Deck 3: Similarities and Differences

Question 1

Feminist researchers recommend asking ________ questions to take into account the __________ of gender research.

A) two;duality
B) four;complexity
C) five;complexity
D) six;diversity

Answer 1

four;complexity

Question 2

A nursery rhyme about girls and boys includes such phrases as "sugar and spice and everything nice" to describe girls,and "snips and snails and puppy dog tails" to describe boys.This is an example of the _____ perspective.

A) strategic essentialist
B) differences
C) similarities
D) gender essentialist

Answer 2

differences

Question 3

Malia was recently awarded 1 million dollars from the National Institutes of Health to study pain at the molecular level.One stipulation of the grant is that she include equal numbers of women and men participants in her sample to test for variance among women and men.This is an example of the ____________ approach to research.

A) evolutionary
B) gender neutral
C) differences
D) similarities

Answer 3

differences

Question 4

If gender differences are universal,then

A) research on gender differences will no longer be needed.
B) research on gender similarities will no longer be valuable.
C) gender essentialism will be confirmed.
D) gender differences will be consistent regardless of race or socioeconomic status.

Question 5

Feminist psychologist Rhoda Unger moved the discussion away from gender essentialism by making the distinction between sex and gender to demonstrate

A) the need for more inclusive language.
B) that sexist socialization practices play a significant role in gender differences.
C) the exclusionary relationship between biology and psychology.
D) how to attribute a single characteristic to solely biology or psychology.

Question 6

The popular media often use research findings about gender differences to reinforce which of the following?

A) gender stereotypes
B) biological differences
C) how women and men are similar
D) feminist psychological science

Question 7

People who adopt the _______________ perspective believe women and men are essentially different,whereas __________________ is used to support social causes that affect women disproportionately.

A) similarities;strategic essentialism
B) differences;cultural feminism
C) similarities;cultural feminism
D) differences;strategic essentialism

Question 8

The belief that because women and men have biological differences,they must also have differences in behavior,attitudes,goals,talents,and skills is known as

A) sexism.
B) the "Men are from Mars,Women are from Venus" concept.
C) gender essentialism.
D) biological bases of difference.

Question 9

What do the terms "categorical" and "dimensional" mean when used in research on differences?

A) Women categorize everything into lists;men are able to see the complexity in all situations.
B) Women are one way and men are another;differences between men and women are a matter of degree.
C) Cisgender women and men are one dimensional;transgender people are multidimensional.
D) Feminists researchers are uncomfortable with categories and prefer scales that offer multiple dimensions.

Question 10

Sonia only reads books like Men Are from Mars,Women Are from Venus.This would suggest that Sonia overlooks how women and men may be

A) different from each other.
B) similar to each other.
C) gender-role biased.
D) either feminine or masculine.

Question 11

The biopsychosocial model is useful for understanding the lives of girls and women because it

A) privileges biological aspects first,followed by psychological and social aspects of girls and women's lives.
B) is the basis for researching gender differences.
C) considers how biological,psychological,and social aspects interact with one another.
D) demonstrates how benevolent sexism operates in the lives of girls and women.

Question 12

Adam and Alexandra are debating the origins of gender differences life outcomes.Adam argues that because women give birth,they are predisposed to staying home to raise children,or if they are driven to work outside the home,they are better suited to be nurses than doctors.Alexandra points to feminist psychologists' work on gender socialization,noting that sex and gender are not the same thing.Adam's explanation is based in _______________,whereas Alexandra considers the _______________ model.

A) biology;socialization
B) neurosexism;biopsychosocial
C) science;sociology
D) essentialism;gender

Question 13

According to the evolutionary perspective on gender differences,modern examples of the ________________ include men being more invested in short-term mating strategies,such as hookups and flings.

A) differential parental investment theory
B) attachment fertility theory
C) paternity uncertainty idea
D) sexual strategies theory

Question 14

A counter evolutionary argument to the sexual strategies theory is the ___________________,which asserts that a man may do better by mating with and remaining monogamous to one woman to ensure the survival of his offspring.

