solitary activity
D) redemption or damnation
E) the past or the future (with no one focusing on the present)
44) From Amish Society JOHN A. HOSTETLER

Question 43

The McDonald's System (from The McDonaldization of Society) GEORGE RITZER
By "McDonaldization," George Ritzer means the:

A) declining standards of quality in the American economy
B) postindustrial emphasis on productivity rather than serviceability
C) practices that maximize efficiency, predictability, calculation, and control
D) commercial emphasis on young consumers who are more receptive to advertising

Question 44

The McDonald's System (from The McDonaldization of Society) GEORGE RITZER
In Ritzer's terminology, a shop whose employees make violins by hand in the traditional manner of a craftsperson would be:

A) an example of a part of the society untouched by the McDonald's system
B) moderately McDonaldized because the shop probably uses an assembly-line process
C) more like Domino's Pizza (optionally delivered) than McDonald's hamburgers
D) anti-innovative, unprofitable, and elitist
43) Religious Community and American Individualism (from Habits of the Heart: Individualism and Commitment in American Life) ROBERT N. BELLAH, RICHARD MADSEN, WILLIAM M. SULLIVAN, ANN SWIDLER, and STEVEN M. TIPTON

Question 45

Religious Community and American Individualism (from Habits of the Heart: Individualism and Commitment in American Life) ROBERT N. BELLAH, RICHARD MADSEN, WILLIAM M. SULLIVAN, ANN SWIDLER, and STEVEN M. TIPTON
Bellah and his co-authors describe American religious behaviors and beliefs in a way that contrasts the following sociological concepts:

A) sin-other/righteousness-self
B) church-community/beliefs-personal conscience
C) sacred-traditional/profane-modern
D) practical-material/ideal-spiritual
E) rural-belief/urban-hope

Question 46

Religious Community and American Individualism (from Habits of the Heart: Individualism and Commitment in American Life) ROBERT N. BELLAH, RICHARD MADSEN, WILLIAM M. SULLIVAN, ANN SWIDLER, and STEVEN M. TIPTON
According to Bellah and his co-authors:

A) Americans have a higher level of religious practices than people in other industrial nations
B) fewer Americans than ever before attend church or express a religious preference
C) the aging American population is turning away from religion while youth are embracing it in huge numbers
D) Americans would be more religious if there were fewer churches and denominations with competing and conflicting belief systems
E) All of the above are discussed in the essay by Bellah et. al

Question 47

Religious Community and American Individualism (from Habits of the Heart: Individualism and Commitment in American Life) ROBERT N. BELLAH, RICHARD MADSEN, WILLIAM M. SULLIVAN, ANN SWIDLER, and STEVEN M. TIPTON
The authors use what term to describe a belief that all of nature is holy and that no specific religious creed must be followed in order to respect or believe this?

A) ecological mysticism
B) stoicism
C) environmental ethics
D) pantheism
E) existentialism

Question 48

From Amish Society JOHN A. HOSTETLER
In general the Amish live:

A) in urban places, but are usually not recognized as being different or having views at odds with the mainstream
B) in small family groups governed by the oldest male, foraging and hunting for their livelihood
C) in small rural communities where they practice their traditional customs and lifestyle
D) like everyone else, barely visible and very conventional in order not to bring attention to their unusual ideas and private practices

Question 49

The McDonald's System (from The McDonaldization of Society) GEORGE RITZER
The McDonald's system is built on the idea that:

A) anything we can do ourselves can be done better by a large corporation
B) we are social animals who seek others' company rather than staying (isolated) at home
C) advertising makes us see the world the way we want it to be, not the way it really is
D) we have too little time, money, or desire to be surprised or challenged

Question 50

Religious Community and American Individualism (from Habits of the Heart: Individualism and Commitment in American Life) ROBERT N. BELLAH, RICHARD MADSEN, WILLIAM M. SULLIVAN, ANN SWIDLER, and STEVEN M. TIPTON
Robert Bellah and his co-authors devote most of their essay to:

A) cults and spiritual communities that have no deity or spiritual figure to whom people pray
B) the gods worshiped worldwide, in comparison to religions that originated in America
C) religious beliefs of Americans
D) Reinhold Niebuhr's ideas about pacifism and social responsibility