A) attachment fertility theory
B) differential parental investment theory
C) paternity uncertainty idea
D) social role theory

Question 15

Keisha is a feminist psychologist whose research questions test the idea that women and men can be equally good caretakers.She argues that,when girls and boys are similarly socialized to care for others,they are just as likely in adulthood to offer nurturing behaviors to others.Her approach to research on women and men would be considered the _____ perspective.

A) similarities
B) differences
C) feminist
D) biopsychosocial

Question 16

Why did early feminist psychologists begin to question approaches to research on gender similarities and differences?

A) They were concerned that this singular focus would legitimate the belief that gender similarities and differences are important.
B) They realized early research on gender confirmed biological gender differences.
C) They wanted to test if men's brains were inferior to women's.
D) Research for gender research was not adequately funded.

Question 17

Rhoda Unger argued for the distinction between sex and gender to do which of the following?

A) push the field of psychology away from biological essentialism
B) challenge feminist researchers to include more inclusive language
C) include transgender women in research samples
D) highlight the exclusionary relationship between biology and psychology

Question 18

Even if observed gender differences are consistent across contexts and represent categorical differences among women and men,the _____________ of those differences may not be clear.

A) essentialism
B) variance
C) source
D) generalizability

Question 19

Why do feminist researchers recommend asking four questions about differences?

A) to account for intersecting identities,which may change a woman or man's experience
B) to ensure women and men are included in all gender research
C) to debunk prior research on gender differences
D) to thoroughly utilize the scientific method in all gender research

Question 20

Justifying gender essentialism by citing biological differences is known as

A) sexism.
B) gender differences.
C) strategic essentialism.
D) neurosexism.

Question 21

If effect sizes are ___________,this means women and men would be more _____________.

A) negligible;similar than different
B) significant;similar than different
C) significant;divergent in only one personality trait
D) negligible;divergent in personality traits

Question 22

When a person says that differences between women and men can be understood by the roles they are traditionally expected to hold,she is describing which of the following?

A) the evolutionary perspective
B) attachment fertility theory
C) social role theory
D) biological bases of differences

Question 23

In 2005,Larry Summers,the former president of Harvard University,publicly stated his assumptions about gender differences in aptitude for science and engineering.He stated that women's lower rates of participation in these fields were a result of their limited range in aptitude for science and engineering,whereas men's higher participation rates were the result of their wider range of talents.This is an assumption of the _________________ of aptitude between men and women.

A) meta-analysis
B) effect size
C) gender differences
D) variability

Question 24

Karen is a talented undergraduate student majoring in biology.Her professor,Dr.Cedillo,encourages her to apply to medical school because she thinks Karen will make an excellent doctor.However,Karen explains that based on her brother's experiences as a doctor,she believes she'd make a better nurse because they have less responsibility than doctors.This is an example of which of the following?

A) social role theory
B) biological bases of differences
C) evolutionary gender differences
D) expectancy role value theory

Question 25

Meta-analyses on gender difference research have generally found that reported effect sizes tend to be

A) significant.
B) negligible.
C) large.
D) variable.

Question 26

Regarding spatial skills assessment,mental rotation test scores tend to show a male advantage with a large effect size of d = 0.70.However,it is also important to remember that

A) a d = 0.70 effect size also indicates approximately 72% overlap in scores between women and men.
B) men are also good at the mental folding task.
C) men outperform women on memory tasks.
D) there are no gender differences on any other spatial tasks.

Question 27

Although many myths persist about brain differences in women and men,differences in brains may be the result of _____________________,which is the brain's ability to change in response to aspects of the environment and learning experiences.

A) social learning
B) plasticity
C) evolution
D) mating strategies

Question 28

Victoria always earns the highest scores in her college math classes.She notices that,as she progresses through math courses,there are fewer women in her classes,and even fewer women professors.She also knows that women tend to earn higher grades than men in STEM courses,so what would Victoria most likely be wondering after coming to this realization?

A) why women are underrepresented in STEM fields
B) why she chose math as her major
C) why men don't enroll in other majors
D) why women don't try harder in their math classes

Question 29

Mateus and Evelyn are arguing over who is smarter: Women or men.Mateus points to mental rotation tasks,citing large effect sizes in favor of men.Evelyn counterargues with academic achievement and by pointing out that girls and women tend to do which of the following?

A) work harder,so they learn more
B) acknowledge their limitations on mental rotation so they focus on humanities courses
C) focus on subjects they are naturally good at,like English,where their verbal abilities are superior to men's
D) receive higher grades than boys and men at all grade levels and across subjects

Question 30

Women tend to score slightly better than men on _____ and _____ on tests of general intelligence.

A) mathematical ability;variability
B) memory;processing speed
C) memory;variability
D) processing speed;mathematical ability

Question 31

Beth is interested in research findings on gender differences in intelligence.She is overwhelmed by the number of studies on the topic and decides it would be more useful to combine and analyze results from all of studies she reads.The best statistical technique for Beth to use would be

A) meta-analysis.
B) meta-synthesis.
C) effect size.
D) variability.

Question 32

Meta-______________ is the process that statistically combines results from large numbers of studies,whereas _________________ statistically combines the results of many meta-analyses.

A) analysis;meta-synthesis
B) analysis;effect size
C) synthesis;meta-analysis
D) synthesis;effect size

Question 33

The gender stratification hypothesis suggests that differences found between women and men on intelligence test scores are

A) justification for men's dominance in any society.
B) a result of women's lack of interest in math and science.
C) related to the level of gender equality in a country.
D) biased test questions that favor men.

Question 34

It is important to review overlaps of scores to fully interpret the extent of the reported difference when interpreting which of the following?

A) variability
B) meta-analysis
C) effect size
D) gender differences

Question 35

As noted in the textbook,researchers in France showed girls and boys a complicated object and then asked them to draw the object from memory.The girls did better when they were told it was a test of drawing skills,but the boys did better when they were told it was a test of geometry.This demonstrates which of the following?

A) How the female advantage on memory tasks may be a matter of luck rather than skill.
B) How the female advantage on memory tasks disappears when the objects are stereotypically masculine.
C) That the female advantage on memory tasks needs more research to confirm gender differences.
D) How the female advantage on memory tasks is less likely to occur across cultural contexts.

Question 36

On tests of general intelligence,women and men tend to score

A) similarly.
B) significantly differently.
C) slightly differently.
D) equally.

Question 37

When researchers say women generally have higher verbal abilities than men,it is important to remember that

A) women are naturally better at verbal tasks,so the gender comparison is unfair.
B) assessments may be biased in favor of women,meaning new measures should be developed.
C) the difference is relatively small,meaning there is more similarity than difference.
D) women also perform better on memory tasks.

Question 38

Jamila conducts a meta-analysis to analyze results from hundreds of studies on gender and intelligence.She finds no significant gender differences and decides to discard this work,so that she can focus on research that does identify significant differences.Jamila's decision to not publish her work on nonsignificant findings is known as the _____ problem.

A) gender similarities
B) file drawer
C) gender differences
D) "using the wrong statistics"

Question 39

Trisha and Seamus are debating whether men are naturally more aggressive than women.Seamus says every man he knows who has taken the Big Five personality assessment has scored higher in aggression compared to the women;Trisha disagrees,and describes women and men lawyers who work at her law firm as equally aggressive.This debate exemplifies which of the following?

A) Pen-and-paper personality assessments may differ from behavioral observations.
B) Large effect sizes are only captured accurately by pen-and-paper assessments.
C) Personality must be assessed in a lab setting to minimize extraneous variables.
D) How women and men view the world differently.

Question 40

Research on mathematical ability have complex findings,which means that

A) it is difficult to explain why men are naturally better at math than women.
B) women who attend highly selective colleges tend to outscore their male peers.
C) culture does not seem to explain why men consistently score higher than women.
D) depending on context,girls/women sometimes score higher than boys/men.