Question 51

Religious Community and American Individualism (from Habits of the Heart: Individualism and Commitment in American Life) ROBERT N. BELLAH, RICHARD MADSEN, WILLIAM M. SULLIVAN, ANN SWIDLER, and STEVEN M. TIPTON
In comparing two churches-one liberal and the other conservative-the authors see:

A) a similarity of focus on the personal and psychological needs of the individuals in their respective congregations
B) an emphasis on serving youth versus attention focused almost entirely on the elderly
C) the way the wealthy church accepts a wider range of personal lifestyles, compared to a narrower range of acceptable lifestyle choices in the working-class church
D) a similarity in encouraging good works in the community and globally to address poverty, war, injustice, and crime

Question 52

From Amish Society JOHN A. HOSTETLER
Amish society is characterized by:

A) a conservative religion that pervades all aspects of people's lives
B) the use of sophisticated farming and food processing technologies
C) shrewd business practices, including commodities investments
D) matriarchy, that is, the women make most major decisions in the society
E) All of the above are true of Amish society

Question 53

From Amish Society JOHN A. HOSTETLER
What terms best describe the Amish, according to Hostetler?

A) secretive, proud, and quick to defend themselves
B) mystical, emotional, and able to link sensuality and spirituality
C) egalitarian, concerned with one another's welfare, pacifist, and pious
D) tolerant, open to others' ideas, respectful of diversity, and experimental

Question 54

Religious Community and American Individualism (from Habits of the Heart: Individualism and Commitment in American Life) ROBERT N. BELLAH, RICHARD MADSEN, WILLIAM M. SULLIVAN, ANN SWIDLER, and STEVEN M. TIPTON
Bellah and his co-authors describe how people who belong to a particular church often:

A) leave the church rather than express political views and opinions about social issues at variance with those of most of the church's members
B) sacrifice their own beliefs for the opportunity to belong to the community of the church
C) remain in their church and enjoy being a part of the community, though they may not accept all of the church's views as their own
D) adopt the political viewpoint of the most vocal and respected members of the church

Question 55

From Amish Society JOHN A. HOSTETLER
In terms of religion, the Amish:

A) are so committed to their practices that assimilation into the modern world would be impossible-for instance, their insistence on frequent prayer makes it very difficult for them to hold a normal job
B) are secretive and private, fearing that others' knowledge of their beliefs and practices will "corrupt the purity" of their faith
C) integrate it into their everyday life, and their daily tasks take on the character of the sacred
D) look to nature and the natural world of plants, animals, rocks, and rivers for inspiration and guidance, largely free of any theology or rules of behavior that could be called religious

Question 56

The McDonald's System (from The McDonaldization of Society) GEORGE RITZER
Which of the following does Ritzer NOT associate with the McDonald's system?

A) pleasure
B) efficiency
C) calculation
D) predictability
E) control

Question 57

Religious Community and American Individualism (from Habits of the Heart: Individualism and Commitment in American Life) ROBERT N. BELLAH, RICHARD MADSEN, WILLIAM M. SULLIVAN, ANN SWIDLER, and STEVEN M. TIPTON
Many very influential Americans in the nineteenth century, such as Thomas Jefferson, Walt Whitman, Tom Paine, and others:

A) committed themselves late in life to building churches that would endure after their deaths
B) were unlikely to accept any religious doctrine, but had their own personal beliefs
C) were also religious scholars or believers who held to very strict interpretations of the Bible
D) believed they had been "born again"
E) were highly prejudiced against most religious faiths, including Catholicism and Judaism

Question 58

The McDonald's System (from The McDonaldization of Society) GEORGE RITZER
Ritzer thinks the most valid criticisms of the McDonald's system are ones that:

A) compare the past-slower, more humane, less materialistic-to the present
B) focus on economic exploitation of workers and government subsidies to major corporations
C) recognize how "copycat" companies use the research and developmental advances of successful companies, but don't pay for it
D) describe the way people's potential is limited by "overly rationalized" organizations
E) point to government policies that make unhealthy food cheap and healthy food expensive