Question 41

Monica,a Chicana woman,expects to graduate with her doctorate in one year,after which she will pursue her dream of becoming a college math professor in the Southwest,where she hopes to teach a diverse student body.Monica's adviser warns her that very few women of color hold STEM faculty positions in the United States,and makes sure Monica is adequately prepared for job interviews.If Monica secures a faculty position,she will contribute to what percentage of women of color in STEM faculty positions?

A) 1%
B) 2%
C) 10%
D) 15%

Question 42

Researchers have found the greatest gender differences in aggression reflected in

A) self-report measures.
B) observational studies.
C) peer-report data.
D) correlational data.

Question 43

Adrienne is a scientist who is blind.Which of the following is one form of discrimination that Adrienne is likely to encounter in the workplace?

A) colleagues raising their voices when they talk to her
B) colleagues expressing their lowered expectations of her,by asking her to simply listen at department meetings,for example
C) colleagues telling her she cannot serve as the head of the department
D) colleagues having higher expectations of her to prove she is just as capable as everyone else

Question 44

Research on Carol Gilligan's original theory on morality and helping has not supported her argument that women and men are fundamentally different in their sense of morality.Gilligan argued that women base their judgements of morality on an ethic of care,whereas men base theirs on an ethic of justice.What does this mean for women and men when making moral judgements?

A) Women and men have fundamentally different approaches to helping.
B) Women and men both prefer not to help when possible.
C) Women and men base their morality on cultural socialization.
D) Women and men use reasoning based on both justice and care.

Question 45

While there is some support for men showing more physical aggression,much of this can be accounted for by

A) gender socialization.
B) biological differences.
C) gender role conformity.
D) a small number of particularly aggressive men.

Question 46

Researchers propose that women and men both have the potential for pro-social behavior,but rates of such behavior are related to context,not just sex/gender.Which of the following is an example of pro-social gender behavior as related to context?

A) Alejandro rescues a baby from a burning building.
B) David comforts his friend who has just broken up with his girlfriend.
C) Carmen chases after a thief who stole a woman's purse.
D) Gertrudis pulls over to help someone on the side of the highway.

Question 47

During a company meeting,the vice presidents Ms.Solis and Mr.Jackson report on the rapid decline in profits over the last year.Ms.Solis raises her voice and pounds her fist on the desk in frustration about the company's leadership not heeding her warning about problematic company practices. Mr.Jackson also raises his voice and slams his files on the table in frustration about unreasonable demands placed on the workers.The employees attending this meeting are likely to see Ms.Solis as _____ and Mr.Jackson as ____ as a result of their emotional responses to declining profits.

A) stressed;emotional
B) dangerous;emotional
C) emotional;stressed
D) aggressive;dangerous

Question 48

Research on gender differences in expression of emotion indicates that,although there are some differences among girls and boys for emotional expression,the effect sizes are small,at less than 0.1.This means that there is greater _______________ than ________________.

A) difference;similarity
B) socialization;genetic influence
C) genetic influence;socialization
D) similarity;difference

Question 49

According to the self-fulfilling prophecy,if parents have _____ expectations for how their daughters would perform in math courses,their daughters are likely to have _____ academic achievement in math.

A) low;high
B) low;low
C) high;low
D) low;average

Question 50

Vicki,a senior in high school,is a great mathematician who has experienced some challenges because of her physical disability,which requires she always use a wheelchair.Vicki intends to pursue a bachelor's degree in math and hopes to go on to pursue a doctorate.What kind of advice is Vicki likely to get from her academic counselor when she starts planning to apply to colleges?

A) Her counselor will encourage her to pursue a degree in math.
B) Her counselor will encourage her to research colleges to ensure they are accessible to students with disabilities.
C) Her counselor will encourage her to pursue other STEM fields.
D) Her counselor will encourage her to pursue a non-STEM academic track.

Question 51

Imagine you are a university administrator who is trying to improve participation rates for women in STEM.You have heard that Harvey Mudd College has made significant strides in participation rates,so you review their policy changes.Based on Harvey Mudd's success,what are some programs you would want to implement?

A) providing focus groups for women to figure out why they aren't more ambitious
B) inviting women to sign up for STEM courses
C) promoting women to leadership positions
D) training programs to teach women to be more assertive in the workplace

Question 52

The model minority stereotype may seem _____________,but groups who are considered model minorities face __________________ academic,professional,and social pressures.

A) negative;different
B) negative;similar
C) positive;different
D) positive;similar

Question 53

Gender differences in sexual behavior are often exaggerated,with reported effect sizes ranging from 0.36 to 0.53.Even with these large effect sizes,gender ________________ is represented by the majority _____________ between scores.

A) similarity;overlap
B) similarity;effect size
C) difference;overlap
D) difference;effect size

Question 54

Research on interests shows that there are significant differences between women and men.However,researchers argue that gender-consistent preferences are more likely to be reported when sex/gender stereotypes are activated.An example of this would be asking adolescent girls and boys about their

A) ideal careers.
B) favorite fast-food restaurants.
C) personality traits.
D) academic achievements.

Question 55

Erika and Kate are reviewing results from their study on Big Five personality traits from East Asia,Africa,Japan,Mexico,the United States,Germany,and France.They find inconsistencies in how women scored on aggressiveness,with women in countries that are more sex/gender segregated scoring higher in aggression compared to those in more egalitarian countries.The researchers concluded that women in less egalitarian countries were more likely to compare themselves to other women,whereas women in more egalitarian countries were likely comparing themselves to both women and men.This finding provides evidence that

A) gender socialization is a powerful influence on personality.
B) self-reported gender differences in personality traits may be culture-specific.
C) less egalitarian countries may be more permissive of women's aggression.
D) women in the United States tend to be more agreeable than women in Mexico.

Question 56

How researchers ask questions on sexual behavior matters,as demonstrated by the research findings that women and men may answer more ______________ if they think their answers are _____________.

A) dishonestly;monitored by a lie detector
B) honestly;monitored by a lie detector
C) honestly;perceived positively
D) dishonestly;perceived positively

Question 57

Why do people with high but unstable self-esteem engage in negative behaviors like bullying,sexual experimentation,or drug or alcohol use?

A) to prove they can do whatever they want
B) to protect their self-esteem
C) because they enjoy taking risks
D) because they often suffer from mental health problems

Question 58

General findings on self-esteem indicate which of the following?

A) Data do not support the common stereotype that young women lose self-esteem as they reach adolescence.
B) Adolescent girls show a significant difference in self-esteem compared to adolescent boys.
C) The book Reviving Ophelia captures the true story on the crisis in girls' self-esteem.
D) Effect sizes are large for differences in self-esteem between girls and boys.

Question 59

Griselda's family recently immigrated from Nicaragua to Houston,Texas.She was an excellent student in Nicaragua and is currently being evaluated for placement in a class.According to research,what type of class is Griselda likely to be assigned to?

A) special education
B) advanced placement
C) the same grade level as in Nicaragua
D) one class lower than the last class she attended in Nicaragua

Question 60

Dr.Rodarte,a new engineering professor at Research University,is preparing for her first lab meeting that will include several doctoral students.How many male doctoral students can Dr.Rodarte expect in her lab compared to female doctoral students?

A) an equal number of men as women
B) three times as many men as women
C) ten times as many men as women
D) twenty-five times as many men as women

Question 61

Of all groups of women scientists,_________ scientists are more likely to report that their colleagues expect them to manage the office,including making coffee and providing emotional support to colleagues and students.

A) White
B) Asian
C) Latinx
D) Black

Question 62

Research has demonstrated that biology students are more likely to nominate __________ students as the strongest students in class compared to ________________.

A) Asian male;White men
B) White male;Asian men
C) male;women
D) female;men

Question 63

Explain how the biopsychosocial model challenges early gender research that was motivated by assumptions about women's inferiority.

Question 64

In which of the following scenarios is a person MOST likely to experience stereotype threat?

A) Before taking his final exam in biology class,Mark is reminded of the fact that most scientists are men.
B) Before leaving to take the LSAT,Amber's mom reminds her that one of the greatest Supreme Court justices is Ruth Bader Ginsburg.
C) Eva is the first in her family to go to college,and right before her interview for a doctoral program,she is reminded that first-generation students tend to have a difficult time in graduate school.
D) Marquis reflects on the accomplishments of Black intellectuals before taking an exam.

Question 65

As noted in your textbook,researchers in France showed girls and boys a complicated object and then asked them to draw the object from memory.The girls did better when they were told it was a test of drawing skills,but the boys did better than girls when they were told it was a test of geometry.Explain why gender differences occurred under these conditions.

Question 66

Explain why Rhoda Unger argued for the distinction between sex and gender,and why this narrow focus on gender research maintains the status quo.

Question 67

Jada is wondering if pursuing a legal career will provide enough opportunities for her to serve the African American community as well as afford her time to do pro bono work for undocumented immigrants.Jada's attitude reflects which of the following?

A) the goal congruity perspective
B) communal values
C) collaborative practice
D) independent goal orientation

Question 68

Explain how books like Men Are from Mars,Women Are from Venus reinforce gender differences.

Question 69

Describe the difference between gender essentialism and strategic essentialism.Explain how the Women's March (2017)is an example of strategic essentialism.

Question 70

Describe the "file drawer problem" and explain why publishing nonsignificant research findings may be beneficial for advancing psychological science about gender.

Question 71

Some consequences of being a token include ___________ and ___________.

A) increased visibility;greater recognition
B) greater recognition;greater likelihood of promotion
C) social isolation;greater recognition
D) increased visibility;social isolation

Question 72

Which of the following most accurately defines stereotype threat?

A) When a person thinks their group is stereotyped as doing poorly on a certain task,their anxiety about confirming that stereotype can compromise their performance on that task.
B) Whether a person responds positively or negatively to another person is based on stereotypes about the other person's group.
C) When a person feels threatened,they rely on stereotypes to make judgements about other people.
D) Self-conscious people are more likely to believe stereotypes and feel threatened.

Question 73

Imagine you are awarded $1,000,000 from the National Institutes of Health to study pain at the molecular level.Provide an example of how someone providing the grant to conduct the study might make funding contingent on the difference approach to research.

Question 74

Researchers may report that women generally have higher verbal abilities than men.Explain why this is an incomplete interpretation of effect sizes related to gender difference.

Question 75

Elena and Sergio have just graduated from college and are both applying for a research lab position at a university known for their diversity initiatives.Elena and Sergio both graduated with 4.0 GPAs,and each have 3 years of research experiences.Who is most likely to be hired?

A) Elena
B) Sergio
C) The employer will ask for additional information to break the tie.
D) Elena and Sergio have an equal chance of being hired.

Question 76

Shih,Pittinsky,and Ambady (1999)demonstrated that math performance can be compromised for Asian women depending on which identity (Asian or woman)was primed.If this is the case,which of the following people would mostly experience stereotype threat at the intersection of race and gender?

A) Maria,a chef,who is widely praised for her wonderful Mexican dishes.
B) Wei,whose colleague compliments him on his innate math abilities.
C) Laura,who is awarded teacher of the year among all professors at her university.
D) Barack,who is reminded that he will be the first non-White male president.

Question 77

Marco and Evelyn are arguing over who is smarter: Women or men.Marco points to mental rotation tasks and Evelyn counterargues about academic achievement.Describe the findings that Marco and Evelyn would cite to justify their positions about who is smarter.

Question 78

Explain why it is important to review overlaps between scores in order to fully interpret the extent of the reported difference.

Question 79

Explain why gender essentialism is problematic for achieving gender equality.

Question 80

Explain in your own words why the comments made by former president of Harvard,Larry Summers,about low participation rates of women in STEM reflect a common misconception about the variability of women's aptitude in STEM fields.